Model Question

Paper Code: PC-ME 402

Paper Name: Applied Thermodynamics

1) “Energy is always conserved but its quality always degraded”Explain.

2) Derive the expression for “The loss of exergy is more when heat loss occurs at a
higher temperature than when the same heat loss occurs at a lower temperature”.
3) Derive the general expression for exergy of a closed system.
4) Prove that volumetric efficiency of an reciprocating compressor can be expressed as
1
 P n
vol  1  C  C  3 
 P4 
Where C is clearance ratio.

5) Explain the working principle of a Reciprocating compressor with diagram.

6) Derive the expression for thermal efficiency of Otto cycle.
7) Derive the expression for a theoretical pressure value representing the average
pressure acting on a piston during its displacement, which is crucial for calculating the
work output of an internal combustion engine.
8) Obtain an expression for the specific work done by an engine working on the Otto
cycle in terms of the maximum and minimum Temperatures of the cycle, the
compression ratio k r, and constants of the working fluid (assumed to be an ideal gas).
Hence show that the compression ratio for maximum specific work output is given by

1)
2) Explain about isothermal, isentropic and polytropic compression with P-V diagram.
3) (a) Explain dead state condition.
(b)Eighty kg of water at 100°C are mixed with 50 kg of water at 60°C, while the
temperature of the surroundings is 15°C. Determine the decrease in available energy
due to mixing.

4) A pressure vessel has a volume of 1 m3 and contains air at 1.4 MPa, 175°C. The air is
cooled to 25°C by heat transfer to the surroundings at 25°C. Calculate the availability
in the initial and final states and the irreversibility of this process. Take p0 = 100 kPa.

5) A mass of 6.98 kg of air is in a vessel at 200 kPa, 27°C. Heat is transferred to the air
from a reservoir at 727°C. Until the temperature of air rises to 327°C. The
environment is at 100 kPa, 17°C. Determine
(a) The initial and final availability of air
(b) The maximum useful work associated with the process.

6) A single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor has air entering at 1 bar,
20°C and compression occurs following polytropic process with index 1.2 upto the
delivery pressure of 12 bar. The compressor runs at the speed of 240 rpm and has L/D
ratio of 1.8. The compressor has mechanical efficiency of 0.88. Determine the
isothermal efficiency and cylinder dimensions. Also find out the rating of drive
required to run the compressor which admits 1 m3 of air per minute.
7) A reciprocating air compressor has four stage compression with 2 m3 /min of air
being delivered at 150 bar when initial pressure and temperature are 1 bar, 27°C.
Compression occur polytropically following polytropic index of 1.25 in four stages
with perfect intercooling between stages. For the optimum intercooling conditions
determine the intermediate pressures and the work required for driving compressor.

8) In a two stage reciprocating air compressor running at 200 rpm the air is admitted at
1 bar, 17°C and discharged at 25 bar. At low pressure stage suction conditions the rate
of air flow is 4 kg/minute. The low pressure cylinder and high pressure cylinders have
clearance volumes of 4% and 5% of respective cylinder stroke volumes. The index for
compression and expansion processes in two stages are same as 1.25. Considering an
optimum and perfect intercooling in between two stages determine the power
required, isothermal efficiency, free air delivered, heat transferred in each cylinder
and the cylinder volumes.
9) Explain with P-V diagram the working of a two stage reciprocating compressor. Also
derive the expression for work done.
10) Prove that for difference in heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume
 V   p  TV  2
2

CP  CV  T     C  C 
 T  P  V T and
P V
kT
Where volume expansivity (β), volume expansivity (kT)
11) (a) Define volume expansivity and isothennal compressibiliiy.
(b) What is Joule-Thomsoncoefficien1? Why is it zero for an ideal gas?
(c) Explain Joule-Kelvin effect. What is inversion temperature?

12) The Joule-Kelvin coefficient μJ, is a measure of the temperature change during a
throttling process. A similar measure of the temperature change produced by an
isentropic change of pressure is provided by the coefficient μS, where
 T 
S   
 p  s
13) Prove that
V
S   J 
CP
14) With block diagram explain Reheat-Regenerative cycle for steam power plant.
15) What is dryness fraction? Derive the expression for dryness fraction.
16) “Carnot cycle gives maximum thermal efficiency, although Rankine cycle is followed
for steam power plant” Explain.
17) (a) What is binary vapor power cycle?
(b) Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters
the turbine at 3 MPa and 350°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10
kPa. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of this power plant, (b) the thermal
efficiency if steam is superheated to 600°C instead of 350°C, and (c) the thermal
efficiency if the boiler pressure is raised to 15 MPa while the turbine inlet temperature
is maintained at 600°C.

18) Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the
turbine at 3 MPa and 350°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10
kPa. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of this power plant, (b) the thermal
 efficiency if steam is superheated to 600°C instead of 350°C, and (c) the thermal
efficiency if the boiler pressure is raised to 15 MPa while the turbine inlet temperature
is maintained at 600°C.

19) Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is condensed in the
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of
the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4 percent, determine (a) the pressure at
which the steam should be reheated and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine.
20) In a reheat cycle, the initial steam pressure and the maximum temperature are 150 bar
and 550°C respectively. If the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar and the moisture at the
condenser inlet is 5%, and assuming ideal processes, determine (a) the reheat
pressure, (b) the cycle efficiency, and (c) the steam rate.
21) The net power output of an ideal regenerative-reheat steam cycle is 80MW. Steam
enters the h.p. turbine at 80 bar, 500°C and expands till it becomes saturated vapour.
Some of the steam then goes to an open feedwater heater and the balance is reheated
to 400°C, after which it expands in the I.p. turbine to 0.07 bar. Compute (a) the reheat
pressure, (b) the steam flow rate to the h.p. turbine, and (c) the cycle efficiency.
Neglect pump work.
22) The net power output of an ideal regenerative-reheat steam cycle is 80MW. Steam
enters the h.p. turbine at 80 bar, 500°C and expands till it becomes saturated vapour.
Some of the steam then goes to an open feedwater heater and the balance is reheated
to 400°C, after which it expands in the I.p. turbine to 0.07 bar. Compute (a) the reheat
pressure, (b) the steam flow rate to the h.p. turbine, and (c) the cycle efficiency.
Neglect pump work.

23) Explain working of an ideal vapor-compression

refrigeration cycle.
24) What is cascade refrigeration system?
25) What is absorption refrigeration system?
26) A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14 and 0.8 MPa. If the mass flow
rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s, determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the
refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection
to the environment, and (c) the COP of the refrigerator.

27) A vapour compression refrigeration system uses R-12 and operates between pressure
limits of 0.745 and 0.15 MPa. The vapour entering the compressor has a temperature
of – 10°C and the liquid leaving the condenser is at 28°C. A refrigerating load of 2
kW is required. Determine the COP and the swept volume of the compressor if it has
a volumetric efficiency of 76% and runs at 600 rpm.
28) A R-12 vapour compression refrigeration system is operating at a condenser pressure
of 9.6 bar and an evaporator pressure of 2.19 bar. Its refrigeration capacity is 15
tonnes. The values of enthalpy at the inlet and outlet of the evaporator are 64.6 and
195.7 kJ/kg. The specific volume at inlet to the reciprocating compressor is 0.082
m3/kg. The index of compression for the compressor is 1.13
Determine:
(a) The power input in kW required for the compressor
 (b) The COP. Take 1 tonnes of refrigeration as equivalent to heat removal at the
rate of 3.517 kW.
29) Show that the efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only on the compression ratio.
30) What is a compression ignition engine? Why is the compression ratio of such an
engine more than that of an SI engine?

31) With the help of p-v and T-s diagrams. show 1ha1 for the same maximum pressure
and temperature of the cycle and the same heat rejection,
ηDiesel> ηDual>ηOtto
32) An engine is working on Otto cycle with the following data: Maximum temperature
1400 K, exhaust temperature 700 K. State of air at the beginning of compression 0.1
MPa, 300 K. Estimate the compression ratios, the maximum pressures, efficiencies,
and rate of work outputs (for 1 kg/min of air) of the respective cycles.
33) One engine is to operate on Diesel cycles with these conditions: Maximum
temperature 1450 K, exhaust temperature 760 K. State of air at the beginning of
compression 0.14 MPa, 320 K. Estimate the compression ratios, the maximum
pressures, efficiencies, and rate of work outputs (for 1 kg/min of air) of the respective
cycles.
34) An air standard limited pressure cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and compression
begins at 0.1 MPa, 40°C. The maximum pressure is limited to 6 MPa and the heat
added is 1.675 MJ/kg. Compute (a) the heat supplied at constant volume per kg of air,
(b) the heat supplied at constant pressure per kg of air, (c) the work done per kg of air,
(d) the cycle efficiency, (e) the temperature at the end of the constant volume heating
process, (f) the cut-off ratio, and (g) the m.e.p. of the cycle.
35) Derive the expression for efficiency and work done for Diesel cycle.
36) Explain sensible cooling and heating in psychrometry with proper diagram.
37) What is the required wattage of an electrical heater that heats 0.1 m /s of air from 15o
C and 80% RH to 550C? The barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa.
38) What is Cooling & humidification in psychrometry?
39) A cooling tower is used for cooling the condenser water of a refrigeration system
having a heat rejection rate of 100 kW. In the cooling tower air enters at 35oC (DBT)
and 24oC (WBT) and leaves the cooling tower at a DBT of 26 o C relative humidity of
95%. What is the required flow rate of air at the inlet to the cooling tower in m 3/s.
What is the amount of make-up water to be supplied? The temperature of make-up
water is at 30oC, at which its enthalpy (hw) may be taken as 125.4 kJ/kg. Assume the
barometric pressure to be 1 atm.

40) In an air conditioning system air at a flow rate of 2 kg/s enters the cooling coil at 25oC
and 50% RH and leaves the cooling coil at 11oC and 90% RH. The apparatus dew
point of the cooling coil is 7oC. Find a) The required cooling capacity of the coil, b)
Sensible Heat Factor for the process, and c) By-pass factor of the cooling coil.
Assume the barometric pressure to be 1 atm. Assume the condensate water to leave
the coil at ADP (hw = 29.26 kJ/kg)
41) 0.2 kg/s of moist air at 45o C (DBT) and 10% RH is mixed with 0.3 kg/s of moist air
at 25o C and a humidity ratio of 0.018 kgw/kgda in an adiabatic mixing chamber.
After mixing, the mixed air is heated to a final temperature of 40o C using a heater.
Find the temperature and relative humidity of air after mixing. Find the heat transfer
rate in the heater and relative humidity of air at the exit of heater. Assume the
barometric pressure to be 1 atm.