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MAK 4038E Midterm Examination 1 Open Book ANSWER KEY

The document is a midterm examination for a Power Plants course at Istanbul Technical University, covering topics such as Rankine and Brayton cycles. It includes questions on thermodynamic calculations, turbine work, heat input, and thermal efficiency. Solutions are provided for each question, detailing the necessary calculations and assumptions.

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Arda.uysal2003
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14 views6 pages

MAK 4038E Midterm Examination 1 Open Book ANSWER KEY

The document is a midterm examination for a Power Plants course at Istanbul Technical University, covering topics such as Rankine and Brayton cycles. It includes questions on thermodynamic calculations, turbine work, heat input, and thermal efficiency. Solutions are provided for each question, detailing the necessary calculations and assumptions.

Uploaded by

Arda.uysal2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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İstanbul Technical University MAK 4038E – Power Plants

Mechanical Engineering Department CRN: 22319


Spring 2024-2025 Midterm Examination 1
Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Ayşegül ABUŞOĞLU ANSWER KEY
OPEN BOOK
Last name: First name: ID: 15.04.2025
NOTES: Exam duration: 110 minutes (13.40-15.30). Only a notebook is open; everything else is
closed.

QUESTIONS
1. (30p) As shown in figure below, superheated steam at a pressure of 6 MPa and temperature
of 400ºC enters the first stage of a turbine (state-3) in a Rankine cycle where it expands to
0.8 MPa (state-4). The steam is then reheated to 300ºC (state-5) and expanded in the second
stage of the turbine which it leaves at a condenser pressure of 30 kPa (state-6).
a) Draw the T-s diagram of the cycle.
b) Calculate the work done by the turbine per unit mass of steam (kJ/kg).
c) Calculate the heat added per unit mass of steam (kJ/kg).
d) Find the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

SOLUTION 1:
If superheating the steam is not sufficient to get rid of moisture in the turbine, it is possible to
increase the steam quality further by using reheat. Reheat does not have much effect on the
efficiency of the cycle, because while it increases the work output of the turbine it also requires
a greater heat input. However, reheat significantly increases the quality at the exit of the low-
pressure turbine.
Known: Turbine inlet pressure P2=P3=6 MPa; turbine inlet temperature T3=400ºC, reheat
pressure P4=P5=0.8 MPa, reheat temperature T5=300ºC, condenser pressure P1=P6=30 kPa.
Assumptions: Expansion through the turbines is isentropic. Pressurizing process through the
pump is isentropic.
Data Table (Given: Black numbers; Calculated/find out: Red numbers)
State Pressure Temperature Quality Enthalpy Entropy
P T x h s
(MPa) (ºC) (%) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)
1 0.03 Tsat,1=69.09 0.0 289.23 0.9441
2 6.0 - - 295.33 0.9441
3 6.0 400 - 3177.2 6.5408
4 0.8 Tsat,4=170.41 97.36 2715.0 6.5408
5 0.8 300 - 3056.5 7.2328
6 0.03 Tsat,6=69.09 92.15 2441.9 7.2328

Analysis of ideal Rankine cycle:


Control volume: Pump
𝑃1 = 30 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝑠𝑎𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 Tablo A.5: Saturated liquid-vapor table
𝑘𝐽 𝑚3
→ ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 289.3 ; 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓1 = 0.001022
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Let’s apply the 1 law to the pump control volume:
st

𝑤𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 → ℎ2 = 𝑤𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 + ℎ1

Also → 𝑤𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ∫ 𝑣. 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑣1 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )

𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 0.001022 × (6000 − 30)𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 6.1013
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 𝑤𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 + ℎ1 = 6.1013 + 289.23 = 295.33
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

Control volume: High-Pressure (HP) Turbine


For saturated vapor at P4 = 0.8 MPa, specific enthalpy of liquid h4,f =721.11 kJ/kg and vapor
h4,g =2769.1 kJ/kg; and specific entropy of liquid s4,f =2.0462 kJ/kgK and vapor s4,g =6.6628
kJ/kgK. If expansion through the HP turbine is isentropic, s4=s3=6.5408 kJ/kgK and the
mixture quality in the HP turbine is

The enthalpy at the HP turbine exit is then


Control volume: Low-Pressure (LP) Turbine
For saturated vapor at P6 = 30 kPa, specific enthalpy of liquid h6,f =289.23 kJ/kg and vapor
h6,g =2625.3 kJ/kg; and specific entropy of liquid s6,f =0.9439 kJ/kgK and vapor s6,g =7.7686
kJ/kgK. If expansion through the LP turbine is isentropic, s6=s5=7.2328 kJ/kgK and the
mixture quality in the LP turbine is

The enthalpy at the LP turbine exit is then

a)

b) The work done by both turbines is


c) The heat input to the boiler is

d) The work input to the pump is

Then the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is

2. (20 p) A gas turbine power plant operates on a simple Brayton cycle with air as the working
fluid and delivers 32 MW of power. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle
are 310 K and 900 K. The pressure of air at the compressor exit is 8 times the value at the
compressor inlet. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent for the compressor and
86 percent for the turbine, determine the mass flow rate of air through the cycle. Assume
specific heats are varied with temperature.

SOLUTION 2:
Assumptions: 1. Steady operating conditions exist. 2. The air-standard assumptions are
applicable. 3. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4. Air is an ideal gas with
variable specific heats.
Using variable specific heats;
3. (20 p) Show that the thermal efficiency of a combined gas-steam power plant, ηcc, can be
expressed as

𝑊𝑔 𝑊𝑠
where 𝜂𝑔 = and 𝜂𝑠 = are the thermal efficiencies of the gas and steam cycles,
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑔,𝑜𝑢𝑡
respectively. Using this relation, determine the thermal efficiency of a combined power cycle
that consists of a topping gas-turbine cycle with an efficiency of 40% and a bottoming steam-
turbine cycle with an efficiency of 30%.
SOLUTION 3:
The thermal efficiencies of gas, steam, and combined cycles can be expressed as
END

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