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Acn Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of Internet architecture and the network layer, detailing the structure of the Internet, intranets, the role of ISPs, and ICANN's functions. It outlines the header formats for IPv4 and IPv6, as well as concepts such as subnetting, supernetting, and address masking. Additionally, it explains the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP for mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses and vice versa.

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Ram Choramale
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70 views4 pages

Acn Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of Internet architecture and the network layer, detailing the structure of the Internet, intranets, the role of ISPs, and ICANN's functions. It outlines the header formats for IPv4 and IPv6, as well as concepts such as subnetting, supernetting, and address masking. Additionally, it explains the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP for mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses and vice versa.

Uploaded by

Ram Choramale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a detailed breakdown of Unit I: Internet Architecture and Network Layer, based on

the provided subtopics. This can serve as a solid foundation for study or presentation.

I. Internet Architecture and Network Layer

1.1 Structure of Internet, Intranet, Role of ISP and ICANN


Structure of Internet:

• Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.


• Based on a client-server model and TCP/IP protocol suite.
• Consists of:
o End devices (hosts like computers, smartphones),
o Routers (forward data),
o ISPs (Internet Service Providers),
o Backbone networks (high-speed data routes).

Intranet:

• A private network used within an organization.


• Uses internet technologies (TCP/IP, web browsers) but is not accessible
publicly.
• Offers secure communication, internal websites, and collaboration tools.

Internet Service Provider (ISP):

• A company that provides internet access to users and organizations.


• Roles:
o Assign IP addresses
o Provide domain registration and hosting
o Maintain network infrastructure
o Provide email and other services

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers):

• A non-profit organization managing:


o Domain Name System (DNS),
o IP address allocation,
o Protocol identifier assignment.
• Ensures unique global Internet identifiers.
1.2 IPv4 and IPv6 Header Formats
IPv4 Header Format (20–60 bytes):

• Key Fields:
o Version (4 bits): IPv4 = 4
o IHL (Header length)
o Type of Service
o Total Length
o Identification
o Flags
o Fragment Offset
o TTL (Time to Live)
o Protocol (e.g., TCP = 6, UDP = 17)
o Header Checksum
o Source Address
o Destination Address
o Options (optional)

IPv6 Header Format (Fixed 40 bytes):

• Simplified compared to IPv4.


• Key Fields:
o Version (6 = IPv6)
o Traffic Class
o Flow Label
o Payload Length
o Next Header
o Hop Limit (replaces TTL)
o Source Address
o Destination Address

1.3 Subnetting, Supernetting, and Address Masking


Subnetting:

• Dividing a network into smaller sub-networks.


• Helps in efficient IP address usage and improved network management.
• Subnet mask defines network and host portions.
o Example: 192.168.1.0/24 – 24 bits for the network.
Address Masking:

• Uses a subnet mask to extract network address from an IP.


• Example:
o IP: 192.168.1.10
o Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
o Network = 192.168.1.0

Supernetting:

• Combining multiple networks into a larger one.


• Also called CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
• Used by ISPs to reduce routing table entries.

1.4 Address Mapping


Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):

• Maps IP address (logical) to MAC address (physical).


• Used within a local network.
• Working:
o Host broadcasts ARP Request with target IP.
o Device with matching IP replies with MAC.
• Message Format:
o Hardware Type, Protocol Type
o Hardware/Protocol Size
o Operation (Request/Reply)
o Sender MAC/IP, Target MAC/IP

Reverse ARP (RARP):

• Maps MAC address to IP address.


• Used when device knows its MAC but needs IP.
• Less common now; replaced by DHCP.
• Working:
o Client broadcasts RARP request with its MAC.
o RARP server responds with corresponding IP.
• Message Format is similar to ARP.

Let me know if you want:


• Diagrams of IPv4/IPv6 headers
• Practice questions or MCQs
• Summary notes or a presentation version of this content

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