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Chapter V

The document discusses the design criteria for beams, focusing on strength and stiffness, and defines key terms such as deflection, elastic curve, slope, and flexural rigidity. It outlines the differential equation of the elastic curve and various methods for calculating slope and deflection, including Macaulay's method. Additionally, it provides practice problems related to beam deflection and slope calculations.

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16 views23 pages

Chapter V

The document discusses the design criteria for beams, focusing on strength and stiffness, and defines key terms such as deflection, elastic curve, slope, and flexural rigidity. It outlines the differential equation of the elastic curve and various methods for calculating slope and deflection, including Macaulay's method. Additionally, it provides practice problems related to beam deflection and slope calculations.

Uploaded by

Crystal Bit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deflection

INTRODUCTION

The cross section of a beam has to be designed in such a


way that it is strong enough to limit the bending moment and shear
force that are developed in the beam.This criterion is known as the
STRENGTH CRITERION of design .Another criterion for beam
design is that the maximum deflection of the beam must not exceed
a given permissible limit and the beam must be stiff enough to
resist the deflection caused due to loading.This criterion is known
as”STIFFNESS CRITERION of design”
Definitions:-

(i) DEFLECTION :-The vertical distance in transverse direction


between positions of axis before and after loading at the section of
the beam, is defined as the deflection of beam at that section.
( (ii) ELASTIC CURVE(OR, DEFLECTION CURVE):-
The neutral axis in its deflected position after loading of the beam is
known as its elastic curve or deflection curve
(iii) SLOPE:-
The slope of the beam at any section is defined as the angle (in
radians) of inclination of the tangent drawn at that section to the
axis in its deflected position after loading, measured w. r. t. the
undeformed axis.

(iv) FLEXURAL RIGIDITY(EI):-


The product of modulus of elasticity and Moment of Inertia is
known as Flexural rigidity.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ELASTIC
CURVE:- (SLOPE AND DEFLECTION)
Differential equation of elastic curve

E I(d2y/dx2) = M
ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE DEFLECTION:-
(i) Axis of the beam is horizontal before loading.
(ii) Deflection due to S.F. is negligible.
iii ( a) Simple Bending equation M/I=σ/y=E/R is
applicable and all the assumptions made in simple
bending theory are valid.
(b) Material of the beam is homogenous, isotropic and obey
Hook’s law ..
(c) The modulus of elasticity is same in compression as well as
in tension.
(d) Plane section remain plane before and after bending
Slope ,deflection and radius of curvature
y

dΦ Q
R
dy
P
dx

Φ+dΦ
Φ

o A B x
Consider a piece of deflected curve of beam PQ=ds length.
Let tangent at P and Q make angles φ and (φ+dφ) with x-axis at
a point A and B respectively. Point C is the centre of curvature.
The distance CP=CQ=R=radius of curvature
PQ=ds=tangent length
ds=Rdφ
Therefore,
R=ds/dφ
If (x,y) is the co-ordinate of the point P
ds
Then dy /ds =sinφ dy ds
φ dy
dx /ds= cosφ φ dx dx
dy/dx =tanφ
R= ds/dφ = ( ds /dφ)x (dx/dx) =(ds /dx)/(dφ/dx)
=secφ/(dφ/dx) -------------(1)
Differentiating tanφ w. r.t. x,
Sec2φ.(dφ/ dx)=d2y/dx2
Therefore,
2 2 2
dφ/ dx =(d y/dx )/sec φ -------------(2)
From equation(1),
3 2
R= secφ /(dφ/dx) = sec φ /(d y/dx2)

1/R=(d2y/dx2)/sec3φ
=(d2y/dx2)/[1+(dy/dx)2]3/2
In this, (dy/dx) is a small quantity (because curve is almost
flat); hence dy/dx can be ignored

so,
1/R=d2y/dx2
From relation ,M/I=E/R
1/R=M/EI=d2y/dx2
M=EI(d2y/dx2)

Simply supported beam :-


In case of simply supported beam
items to be found out are:
(a) Slope ( dy /dx )
(b) deflection()
(c) the position and magnitude of maximum slope
(d) The posititon and magnitude of maximum deflection.
SIGN CONVENTIONS:
Linear horizontal distance x: positive when measured from left
to right’
Vertical distance or deflection y is positive when measured above the
axis and is negative when measured below the axis of beam.

Methods for finding slope and deflection of beams:


(i)Double integration method
(ii)Macaulay’s method
(iii)Area moment method
(iv)Conjugate beam method
(v)Unit load method
NOTE : SUPPORT CONDITIONS:

(i)Simply suported beams:

A θA A B
C D
θB B

Deflection at support Deflection at


A and B are zero and support A and B
are zero but more at
maximum at the middle of free end and also at the centre
span; slope θ is maximum at of span . Slope is
A and B and zero at midle of maximum at supports
span; θA ( )-ve and θB( )+ve. B and C.
(ii)Cantilever Beam:
Deflection and slope both are zero
at fixed support.

B θ increases from
A point A towards B.
ymax
θmax

Slope and deflections are


maximum at free end
MACAULAY’S METHOD

For a general case of loading on the beam ,though the


expression for B.M. varies from region to region ,the constants
of integration remain the same for all regions.Macaulay
recognised this fact and proposed an ARTIFICE(a method)
which is known as the Macaulay’s method to obtain the slope
and deflection equations.It is essentially modified method of
double integration of the B.M. expression but following a set
of rules given below:-
(1)Assuming origin of the beam at extreme left end, take a section
in the last region of the beam at a distance x from the origin and
write the expression for B.M. at that section considering all the
force on the left of section.
(2)Integrate the term of the form (x-a)n using the formula
∫(x-a)n dx=(x-a)n+1 /n+1
where a=distance of load from origin.
(3)While finding slope and deflection in the form
(x-a)n ,if (x-a) becomes negative on substituting the value of x,
neglect the term containing the factor (x – a) n
(4)If a couple (moment) of magnitude ‘c’ is acting at a distance
‘a’ from the origin of the beam, then write the BM due to
couple in the form c (x-a).
(5)If the beam carries a U.D.L, extend it up to the extreme right
end and superimpose an UDL equal and opposite to that which
has been added while extending the given UDL on the beam.
Practice problems:-
(Q-1) A cantilever beam of span L carries a udl of intensity
w/unit length for half of its span as shown in figure.If E is the
modulus of elasticity and I is moment of inertia,determine the
following in terms of w,L,E and I.
(i)A expression for slope(dy/dx)at free end
(ii)An expression for deflection( y ) at free end
(iii)The magnitude of upward vertical force to be applied at free
end in order to resume this end to the same horizontal level as built
in end.
w/m
A B
L/2 L/2

3 4
[Ans (i)θA=WL /48EI (ii)A =7wL /384EI( ) (iii)P=7wL/128]
Q- (2 ) Determine the values of deflections at points C,D and E in
the beam as shown in figure.Take E=2*105MPa ; I= 60 *108 mm4

20kN 10kN/m
30kN
A C D E B
1m 2m 1m 1m

[C=0.0603mm(downward), D=0.0953mm(downward)
E=0.0606mm(downward)]
.

Q-(3) Find the position and magnitude of maximum deflection for


the beam loaded as shown in fig.
Take E=200GPa ,I=7500cm4 .

20 KN X 3KN/m
D B
A C
4m 4m 4m
X X

[Ans:ymax at 3.7 m from A=-118/EI=7.99mm


yc=-32/EI=-2.13mm]
Q-(4) Determine the magnitude and position of maximum
deflection for the beam loaded as shown in fig.
Take EI=800Nm2

80kN 20kN
120kNm
A B
E
C D

1m 1m 1m 1m

[Ans:ymax =80 mm at 1.59m from A , yE =73mm]


Q-(5) Find the deflection and slope at free end for loaded
beam shown in fig.

4kN/m
10 KN
B
A D
1m 2m 1m
C
[Ans:θD=62.33/EI, y=-191/EI ]

Q-(6 ) Find the deflection at C and magnitude of


maximum deflection. Take EI=40MN-m2
1m
200KN

A B
4m 2m
C
[Ans:ymax=-13.45mm, yC=-13.33mm ]

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