MEERUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ghat Road, N.H. 58 (Partapur Bye-Pass Road), near Subharti Medical College,
Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250002
Affiliated to

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031

COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE DRAWING-II

(BME-453)

LAB MANUAL

FACULTY: MR.BHARAT BHUSHAN

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 List of Experiments

S. No. Aim of the Experiment PAGE

NO.

3
Study and exercises on machine drawing conventions.

a. Conventional representation of materials. 4

b. Conventional representation of machine components. 7

1.
c. Conventional representation sectional views. 14
d. Conventional representation of limits, Fits and tolerances-form and 20
Positional tolerances and machining symbols.

e. Surface roughness and its Indications 22

2. Assembly of bolt and nut 23

3. Riveted joints for plates 24

4. 3d modeling - flange coupling 25

5. 3d modeling universal coupling 27

6. Assembly of sleeve and cotter joint 29

7. Assembly of knuckle joint 31

8. Assembly of screw jack 34

9. Assembly of connecting rod 36

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 1. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS

As a variety of materials are used for machine components in engineering applications, it is

preferable to have different conventions of section lining to differentiate between various
materials. The recommended conventions in use are shown in Fig.

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 2. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF MACHINE COMPONENTS

When the drawing of a component in its true projection involves a lot of time, its convention may
be used to represent the actual component. Images show typical examples of conventional
representation of various machine components used in engineering drawing.

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 3. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION SECTIONAL VIEWS

When an object becomes more complex, as in the case of an automobile engine block, a
clearer presentation of the interior can be made by sketching the object as it would look if it were
cut apart. In that way, the many hidden lines on the sketch are eliminated.

The process of sketching the internal configuration of an object by showing it cut apart is
known as sectioning. Sectioning is used frequently on a wide variety of Industrial drawings. The
following are the representation of sectional views.

Cutting Plane

A surface cut by the saw in the drawing above is a cutting plane. Actually, it is an
imaginary cutting plane taken through the object, since the object is imagined as being cut through
at a desired location.

Cutting Plane Line

A cutting plane is represented on a drawing by a cutting plane line. This is a heavy long-
short-short-long kind of line terminated with arrows. The arrows in show the direction of view.

Once again, here is a graphic example of a cutting plane line and the section that develops from
it.

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Section Lining

The lines in the figure above, which look like saw marks, are called section lining. They are found
on most sectional views, and indicate the surface which has been exposed by the cutting plane.
Notice that the square hole in the object has no section lining, since it was not changed by
sectioning.

A different kind of section lining is used to identify different materials. When an object is made
of a combination of materials, a variety of section lining symbols makes materials identification
easier. Here are a few examples:

Section lines are very light. When sketching an object or part that requires a sectional view, they
are drawn by eye at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, and are spaced about 1/8” apart. Since
they are used to set off a section, they must be drawn with care.

It is best to use the symbol for the material being shown as a section on a sketch. If that symbol is
not known, you may use the general purpose symbol, which is also the symbol for cast iron.

Full Sections

When a cutting plane line passes entirely through an object, the resulting section is called a full
section Fig. 7 illustrates a full section.

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It is possible to section an object whenever a closer look intentionally is desired. Here is an object
sectioned from two different directions.

Half Sections

If the cutting plane is passed halfway through an object, and one-quarter of the object is removed,
the resulting section is a half section. A half section has the advantage of showing both inside and
outside configurations.

It is frequently used for symmetrical objects. Hidden lines are usually not shown on the un-
sectioned half unless they are needed for clearness or for dimensioning purposes. As in all
sectional drawings, the cutting plane takes precedence over the center line.

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Here is another example of a half section. Remember that only one fourth of the object is removed
with a half section, whereas half of the object is generally removed with a full section.

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This manufacturer’s drawing, using both full and half section, illustrates the advantages of
sectional views. The different line directions indicate different parts and materials used in the
assembly of this valve.

Broken Out Sections

In many cases only a small part of a view needs to be sectioned in order to show some internal
detail. In the figure below, the broken out section is removed by a freehand break line. A cutting
plane line does not need to be shown, since the location of the cut is obvious.

Revolved Sections

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A revolved section shows the shape of an object by rotating a section 90 degrees to face the
viewer. The three revolved sections illustrated in the spear-like object of figure 12 show the
changes that take place in its shape.

Offset Sections

An offset section is a means of including in a single section several features of an object that are
not in a straight line. To do this, the cutting plane line is bent, or “OFFSET” to pass through the
features of the part.

Removed Sections

A section removed from its normal projected position in the standard arrangement of views is
called a “removed” section. Such sections are labeled SECTION A-A, SECTION B-B, etc.,
corresponding to the letter designation at the ends of the cutting plane line. Removed sections may
be partial sections and are often drawn to a different scale.

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4. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF LIMITS, FITS AND TOLERANCES-
FORM AND POSITIONAL TOLERANCES AND MACHINING SYMBOLS.

Fits

When two parts are to be assembled the relation resulting from the difference between their sizes
before assembly is called a fit. The fit signifies the range of tightness or looseness which may
result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of
mating parts.

Types of Fits

The three types of fits are shown below. The disposition of tolerance zones for the three classes of
fit are shown in next figure.

Types of fits

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 Disposition of tolerance zones for the three classes of fit

There are three general types of fit between the mating parts

1. Clearance fit: A clearance fit is one having limits of size so prescribed that a clearance always
results when mating parts are assembled.

2. Interference fit: An interference fit is one having limits of size so prescribed that an
interference always results when mating parts are assembled.

3. Transition fit: A transition fit is one having limits of size so prescribed that either a clearance
or interference may always result when mating parts are assembled.

Terminology

The terminology used in fits and tolerances is shown in Fig. The important terms are

Terminology for fits and tolerances

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Basic size: It is the exact theoretical size arrived at by design. It is also called nominal size.

Actual size: The size of a part as may be found by measurement.

Maximum limit of size: The greater of the two limits of size.

Minimum limit of size: The smaller of the two limits of size.

Allowance: It is an intentional difference between maximum material limits of mating parts. It is

a minimum clearance or maximum interference between mating parts.

Deviation: The algebraic difference between a size (actual, maximum, etc.) and the corresponding
basic size.

Actual deviation: The algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding basic
size.

Upper deviation: The algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size and the
corresponding basic size.

Upper deviation of hole = ES (& art Superior)

Upper deviation of shafts

Lower deviation: The algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the
corresponding basic size.

Lower deviation of hole = El (Ecart Inferior)

Lower deviation of shaft = ei

Upper deviation Lower deviation + Tolerance

Zero line: It is the line of zero deviation and represents the basic size.

Tolerance zone: It is the zone bounded by the two limits of size of the parts and defined by its
magnitude, i.e. tolerance and by its position in relation to the zero line.

Fundamental deviation: That one of the two deviations which is conveniently chosen to define the
position of the tolerance zone in relation to zero line, as shown below.

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 Disposition of fundamental deviation and tolerance zone with respect to the zero line

Basic shaft: A shaft whose upper deviation is zero.

Basic hole: A hole whose, lower deviation of zero.

Clearance: It is the positive difference between the hole size and the shaft size.

Maximum clearance: The positive difference between the maximum size of a hole and the
minimum size of a shaft.

Minimum clearance: The positive difference between the minimum size of a hole and the
maximum size of a shaft.

Symbols for Geometric Tolerance

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 5. SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND ITS INDICATIONS

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Surface Roughness, Values, Grades and Symbols

Indication of Special Roughness Characteristics: In certain circumstances, for functional

reasons, it may be necessary to specify additional special requirements, concerning surface
roughness. If it is required that the final surface texture be produced by one particular production
method, this method should be indicated on an extension of the longer arm of the symbol. Also,
any indications relating to treatment of coating may be given on the extension of longer arm of the
symbol

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 EXPERIMENT: 2. ASSEMBLY OF BOLT AND NUT

Aim: To model a bolt and nut by creating, modifying assembling and manipulating various
features by feature based parametric solid modeling and detailing.

Result: The given Machine Component is modeled is modeled using SOLID WORKS software.

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 EXPERIMENT 3: RIVETED JOINTS FOR PLATES

Aim: To create the models of the components for rived joint for plates

Description: In a lap joint, the plates to be riveted overlap each other. The plates to be joined are
first beveled at the edges, to an angle of about 80° depending upon the number of rows Riveted
Joints of rivets used in the joint, lap joints are further classified as single riveted lap joint, double
riveted lap joint and so on. Were d= mm.

Result: The given Machine Component is modeled is modeled using SOLID WORKS software.

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 EXPERIMENT 4: 3D MODELING - FLANGE COUPLING

Aim: To create the models of the components for the FLANGE COUPLING and assemble
these components together, as shown below. Save this assembly model as Flange Coupling.asm.
By using the Solid Works software.

Application:

This type of coupling is a protective type flanged coupling, the bolt heads and nuts are shielded by
a peripheral protrusion, called „shroud‟, on each flange is shown in fig.5. Alignment of the two
shafts is independent of the bolts and is ensured by the provision of a turned projection, called
„spigot‟, on the flat face of the one of the flanges which fits into a corresponding recess, called
„socket‟, in the other flange. The length of the spigot projection is kept slightly less than the depth
of the socket. The socket and spigot are turned to give a push fit for accurate alignment of the two
shafts. The bolt holes are drilled and reamed to give a close running for the bolts in order that the
load is taken smoothly without any impact.

Description:

Each of the flanged bosses is securely keyed to the end of each shaft using a tapered key driven
from inside. While assembling, generally the two flanges are set such that the keys fitted in them
are out of alignment by 90degrees to each other. The two flanges are bolted together by a number
of bolts and nuts. Power is transmitted from one

other through bolts.

RESULT:

The given Machine Component is modeled is modeled using SOLID WORKS software.

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 EXPERIMENT 5: 3D MODELING UNIVERSAL COUPLING

Aim: To create the models of the components for the UNIVERSAL COUPLING and assemble
these components together, as shown below. Save this assembly model as UNIVERSAL
COUPLING .asm. By using the SolidWorks software.

Application:

It is a rigid coupling that connects two shafts, whose axes intersect if extended. It consists of two
forks which are keyed to the shafts. The two forks are pin joined to a central block, which has two
arms at right angle to each other in the form of a cross. The angle between the shafts may be
varied even while the shafts are rotating.

Description:

Figure shows the details of universal coupling. The forks 2 are mounted at the ends of two shafts
1, making use of sunk keys 6. The central block 3, having two arms at right angle to each other, is
placed between the forks and connected to both of them by using pins 4 and collars 5. A taper pin
(not shown) is used to keep the pins 4 in position. During rotation of shafts, the angle between
them can be varied. Figure shows the assembly drawing.

Result: The given Machine Component is modeled is modeled using SOLID WORKS software.

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 EXPERIMENT 6: ASSEMBLY OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT

Aim:

1. To create 3D models of Sleeve and Cotter Joint parts using Standard Software
2. To Create the Assembly of Sleeve and Cotter Joint using Standard Software
3. To understand the type of fits and tolerances used in Assembly.
Procedure:

1. The modeling concepts – Solid modeling, Surface modeling were trailed in standard
Cad Software by creating 3D model of Sleeve and cotter Joint-connecting rod, sleeve,
cotter.
2. The options available in each Feature command are tried to understand the capabilities
of each command
3. Design Methods: Bottom-up Design, Top down Design are discussed
4. Assembly of Sleeve and Cotter Joint was created using Bottom-up design approach

Commands used:

Sketcher Commands: Line, Circle, Arc, Fillet, Trim, Smart Dimension, Relations, Show, and
View Features Commands: Extrude (pad) and Cut, Revolve (shaft), Sweep, and Loft,
Fillet/Round, Chamfer, and Draft, Hole - Simple and Hole Wizard, Hole Series, Scale, Shell, Rib,
Dome, Freeform, Shape, Deform, Indent, Flex, Pattern and Mirror, Curves, Fastening Features

Assembly Commands: Insert, Component, Existing Part/Assembly

Mating Commands: Angle, Coincident, Concentric, Distance, Parallel, Perpendicular, Tangent

Result: The 3D models of Sleeve and Cotter Joint parts are created using Standard Cad software.

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 EXPERIMENT 7: ASSEMBLY OF KNUCKLE JOINT

Aim:

1. To create 3D models of Knuckle Joint parts using Standard Cad Software.

2. To Create the Assembly of Knuckle Joint using Standard Cad Software.
Procedure:

1. The modeling concepts – Solid modeling, Surface modeling were trailed in

Standard Cad Software by creating 3D model of Knuckle Joint Parts – Fork, Eye,
Pin, Collar, Taper pin
2. The options available in each Feature command are tried to understand the
capabilities of each command
3. Design Methods: Bottom-up Design, Top down Design are discussed
4. Assembly of Knuckle Joint was created using Bottom-up design approach
Commands used:

Sketcher Commands: Line, Circle, Arc, Fillet, Trim, Smart Dimension, Relations, Show, and
View Features Commands: Extrude (pad) and Cut, Revolve (shaft), Sweep, and Loft,
Fillet/Round, Chamfer, and Draft, Hole - Simple and Hole Wizard, Hole Series, Scale, Shell, Rib,
Dome, Freeform, Shape, Deform, Indent, Flex, Pattern and Mirror, Curves, Fastening Features

Assembly Commands: Insert, Component, Existing Part/Assembly

Mating Commands: Angle, Coincident, Concentric, Distance, Parallel, Perpendicular, Tangent

Result:

The 3D models of Knuckle Joint parts are created using Standard Cad Software.

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 EXPERIMENT 8: ASSEMBLY OF SCREW JACK

Aim:

1. To create 3D models of SCREW JACK parts using Standard Cad Software

2. To Create the Assembly of Screw Jack using Standard Cad Software
Procedure:

1. The drawings of Body, Nut, Screw Spindle, Cup, Washer Special, CSK Screw, and
Tommy Bar are studied.
2. 3D models of Body, Nut, Screw Spindle, Cup, Washer Special, CSK Screw, and
Tommy Bar are created using Standard Cad Software
3. The Assembly of Screw Jack was created as per the drawing specification.
Commands used:

Sketcher Commands: Line, Circle, Arc, Fillet, Trim, Smart Dimension, Relations, Show, and
View Features Commands: Extrude (pad) and Cut, Revolve (shaft), Fillet/Round, Chamfer, Hole
- Simple, Pattern, Fastening Features

Assembly Commands: Insert, Component, Existing Part/Assembly

Mating Commands: Coincident, Concentric, Distance

Result:

The 3D models of Screw Jack parts (Casting, Nut, Cup, Tommy bar, Setscrew, Screw, washer)
are created using Standard Cad Software.

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 EXPERIMENT 9: ASSEMBLY OF CONNECTING ROD

Aim:

1. To create 3D models of Connecting Rod parts using Standard Cad Software

2. To Create the Assembly of Connecting Rod using Standard Cad Software
3. To understand the type of fits and tolerances used in Assembly.
Procedure:

1. The drawings of Connecting Rod, Bush, Stud, Pin, Bearing Brasses, Distance
Piece, Cover, Washer, Nut, and Split pin are studied.
2. 3D models of all the parts are created using Standard Cad Software
3. The Assembly of Connecting Rod was created as per the drawing specification.
Commands used:

Sketcher Commands: Line, Circle, Arc, Fillet, Trim, Smart Dimension, Relations, Show, and
View. Features Commands: Extrude (pad) and Cut, Revolve (shaft), Fillet/Round, Chamfer,
Hole - Simple, Pattern, Fastening Features.

Assembly Commands: Insert, Component, Existing Part/Assembly.

Mating Commands: Coincident, Concentric, Distance.

Result:

The 3D models of Connecting Rod parts (Connecting Rod, Bush, Stud, Pin, Bearing Brasses,
Distance Piece, Cover, Washer, Nut, and Split pin) are created using Standard Cad Software. The
type of fits and tolerances used in Assembly are studied.

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