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CALC_1_-_Module_4

The document provides an overview of trigonometric functions, their definitions, and properties, including the unit circle and the behavior of sine, cosine, and tangent functions. It also discusses the concept of limits, outlining conditions under which limits fail to exist, such as one-sided limits not being equal or functions oscillating without approaching a specific value. Additionally, it includes sample problems to illustrate these concepts and mentions upcoming homework on differentiation of algebraic functions.

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Kailah Lunasco
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2 views7 pages

CALC_1_-_Module_4

The document provides an overview of trigonometric functions, their definitions, and properties, including the unit circle and the behavior of sine, cosine, and tangent functions. It also discusses the concept of limits, outlining conditions under which limits fail to exist, such as one-sided limits not being equal or functions oscillating without approaching a specific value. Additionally, it includes sample problems to illustrate these concepts and mentions upcoming homework on differentiation of algebraic functions.

Uploaded by

Kailah Lunasco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADDITIONAL NOTES/TOPICS FOR FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

PART I: FUNCTIONS
Trigonometric Functions
Note: I will not delve too much on this review of trigo functions, I will elaborate on these when we get to
its differentials.
The six trigo functions:

These functions can also be defined in terms of a right triangle.

From this right triangle, we get the following definitions of the trig functions.

The following table gives some of the basic angles in both degrees and radians
Below is the unit circle with just the first quadrant filled in. Given are the coordinates of the different
angles in radians. The first coordinate is the cosine of that angle and the second coordinate is the sine of
that angle.

Remember how the signs of angles work. If you rotate in a counter clockwise direction the angle
is positive and if you rotate in a clockwise direction the angle is negative.
Recall as well that one complete revolution is 2π , so the positive x-axis can correspond to either
an angle of 0 or 2π (or 4π , or 6π , or -2π , or -4π , etc. depending on the direction of
rotation). Likewise, the angle π6 (to pick an angle completely at random) can also be any of the
following angles:
Sample Problems:

1. sin( ) and sin(− )

Solution:

The first evaluation in this part uses the angle . That’s not on our unit circle above, however notice that
= 𝜋 − . So is found by rotating up from the negative x-axis.This means that the line for will
be a mirror image of the line for only in the second quadrant. The coordinates for will be the
coordinates for except the x coordinate will be negative.

Likewise for − we can notice that − = −𝜋 + , so this angle can be found by rotating down
from the negative x-axis. This means that the line for − will be a mirror image of the line for only in
the third quadrant and the coordinates will be the same as the coordinates for except both will be
negative.
Both of these angles along with their coordinates are shown on the following unit circle.

√ √
From this unit circle we can see that sin = and sin − = − .This leads to a nice fact about
the sine function. The sine function is called an odd function and so for ANY angle we have
sin(−𝜃) = −sin(𝜃)
2. cos( ) and cos(− )

Solution:

For this example notice that = 𝜋+ so this means we would rotate down from the negative x-axis
to get to this angle. Also − = −𝜋 − so this means we would rotate up from the negative x axis to
get to this angle. So, as with the last part, both of these angles will be mirror images of in the third and
second quadrants respectively and we can use this to determine the coordinates for both of these new
angles.
Both of these angles are shown on the following unit circle along with appropriate coordinates for the
intersection points.

√ √
From this unit circle we can see that cos = − and cos − = − . In this case
the cosine function is called an even function and so for ANY angle we have
cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)

3. tan(− ) and tan( )

Solution:

Here we should note that = 2𝜋 − so and − are in fact the same angle. Also
note that this angle will be the mirror image of in the fourth quadrant. The unit circle for this angle is
( )
Now, if we remember that tan(𝑥) = we can use the unit circle to find the values the
( )
tangent function. So,

On a side note, notice that tan = 1 and we can see that the tangent function is also called an
odd function and so for ANY angle we will have
tan(−𝜃) = −tan(𝜃)

4. sec( )

Solution:

Here we need to notice that = 4𝜋 + . In other words, we’ve started at and rotated around twice to
end back up at the same point on the unit circle. This means that

Recall that:
Therefore,
PART II: LIMITS
Limits fail to exist because of the following:
1. The one-sided limits are not equal (See Sample Problem #3, in module 3)

2. The function doesn’t approach a finite value.


- Examples of this are limits approaching infinity.

3. The function doesn’t approach a particular value (oscillation).


Example: Infinite Oscillations

What is lim sin( ) ?


→

By examining 𝑓(𝑥) = sin( ) as x approaches 0. The function begins to oscillate faster and faster between
1 and -1. Is f(x) approaching a single, particular value? No, hence, the limit does not exist.

4. The x-value is approaching the endpoint of a closed interval.


Example:

Examine lim √𝑥
→
Since the function is only defined for x-values to the right of 0, we can’t let x approach 0 from the left.
In order to say the limit exists, the function has to approach the same value regardless of which direction
x comes from. Since this isn’t true for this function as x approaches 0, the limit does not exist.
In cases like this, we may also consider using one-sided limits.

Reading Homework: Differentiation of Algebraic Functions (The derivative, The slope, Rates of
Change, Rules of Differentiation, The Chain Rule)

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