Solution

PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS

Class 11 - Physics

1.
(d) p1 = p2
Explanation:
p1 = p2

2.
(c) whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the fluid velocity at that point.
Explanation:

A streamline is one that drawn is tangential to the velocity vector at every point in the flow at a given instant and forms a
powerful tool in understanding flows. This definition leads to the equation for streamlines. =
du

u
dv

v
=
dw

where u, v, and w are the velocity components in x, y, and z directions respectively as sketched.

t
jpu
Ra
h am
ub

3.
(d) 1 : 2
Explanation:
Sh

p∝ 1

r
p r2
⇒
1

p2
=
r1
=
1

2
=1:2

4.
(d) 1, -1, -1
Explanation:
vc ∝ [η ρ r ]
x y z

[L1T-1] ∝ [M1L-1T-1]x [M1L-3]y [L]z

[M0L1T-1] ∝ [Mx+y] [L-x-3y+z] [T-x]
∴ x + y = 0, -x -3y + z = 1, -x = -1

⇒ x = 1, y = -1, z = -1

5. (a) 8V
Explanation:
Flow rate for first capillary tube,
4
πpr
V= 8ηl

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 Flow rate for second capillary tube,
4 4
πp(2r) πpr
V
′
= = 8 ⋅
8ηl
= 8V
8η(2l)

6. (a) pressure in a fluid at rest is the same at all points if they are at the same height
Explanation:
According to Pascal's Law,
P-P0 = hdg
from above
Change in pressure is directly proportional to a depth from the free surface.
At the same horizontal line, all points are at the same depth and have the same value of acceleration due to gravity and density
of water as well.
7. (a) all of these
Explanation:
all of these
8.
(b) the flow rate does not change with time
Explanation:

t
The flow velocity u of a fluid is a vector field u = u(x, t)

jpu
which gives the velocity of an element of fluid at a position x and time t.
δu
The flow of a fluid is said to be steady if u do not vary with time. That is if δt
= 0.

9.
(d) the normal force at that point per unit area
Ra
Explanation:
It is important to note that it is valid only for a fluid at rest. In the case of a moving fluid, pressures in different directions could
be different depending upon fluid accelerations in different directions.
am

10. (a) 24 π r2T

Explanation:
h

Required energy = Increase in surface area × surface tension

= 2 × 4π [(2r)2 - r2] × T
ub

= 24 π r2T
11.
Sh

(c) 1mm
Explanation:
Consider initially x c.m. height of cube is inside the water. For floatation, its weight will be balanced by a buoyant force which
is equal to the weight of water displaced. Thus let the mass of cube is m. Given side of cube = 10 c.m. thus at equilibrium
Weight of cube = buoyant force
mg = Vρ g
2

where ρ is the density of water and volume of cube inside will be ( 10

100
) metre3
2
10
m = x( 100
) 1000

m = 10x → (1)
now if a block of 10 g is placed on it then let the height of cube inside is (x + y)
thus at equilibrium
2
10 10
(m + ) g = (x + y)( ) 1000g
1000 100

using(1)
(10x + 1

100
) = (x + y)10 ⇒ 1000x + 1 = 1000x + 1000y
y= 1000
1
metre = 1mm
Thus after placing 10gm mass height of cube in water will increase by 1mm.

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12. (a) liquid layer between two parallel glass plates where upper layer is moving to left.
Explanation:
liquid layer between two parallel glass plates where upper layer is moving to left.
–
13. (a) √4W
3

Explanation:
Work done to blow a bubble will be equal to its surface energy
W = S = surface area × surface tension S = A × T
Given that work done to blow a bubble of volume V is W.
W = S = surface area × surface tension, S = A × T for volume V
S = 4π r2 × T
1

S ∝ r2 but radius r ∝ Volume(v) 3

thus S ∝ (V ) 3

⇒ W ∝ V 3

⇒ thus if the volume is doubled

2 1

the W2 becomes (2) 3 ⇒ (4) 3 W1

t
–
thus W
3

jpu
2 = √4W1

14. (a) V

32

Explanation:
According to Poiseuille's formula Ra
Rate of flow,
4
πpr
v= 8ηl
4
πp(r/2)
′
v =
8η×2l
4
m
1 πpr V
= =
32 8ηl 32

15.
ha

(d) [ML0T-1]
Explanation:
Viscous force ∝ Velocity
ub

F ∝ v or F = kv
−2
[F] [MLT ]
∴ [k] = =
−1
[v] [LT ]
Sh

= [ML0T-1]

16.
(c) l = h cosα
Explanation:
This will form a right-angled triangle with base l and hypotenuse h and the angle between base and hypotenuse is
α thus cosα =
l

l = h cos α

17.
ρ2 −ρ
(c) ρ−ρ
1

Explanation:
Let V1 and V2 be the volumes of the parts of the sphere immersed in liquids of densities ρ and ρ respectively. According to
1 2

the law of floatation,

Weight of sphere = Weight of liquid 1 displaced + Weight of liquid 2 displaced
V ρg = V1 ρ1 g + V2 ρ2 g

⇒ (V1 + V2)ρg = V 1 ρ1 g + V2 ρ2 g

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 ⇒ V1 (ρ − ρ1 ) = V2 (ρ2 − ρ)
V1 ρ −ρ
2
∴ =
V2 ρ−ρ1

18.
PA
(d) PB
=1
Explanation:
As the ball is not spinning, By Bernoulli’s theorem,
P
PA = PB ⇒ PB
A
=1

19.
(d) Patm + 6 cm of Hg
Explanation:
Given total height H of vessel = 43.8 cm
As mass of mercury and water is equal
ρhgV = ρ V
hg given ρ = 13.6 ρ )
w w hg w

13.6 × πr h = πr h 2
hg
2
w

t
hw = 13.6 h → (1)

jpu
hg

given hw + hhg = 43.8 → (2)

from(1) and (2)
hw = 40.8 cm and hhg = 3 cm Ra
Thus pressure at bottom will be
P = Patm + ρ hg g hhg + ρw g hw

P=P
hg

atm + (ρhg g × 3) + g × 40.8

13.6

P = Patm + 3cm of Hg + 3cm of Hg

m

P = Patm + 6 cm of Hg
ha

20.
(d) Buoyant forces
Explanation:
ub

Buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density of the fluid multiplied by
the submerged volume times the gravitational acceleration.
Sh

21. (a) 6000 Pa

Explanation:
The pressure at the bottom of the jar is due to the weight of a column of water of height h = 50 cm = 0.5 m and the weight of a
load of m = 1 kg.
The total force acting on the base = hρgA + mg
= 0.5 × 1000 × 10 × 0.01 + 1 × 10 = 60N
f orce
∴ Pressure = area
=
60

0.01
= 6000 N m
−2
or 6000 Pa

22.
(c) 1

Explanation:
Excess pressure inside a soap bubble,
4σ
P= r

i.e., P ∝ 1

23.
(d) 0.89 cm of Hg
Explanation:

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 Bernoulli's equation for a horizontal flow is
1 2 1 2
p1 + ρv = p2 + ρv
2 1 2 2

p2 = p1 - 1

2
ρ (v
2
2
− v )
2
1

= 1 × 13.6 × 980 - 1

2
× 1(652 - 352)
= (13328 - 1500) dyne cm-2
= 11828 dyne cm-2
= cm of Hg ≃ 0.89 cm of Hg
11828

13.6×980

24.
2 2
r ω
(d) 2g

Explanation:
1 2 1 2 2
mgh = Iω = × mr ω
2 2
2 2
r ω
∴ h =
2g

25.

t
(c) none of these

jpu
Explanation:
Volume of bigger drop = Volume of two smaller drops
4 ′3 4 3
πR = 2 × πR
3 3

∴ R' = 21/3 R Ra
Initial surface energy,
U1 = 8πR σ 2

Final surface energy,

U2 = 4πR ′2
= 4π 22/3 R2 σ
m
σ ×

= 2-1/3 : 1
U2
∴
U1
ha

26.
(d) Concave
ub

Explanation:
The formation of meniscus depends on cohesive and adhesive forces in a liquid. For water, adhesive forces are stronger than
the cohesive forces, therefore, water in a container stick to the wall of the container and owing to the capillary action rises a
Sh

little bit and form a concave meniscus.

When liquid water is confined in a tube, its surface (meniscus) has a concave shape because water wets the surface and creeps
up the side.

27.
(c) greater than the coefficient of viscosity for cold air
Explanation:
Viscosity of a gas increases with the increase in temperature.

28. (a) Pascal

Explanation:

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 The given law was first formulated by Pascal.
29.
(b) Statement (ii) is correct.
Explanation:
Both velocity and direction of flow remain same.

30.
(c) tension and surface tension
Explanation:
[Tension] = [Force] = [MLT-2]
[Force]
[Surface tension] = = [MT-2]
[Length]

31.
(d) Newtons per meter
Explanation:
surface tension is measured in force per unit length. The S.I unit is a newton per meter but the CGS unit dyne per centimeter is

t
also used.

jpu
32.
(b) cohesion
Explanation:
Ra
Cohesion is the attractive force among the same kind of materials. Thus soldering of two metals is possible due to cohesion.

33.
(d) rh = constant
m

Explanation:
h= 2σ cos θ
ha

rρg

For a given liquid-solid pair,

hr = = constant
2σ cos θ

ρg
ub

34.
N
(c) m
Sh

Explanation:
SI unit of surface tension = Nm-1

35.
(c) 27 : 1
Explanation:
Excess pressures in the two bubbles will be (1.01 -1) or 0.01 atm and (1.03 - 1) or 0.03 atm.
p r2
1
=
p2 r1
r1 p 0.03
⇒
r2
=
2

p1
=
0.01
=3
3

= 33 = 27 : 1
V1 r1
∴ = ( )
V2 r2

36.
(c) energy
Explanation:
Bernoulli's principle is based on the law of conservation of energy.

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37. (a) the pressure at that point - atmospheric pressure
Explanation:
Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
Negative signs are usually omitted.
The difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure is what we call gauge pressure (Pgauge). It can be calculated
if we know the absolute and atmospheric pressures using this formula:
Pgauge = Pabs − Patm

38.
(d) decreases
Explanation:
decreases

39.
(b) 10.9 ms-1
Explanation:
2
2r ρg
vt = 9n

t
2
−3 3
2× (0.3× 10 ) × 10 ×9.8

jpu
=
−5
9×1.8×10

= 10.9 ms-1

40. Ra
(b) Constant terminal speed
Explanation:
The rain drops acquire terminal velocity after falling long distance due to balance of buoyant force and weight of the drop due
to gravity.
m

41. (a) N 3
ha

Explanation:
When a droplet of radius R is broken into N small droplets total volume will remain constant. Let the radius of small droplets
be r. Then
ub

4 3 4 3
πR = N πr
3 3
R
r =
1

N 3
Sh

work done will be equal to the change in surface energy, thus

W=S f − Si = N 4πr T − 4πR T
2 2

R
W = N 4π( 1
) T − 4πR T
2

N 3

W = 4πR 2
T (N 3 − 1)

if N 3 is very large thus it becomes

1

W = 4π R2TN 3

thus
1

W ∝ N 3

42.
A2
(d) A1
F1

Explanation:
According to Pascal's Law,
Pressure applied to any point inside the liquid is transmitted equally in all direction so,
Pressure applied to the smaller cylinder is equal to the pressure on the other cylinder, which is given by
F1 F2
=
A1 A2

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 So,
Maximum force on the other side is,
A2
F2 = × F1
A1

43. (a) is zero

Explanation:
At the critical temperature, the surface tension of a liquid becomes zero.
44.
(d) It can flow
Explanation:
Fluids can flow due to unbalanced forces between the atoms of fluids.

45.
(d) Hydraulic lift
Explanation:
Venturimeter and sprayer based on Bernoulli’s principle. Hydraulic lift is based on Pascal’s law.

t
jpu
46.

(c)
Ra
m
Explanation:
The following diagram does not represent a streamline flow.
ha
ub
Sh

A streamline can be straight or curved and tangent at which gives the direction of the flow.
As two streamlines cannot cross each other, the given diagram does not represent a streamline.

47.
(c) 26 l
Explanation:
By Boyle's law,
P1V1 = P2V2

(h + l) × 4

3
π r3 = l × 4

3
× π (3r)3
h + l = 27 l
h = 26 l

48.
−−−−−−
(d) √a + b 2 2

Explanation:
Surface energy of smaller bubbles = Surface energy of resulting bubble
2 2 2
8πa σ + 8πb σ = 8πr σ

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 ⇒ r2 = a2 + b2
− −−−− −
⇒ r = √a + b
2 2

49. (a) p = p + ρ gh 0

Explanation:
According to Pascal's Law,
Change in Pressure (P - P0) = hρ g
if h = 0 then P - P0 = 0
and P = P0

50.

(d)

t
jpu
Explanation:
When a pebble is dropped in a fluid, a variable force called viscous force acts on it. This force increases the velocity of the
pebble until it becomes constant. This constant velocity is called the critical velocity. Since, the force is variable, acceleration is
variable and so v-t graph is curved and not a straight line to which critical velocity vc is an asymptote.
Ra
51.
(b) 0.47
Explanation:
m

V = Volume of metal
V’ = Volume of mercury displaced
ha

Weight of body = Weight of mercury displaced

= 7.2 × 9810 × V = 13.6 × 9810 × V′
′
V
⇒ = 0.53
ub

Fraction of volume above mercury = 1 - 0.53 = 0.47

52.
Sh

(b) surface tension

Explanation:
Freely falling water droplets assume spherical shape due to surface tension of water.

53.
(b) 90o
Explanation:
2σ cos θ
h= rρg

When θ = 90o, h = 0

54.
(c) equal to the weight of liquid displaced
Explanation:
Upthrust on the body is always equal to the weight of liquid displaced.

9 / 13
55. (a) will move apart rapidly
Explanation:
They will move apart rapidly because the surface tension of oil is lesser than that of water.
N
56. (a) −1
2
(m s )

Explanation:
F dx
η = ⋅
A dv

S.I. unit of η = N

2
⋅
m

−1
= N

−1
m ms 2
(m s )

57.
(d) 3:1
Explanation:
Using the relation for the height of the liquid in a capillary tube
2S cos θ
h =
rρg

thus if all other parameters are fixed

1
h ∝
r
h1 r2
⇒
h2
=
r1
given h1 = 2.2 and h2 = 6.6

t
2.2 r2
=
6.6 r1

jpu
r1

r2
=3:1

58.
(b) 75o C
Explanation:
Ra
Value of surface tension decreases with increase in temperature. So, it is minimum, at 75o C.
m
59.
(d) R2
ha

Explanation:
2

v= 2

9
R

η
(ρ − σ)g

v ∝ R2
ub

60.
(c) 62.5 N
Sh

Explanation:
By Pascal's law,
F f
=
A a
2
100g×πr
f= Fa

A
=
2
π(4r)

= 6.25g = 6.25 × 10 = 62.5 N

61.
D2
(c) Mg (1 − D1
)

Explanation:
In equilibrium,
Fv + U = Mg
Fv = Mg - U
= Mg - VD2g
M1
= Mg - D1
M
D2g [D1 = V
]

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 D2
= Mg (1 − D1
)

62.
(c) Bernoulli's principle
Explanation:
An aeroplane gets a dynamic upward lift in accordance with Bernoulli's principle.

63.
−−−
(b) √2gh

t
jpu
Explanation:
−−−
Velocity of efflux, v = √2gh

64. Ra
2

(c) v R

2
r

Explanation:
v ∝ r2 and V ∝ R2
2
V R
m
∴ =
v r2
2
R
⇒ V=v 2
r
ha

65.
(b) r3 = R3
8
ub

Explanation:
Weight of the sphere = Weight of water displaced
4 3 4 3
9×g= 4
R3 × 1 × g
Sh

( πR − πr ) × π
3 3 3

⇒ 9R3 - R3 = 9r3
⇒ 9r3 = 8R3
⇒ r3 = 8

9
R3

66. (a) Lesser when the parrot flies in the cage

Explanation:
For the bird to stay in the air, the wings must push down on the air under them. If the cage is airtight, the air exerts an equal
force on the floor of the cage. The net force down on the scale will remain constant. If the cage is not airtight (i.e; the wire
cage), the air will move down and horizontal. The force down will be less than the weight of the bird.
67.
(d) 54.88 N
Explanation:
Water compartment
P = hρg
= 4 × 1.0 × 103 × 9.8
= 39.2 × 103Pa

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 Acid Compartment,
P' = hρ g ′

= 4 × 1.7 × 103 × 9.8

= 66.64 × 103Pa
Now,
P′ − P = 66.64 × 103 − 39.2 × 103
P′ − P = 27.44 × 103 Pa
A = 20 cm2 = 20 × 10−4m2
Force using pressure,
Force
Pressure = Area

Force = pressure × area F = 27.44 × 103 × 20 × 10−4

F = 54.88 N

68.
(b) turbulent
Explanation:

t
When any liquid is flowing more than the velocity of its critical velocity then flow becomes turbulent.

jpu
69. (a) the ratio of its density to the density of water
Explanation:
The specific gravity of an object is the ratio between the density of an object to a reference liquid. Usually, this reference liquid
is water, which has a density of 1 g/mL or 1 g/cm3.
Ra
Water has a specific gravity equal to 1. Materials with a specific gravity less than 1 are less dense than water, and will float on
the pure liquid; substances with a specific gravity more than 1 are denser than water and will sink.
m
70.
(b) Statement (ii) is correct.
Explanation:
ha

the velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given position is constant

ub

71.
4S
la
(c) r

Explanation:
Sh

4S
la
r

72.
(c) 8π × 10-6 J
Explanation:
U = 2 × 4π R2σ
= 8π (0.5 × 10-2)2 × 0.04 J = 8π × 10-6 J

73.
(b) 40 N
Explanation:
Apparent weight = Weight - Upthrust
∴ Upthrust = Weight - Apparent weight

= 15 × 9.8 - 107 = 147 - 107

= 40 N

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74.
(b) 9:4
Explanation:
Given:
Diameter of section1 = d1 = 2.5 cm
Diameter of section2 = d2 = 3.75 cm
According to the law of continuity,
Along a streamline,
Av=constant.
∴ A1 v1=A2 v2

∴π r12v1=π r22 v2
2 2
πd v1 πd v2
1 2
∴ =
4 4
2
v1 d 2
2 3.75 9
∴ = = =
v2 2 2 4
d 2.5
1

75.

t
(d) Energy = 3VT ( 1
−
1
) is released

jpu
r R

Explanation:
n× 4

3
π r3 = 4

3
π R3
3

⇒ n= R

3
r

Decrease in surface area is

Ra
Δ A = n × 4π r2 - 4π R2
r2 - R2)
3

= 4π ( R
⋅
r3

= 4π R3 (
1 1
m
− )
r R

R3 (
4 1 1 1 1
=3× 3
π
r
−
R
) = 3V ( r
−
R
)
ha

Energy released
1 1
= TΔA = 3VT ( r
−
R
)
ub
Sh

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