Aditya University

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Extend a Hearty Welcome
to

Vector Integration
 Course Outcome

OUTCOMES:

Student will be able to

1. Evaluation of line integrals .

2. Evaluation of surface integrals.

3. Evaluation of Volume integrals.

2
 Line Integral

INTRODUCTION:
Let “𝑐” be a curve in the space. Let “A” be an initial point and “B” be a terminal
point of the curve “𝑐”. When the direction along “𝑐” oriented from “A” to “B” is positive, then the
direction from “B” to “A” is called negative direction. If the points “A” and “B” are coincide, then we
say that the curve is closed.

Smooth Curve: A curve 𝑟 = 𝑓 (𝑡) is said to be smooth curve, if 𝑓 (𝑡) is continuously differentiable.

3
 Line Integral

Line Integral:
A curve 𝑐 is said to be piece wise smooth,
if 𝑐 consists of finitely many smooth curves.
Let c be a piece wise smooth curve with 𝑎, 𝑏
as end points.
Let 𝐹 : 𝑐 → 𝑅3 be a vector function
defined at every point on 𝑐,
and a particle moves along the curve 𝑐.
Divide 𝑐 into 𝑛 parts, then ∆𝑟 is
the length traversed by the particle

4
 Line Integral

Work Done by a Force:

If 𝐹 represents the force vector acting on a particle moving along an arc AB then
the work done during a small displacement ∆𝑟 is 𝐹 ∆𝑟.
Hence the total work done by 𝐹 during displacement from A to B is given by the line
𝑏
integral from a to b is 𝑎
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟.
If the Force 𝐹 is conservative i.e. 𝐹 = 𝛻∅ then the work done is independent of the path
and vice versa. In this case 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 0 and ∅ is called scalar potential.
Note: If 𝐹 is conservative then 𝐹 is irrotational.

5
 Problems

Example1 :
Find the work done by the force 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (1 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑘 in moving particle
from the point (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the curve ‘𝑐’ 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3
Sol: Given 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (1 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑘
Let 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘
Since the given curve ‘𝑐’ 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 so that
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Since the particle is moving from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1). Hence 𝑡 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1.
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘 = 𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑗 + 3𝑡 2 𝑘 𝑑𝑡

6
 Problems

Now, 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (1 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘

= 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 5 𝑖 + 2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 4 𝑗 + (1 − 4𝑡 9 )𝑘 . 𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑗 + 3𝑡 2 𝑘 𝑑𝑡

= 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 5 + 4𝑡 3 + 6𝑡 5 + 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 11 𝑑𝑡
= 6𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 11 𝑑𝑡
Therefore the total work done by 𝐹 is given by

1
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 6𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 11 𝑑𝑡
𝑐 0

1
6𝑡 3 4𝑡 4 12𝑡 12
= + −
3 4 12 0

1
= 2𝑡 3 + 𝑡4 − 𝑡 12 0 =2

7
 Problems

Example 2:
2 2 2
Evaluate the line integral 𝑐
( 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 where c is the square formed by the lines 𝑥 =
± 2, 𝑦 = ±2.
Sol: The given curve c consists of 𝑐1 : 𝑥 = 2, 𝑐2 : 𝑦 = 2,
𝑐3 : 𝑥 = −2, 𝑐4 : 𝑦 = −2.

8
 Problems

Along 𝑐1 : 𝑥 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦: −2 → 2
Since 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
= 4 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑐1
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −2
(4 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦

2
𝑦3
= 4𝑦 +
3 −2

8 8
=8+ +8+
3 3

64
=
3

9
 Problems

Along 𝑐2 : 𝑦 = 2, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥: 2 → −2
Since 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2
𝑐2
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−2
𝑥3
= + 𝑥2
3 2

8 8
= − +4− −4
3 3

−16
=
3

10
 Problems

Along 𝑐3 : 𝑥 = −2, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦: 2 → −2
Since 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
= 4 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
−2
𝑐3
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2
(4 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦

−2
𝑦3
= 4𝑦 +
3 2

8 8
= −8 − −8−
3 3

−64
=
3

11
 Problems

Along 𝑐4 : 𝑦 = −2, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥: −2 → 2
Since 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑐4
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
𝑥3
= − 𝑥2
3 −2

8 8
= −4 + +4
3 3

16
=
3

Hence 𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐1
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑐2
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑐3
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑐4
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟

64 16 64 16
= − − +
3 3 3 3

=0 12
 Problems

Example 3: Compute the integral 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 about the triangle with vertices 1,0 , 0,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1,0)
𝑐

Sol. The triangle consists of three lines AB, BC, CA as shown in the figure.

13
 Problems

The triangle c consists of three lines AB,BC and CA.

Along the line AB: we have 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥: −1 → 1
2 2
So that 𝐴𝐵
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Along the line BC: We know that the equation of the straight line of 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 =
𝑦2 −𝑦1
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 −𝑥1

1−0
𝑦−0= 𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑦,
0−1

𝑦: 0 → 1
1 2
𝐵𝐶
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 −𝑑𝑦 − (1 − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
1
= 0
−𝑦 2 − 1 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

3 1
1 𝑦 −2
= 0
(2𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦2 − 2 −𝑦 =
3 0 3
14
 Problems

Along the line CA: We know that the equation of the straight line of 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 =
𝑦2 −𝑦1
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 −𝑥1

0−1
𝑦−1= 𝑥 − 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑦: 1 → 0
−1−0
0 2
𝐶𝐴
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 − 1)2 𝑑𝑦
0
= 1
𝑦 2 − 1 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0
= 1
(2𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦2 −𝑦 1 =0
2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑐
𝑦 𝐴𝐵
𝑦 𝐵𝐶
𝑦 𝐶𝐴
𝑦
2
=0− +0
3

2
= −
3

15
 Surface Integral

Surface Integral :
A surface 𝐹 (𝑢, 𝑣) is called a smooth surface if it is continuous and possesses partial
derivatives. A surface S is said to be piecewise smooth if it consists of a finite number of smooth
surfaces.
Suppose S is a piecewise smooth surface and let 𝐹 be a vector valued function defined over the
surface S. Divide the given surface S into smaller surfaces ∆𝑆𝑖 such that each smaller surface is
orientable and total surface is the union of all smaller surfaces. Let 𝑛𝑖 be the unit normal vector
over small surfaces ∆𝑆𝑖 . Then the surface area is ∆𝑆𝑖 𝑛𝑖 . The unit normal vector 𝑛 over the surface
S can be described in terms of directional cosines.
So that 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑖 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑗 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛾 𝑘 .

16
 Surface Integrals

Projections:
Let 𝐹 be the vector valued function passing through the surface S
Then 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑖 gives the normal component of 𝐹 over the surface ∆𝑆𝑖 . Consider the sum ∆𝑆𝑖 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑖 ∆𝑆𝑖
By taking the limit ∆𝑆𝑖 → 0 we will have the Surface integral

𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑆
𝑆
If the surface S is projected onto the YZ-plane then
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑆 = =
|𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛾| 𝑛.𝑖

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛
𝑛.𝑖

17
 Surface Integrals

Similarly, If the surface S is projected onto the XY-plane then

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = =
|𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼| 𝑛.𝑘

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹 . 𝑛
𝑆 𝑆 𝑛. 𝑘
If the surface S is projected onto the XZ-plane then
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑆 = =
|𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽| 𝑛.𝑗

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹 . 𝑛
𝑆 𝑆 𝑛. 𝑗

18
 Problems

Problem 1: Evaluate the integral where S is the surface of the plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 in the first octant and
𝐹 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑘 .
Sol : The given surface is ∅ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 6 = 0
The outward normal to the surface ∅ is 𝛻∅ = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘
Let the outward unit normal be 𝑛 and
𝛻∅ 2𝑖+𝑗+2𝑘 1
𝑛= = = (2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 )
|𝛻∅| 4+1+4 3

To evaluate the surface integral, project the surface onto the region XY-plane. i.e. 𝑧 = 0.
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
So that 𝑑𝑆 = =
|𝑛.𝑘 | 2/3

19
 Problems

Hence

2 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 𝑅
( 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑘 ). (2𝑖 +𝑗 + 2𝑘 )
3 2/3

3 2 2 2 4
= 𝑅
𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 3 3 3

= 𝑅
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦(6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 𝑅
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 𝑅
6𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Taking limits over the region 𝑅: 𝑦: 0 → 6 − 2𝑥, 𝑥: 0 → 3 the above integral reduces to
3 6−2𝑥
= 0 0
6𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

6−2𝑥
3 6𝑦 2 𝑦2
= 0
− 2𝑥
2 2 0

20
 Problems

6−2𝑥
3 6𝑦 2 𝑦2
= 0
− 2𝑥
2 2 0

3 2
= 0
(3 6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
= 0
3 − 𝑥 4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 36 𝑑𝑥
3 2
= 0
(12𝑥 − 72𝑥 + 108 − 4𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 − 36𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
= 12 − 72 + 108𝑥 − 4 + 24 − 36
3 2 4 3 2 0

= 4 × 27 − 36 × 9 + 108 × 3 − 81 + 8 × 27 − 18 × 9
= 81

21
 Problems

Problem 2: If 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 evaluate 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑆 where S is the surface of the cube bounded by
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎
Sol: Given 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘
Since S is the surface bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0,
𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎
Let the surface be divided into 6 faces
Namely 𝑆1 : 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑆2 : 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺, 𝑆3 : 𝑂𝐶𝐷𝐸,
𝑆4 : 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐹, 𝑆5 : 𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐴, 𝑆6 : 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐺.
Let us calculate the surface
integral for each surface.

22
 Problems

For the face 𝑆1 OABC: 𝑧 = 0. The outward unit normal to the face is 𝑛 = −𝑘 .
𝐹. 𝑛 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 . −𝑘
= −𝑦𝑧
=0
Let 𝑅1 be the projection of the surface 𝑆1 in 𝑋𝑌 −plane.
Then 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑦: 0 → 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆1
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=0

23
 Problems

For the face 𝑆2 DEFG: 𝑧 = 𝑎. The outward unit normal to the face is 𝑛 = 𝑘 .
𝐹. 𝑛 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 . 𝑘
= 𝑦𝑧
= 𝑎𝑦
Let 𝑅2 be the projection of the surface 𝑆2 in 𝑋𝑌 −plane.
Then 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑦: 0 → 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆2
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎
= 𝑎2 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑎4
=
2

24
 Problems

For the face 𝑆3 OCDE: 𝑥 = 0. The outward unit normal to the face is 𝑛 = −𝑖.
𝐹. 𝑛 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 . −𝑖
= −4𝑥𝑧
=0
Let 𝑅3 be the projection of the surface 𝑆3 in 𝑌𝑍 −plane.
Then 𝑦: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆3
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=0

25
 Problems

For the face 𝑆4 ABGF: 𝑥 = 𝑎. The outward unit normal to the face is 𝑛 = 𝑖.
𝐹. 𝑛 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 . 𝑖
= 4𝑥𝑧
= 4𝑎𝑧
Let 𝑅4 be the projection of the surface 𝑆4 in 𝑌𝑍 −plane.
Then 𝑦: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆3
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
4𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑎
= 4𝑎2 0
𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= 2𝑎4

26
 Problems

For the face 𝑆5 OEFA: 𝑦 = 0. The outward unit normal to the surface is 𝑛 = −𝑗.
𝐹. 𝑛 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 . −𝑗
= 𝑦2
=0
Let 𝑅5 be the projection of the surface 𝑆5 in X𝑍 −plane.
Then 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆5
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
0𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

=0

27
 Problems

For the face 𝑆6 BCDG: 𝑦 = a. The outward unit normal to the surface is 𝑛 = 𝑗.
𝐹. 𝑛 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 . 𝑗
= −𝑦 2
= −𝑎2
Let 𝑅6 be the projection of the surface 𝑆6 in X𝑍 −plane.
Then 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
−𝑎
5
= −𝑎4
Hence
𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑆1
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆2
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠+ 𝑆3
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆4
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆5
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆6
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑎4
=0+ + 0 + 2𝑎4 + 0 + −𝑎4
2
3𝑎4
=
2

28
 Problems

Problem-3: Evaluate 𝑆 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘 and S is the surface of the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16

included in the first octant between 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 5.
Sol. Given 𝐹 = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘
Let the surface be ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16
The normal to the surface ∅ is 𝛻∅
So that 𝛻∅ = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗.
The unit normal to the surface be 𝑛

𝛻∅ 2𝑥𝑖+2𝑦𝑗 2𝑥𝑖+2𝑦𝑗 𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗

𝑛= = = =
|𝛻∅| 4𝑥 2 +4𝑦 2 4(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 4

𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗
Now 𝐹. 𝑛 = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘 .
4
𝑥
= (𝑦 + 𝑧)
4

29
 Problems

Let R be the projection of the surface bounded in 𝑌𝑍 − plane

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Then 𝑦: 0 → 4, 𝑧: 0 → 5 and 𝑑𝑠 = =
|𝑛.𝑖| 𝑥/4

4 5𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Hence 𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0 4
(𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝑥/4

4 5
= 0 0
𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

5
4 𝑧2
= 0
𝑦𝑧 + 𝑑𝑦
2 0

4 25
= 0
5𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
2

4
5𝑦 2 25𝑦
= −
2 2 0

= 40 + 50 = 90

30
 Problems

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1. If S is the triangular surface with vertices (2,0,0), (0,2,0), (0,0,2) and 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 − 𝑥𝑦𝑘 then
evaluate 𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠.

2. Evaluate 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 over the entire surface S of the region bounded by the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =
𝑆

0, 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 8 where 𝐹 = 6𝑧𝑖 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑗 − 𝑥𝑘 .

3. Evaluate 𝑆 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘 and S is the surface of the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =4 included in
the first octant between 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 5.

31
 Volume Integral

Volume Integral (Triple Integral):

Let the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a function of three independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be continuous and defined at every
point of a finite closed three dimensional region V.

Dividing region V into n elementary sub regions of volumes ∆𝑉1 , ∆𝑉2 … ∆𝑉𝑛. Then the sum
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ∆𝑉1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ∆𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 , 𝑧𝑛 ∆𝑉𝑛
𝑛
= 𝑘=1 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 , 𝑦𝑘 , 𝑧𝑘 ∆𝑉𝑘
If the limit of the sum tends to infinity. i.e. 𝑛 → ∞ and dimensions of each subregion ∆𝑉𝑘 → 0 is introduced as a
triple integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) over the region V.

32
 Volume Integral

The triple integral can be defined as

𝑛
lim 𝑘=1 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 , 𝑦𝑘 , 𝑧𝑘 ∆𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉
𝑛→∞

= 𝑉
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

The triple integral 𝑉

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 over the region V is evaluated by taking the following limits
𝑏 𝑦2 (𝑥) 𝑧2 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝑉
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑧=𝑧1 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

33
 Problems

1 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
Problem-1: Evaluate 0 0 0
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑥−𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑧2
Sol. 0 0 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 0
𝑥+𝑦 𝑧+ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
0

1 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 2
= 0 0
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

1 𝑥 (𝑥−𝑦)
= 0 0
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

1 𝑥 2𝑥+2𝑦+𝑥−𝑦)
= 0 0
𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

1 𝑥 3𝑥+𝑦)
= 0 0
𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

1 1 𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦
= (3𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0 0
1 1 𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦
= (3𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 34
2 0 0
Problems

1 1 𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦
= (3𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0 0

𝑥
1 1 𝑦3
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑥
2 0 3 0

1 1 𝑥3
= 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑑𝑥
2 0 3

1 1 𝑥3
= 2𝑥 3 − 𝑑𝑥
2 0 3

1 1 6𝑥 3 −𝑥 3
= 𝑑𝑥
2 0 3

5 1 3
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6 0

1
5 𝑥4 5
= =
6 4 0 24

35
 Problems

Problem-2: If 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘 evaluate 𝑉

𝐹 𝑑𝑉 where V is the region bounded by the surfaces
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 6, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 ,
𝑧 = 4.
Sol. 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = (2𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑉
2 6 4
= 0 0 𝑥2
(2𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

4
2 6 𝑧2
= 0 0
2𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑥𝑧𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥2

2 6
= 0 0
(𝑥 16 − 𝑥 4 𝑖 − 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 𝑦 2 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑘 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 6
= 0 0
( 16𝑥 − 𝑥 5 𝑖 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑗 + 4𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

6
2 𝑦3 𝑦3
= 0
16𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 5𝑦 𝑖 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3𝑦 𝑗+ 4 − 𝑥 2
𝑘 𝑑𝑥
3 3
0
36
 Problems

2
= 96𝑥 − 6𝑥 5 𝑖 − 24𝑥 − 6𝑥 3 𝑗 + 72(4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑘 𝑑𝑥
0

2
𝑥2 𝑥6 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥3
= 96 −6 𝑖 − 24 −6 𝑗 + 72(4𝑥 − )𝑘
2 6 2 4 3
0

8
= 48 × 4 − 64 𝑖 − 12 × 4 − 24 𝑗 + 72(8 − )𝑘
3

= 128𝑖 − 24𝑗 − 384𝑘

37
 Problems

Problem-3: Evaluate 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 where 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 over the volume bounded by the cylinder
𝑉

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 between 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 2
Sol. Given 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 and
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 . (4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧
2
𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 =4 0
4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

2 2
= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 =4
(4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 )0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 =4
12 − 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

By changing into polar coordinate system

𝑥 = 𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃: 0 → 2𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟: 0 → 2
38
 Problems

So that the integral can be

𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 =4
12 − 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2𝜋
= 0 0
12 − 8𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

2
2𝜋 𝑟2 8𝑟 3
= 0
12 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 3 0

2𝜋 64
= 0
24 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

64 2𝜋
= 24𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
3 0

64 64
= 48𝜋 + − = 48𝜋
3 3

39
 Vector Integral Theorems

Green’s Theorem:
If S represents a closed region in 𝑥𝑦 −plane bounded by a simple closed curve 𝑐 and M, N are continuous
functions of x and y then

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑆

40
 Problems

Problem 1:
Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 𝑐
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 where c is a square with
vertices (0,0), (2,0), (2,2), (0,2)
Sol. Given that for 𝑐
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Since the region is a square with vertices (0,0), (2,0), (2,2), (0,2)
By Green’s theorem

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑆
Here M= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 and N= 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
The Points are 𝐴(0,0), B(2,0), C(2,2), D(0,2)

41
 Problems

Let us find the line integrals along the lines AB,BC,CD and DA and can get

𝑐
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝐷𝐴
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦

Along the line 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥: 0 → 2 and 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝐴𝐵
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
𝑥3
=
3 0

8
=
3

42
 Problems

Along the line 𝐵𝐶: Since 𝐵 = 2,0 , 𝐶 = (2,2)

𝑦 varies from 0 to 2 and 𝑥 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝐵𝐶
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
= 0
(𝑦 −4𝑦)𝑑𝑦

2
𝑦3
= − 2𝑦 2
3 0

8
= − 8.
3

16
= −
3

43
 Problems

Along the line 𝐶𝐷: Since 𝐶 = 2,2 , 𝐷 = 0,2

𝑥 varies from 2 to 0 and 𝑦 = 2, 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶𝐷
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 2
= 2
(𝑥 −8𝑥)𝑑𝑥

0
𝑥3
= − 4𝑥 2
3 2

8
=− − 16
3

40
=
3

44
 Problems

Along the line 𝐷𝐴: Since 𝐷 = 0,2 , 𝐴 = (0,0)

𝑦: 2 → 0 and 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝐷𝐴
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝐷𝐴
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 2
= 2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦

0
𝑦3
=
3 2

8
= −
3

𝑐
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝐷𝐴
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
8 16 40 8
= − + −
3 3 3 3

24
= =8
3

45
 Problems

Now, we have to calculate the surface integral over the given surface
Since M= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 and N= 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 2 𝜕𝑁
= −3𝑥𝑦 , = −2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
So that − = −2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 and 𝑥: 0 → 2, 𝑦: 0 → 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 2 2
Therefore 𝑆 𝜕𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 0
(−2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦

2 3 2 2 2
= 0
−2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 0

2
= 0
(−4𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
2
= −2𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 0

= −8 + 16 = 8
Hence Greens Theorem is verified
46
 Problems

Problem-2: Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 𝑐

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 where c is the closed curve of
the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Sol. Given curve c is enclosed by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . Clearly these curves intersect at the
points (0,0) and (1,1) and the region is shown in the figure.

47
 Problems

Given integral 𝑐
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 2
By Green’s theorem
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑐
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑆 𝜕𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Let us find the line integral along the curves OA and AO

Along the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥: 0 → 1
1 3
𝑂𝐴
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑥 +𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 3
= 0
(3𝑥 + 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥

1
3 4 𝑥5
= 𝑥 +
4 5 0

3 1 19
= + =
4 5 20
48
 Problems

Along the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑦: 1 → 0

2 2 0 2 2
𝐴𝑂
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 1
(𝑥 +𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥
= 1
3𝑥
0
= 𝑥3 1

= −1

𝑐
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 =

𝑂𝐴
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐴𝑂
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
19
= −1
20

−1
=
20

49
 Problems

Let us take a strip parallel to 𝑦-axis then 𝑥: 0 → 1 and 𝑦: 𝑥 2 → 𝑥

Since 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑥 + 2𝑦, = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 𝑥
𝑆 𝜕𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥2
(2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦

1 𝑥
= 0 𝑥2
(𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1
= 0
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
= 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1 4 3 )𝑑𝑥
= 0
(𝑥 −𝑥

1
𝑥5 𝑥4 1 1 1
= − = − = −
5 4 0 5 4 20

Hence Green’s theorem is verified. 50

 Problems

Problem-3: By using Greens theorem evaluate 𝑐

3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 where c is the region
defined by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Sol. Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the points of intersections are (0,0), (1,1)

51
 Problems

Since 𝑐
3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 , N = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
= −6𝑦, = −16𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− = −6𝑦 + 16𝑦 = 10𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
By Green’s theorem
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑐
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑆 𝜕𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦

By taking a strip parallel to y axis 𝑦: 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 and 𝑥: 0 → 1

52
 Problems

1 𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∴ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 10𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 0 𝑥2
𝑆
1 𝑥
= 0
5𝑦 2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 0
5 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥2 𝑥5
=5 −
2 5 0

1 1
=5 −
2 5

3
=
2
3
Hence 𝑐
3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
2

53
 Gauss Divergence Theorem

Gauss Divergence Theorem:

If 𝐹 is a continuously differentiable vector function in the region E bounded by the closed surface
S, then 𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝐸
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 where 𝑛 is outward unit normal to the surface S.

54
 Problems

Problem-1: Verify Divergence theorem for 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 taken over the

rectangular parallelepiped 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐
Sol. Given 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘

55
 Problems

By Gauss Divergence theorem

𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑣
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 . 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑧 + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 0 0 0
2 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑎
𝑐 𝑏 𝑥2
=2 0 0
+ 𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 0

𝑐 𝑏 𝑎2
=2 0 0
+ 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑎 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2

𝑏
𝑐 𝑎𝑦 𝑦2
= 2𝑎 0 2
+ + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 0
56
 Problems

𝑐 𝑏
𝑎𝑦 𝑦2
= 2𝑎 + + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧
0 2 2 0

𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2
= 2𝑎 0 2
+ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2

𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
= 2𝑎𝑏 0 2
+ + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2

𝑐
𝑎+𝑏 𝑧2
= 2𝑎𝑏 𝑧+
2 2
0

𝑎+𝑏 𝑐2
= 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐+
2 2

𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2
= 2𝑎𝑏
2

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
57
 Problems

Let the surface be divided into six faces namely 𝑆1 : 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑆2 : 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺, 𝑆3 : 𝑂𝐶𝐷𝐸, 𝑆4 : 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐹,
𝑆5 : 𝑂𝐴𝐹𝐸, 𝑆6 : 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐺
We will calculate the surface integrals

𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑆1
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆2
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆3
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆4
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆5
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆6
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠

For the Face 𝑆1 : 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶: The outward unit normal is −𝑘 , 𝑧 = 0 and let 𝑅1 be the projection of 𝑆1 in XY-plane
then 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎,
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦: 0 → 𝑏, 𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝑛.𝑘 |

𝑎 𝑏
Now 𝑆1
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . −𝑘 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑏
= 0 0
−(0 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑏
𝑎 𝑦2 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑏 2
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
2 0 2 0 4
58
 Problems

For the Face 𝑆2 : 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺: The outward unit normal is 𝑘 , 𝑧 = 𝑐 and let 𝑅2 be the projection of 𝑆2 in XY-plane then
𝑥: 0 → 𝑎,
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦: 0 → 𝑏, 𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝑛.𝑘 |

𝑎 𝑏
Now 𝑆2
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑏 2
= 0 0
(𝑐 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑏
𝑎 𝑦2
= 0
𝑐2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝑎
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑏 2
= 0
𝑏𝑐 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2 −
2 4 0 4

59
 Problems

For the Face 𝑆3 : 𝑂𝐶𝐷𝐸: The outward unit normal is −𝑖, 𝑥 = 0 and let 𝑅3 be the projection of 𝑆3 in YZ-plane
then
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑦: 0 → 𝑏, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑐, 𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
|𝑛.𝑖 |

𝑏 𝑐
𝑆3
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . −𝑖 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦

𝑏 𝑐
= 0 0
(𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦

𝑏
𝑐 𝑦2
= 0
𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 0

𝑐 𝑏2
= 0 2
𝑧 𝑑𝑧

𝑐
𝑏2 𝑧 2
=
2 2 0

𝑐 2 𝑏2
=
4
60
 Problems

For the Face 𝑆4 : 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐹: The outward unit normal is 𝑖, 𝑥 = 𝑎 and let 𝑅4 be the projection of 𝑆4 in YZ-plane
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
then 𝑦: 0 → 𝑏, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑐, 𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
|𝑛.𝑖 |

𝑏 𝑐
𝑆4
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑖 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦

𝑏 𝑐 2
= 0 0
(𝑎 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦

𝑏
𝑐 𝑦2
= 0
𝑎2 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 0

𝑐 𝑏2
= 0
𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2

𝑐
𝑏2 𝑧 2
= 𝑎2 𝑏𝑧 −
2 2 0

𝑐 2 𝑏2
= 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 −
4
61
 Problems

For the Face 𝑆5 : 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐹: The outward unit normal is −𝑗, 𝑦 = 0 and let 𝑅5 be the projection of 𝑆5 in XZ-plane
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
then 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑐, 𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
|𝑛.𝑗 |

𝑎 𝑐
𝑆5
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . −𝑗 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑐
= 0 0
(𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑐 𝑥2
= 0
𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 0

𝑐 𝑎2
= 0 2
𝑧 𝑑𝑧

𝑐
𝑎2 𝑧 2
=
2 2 0

𝑐 2 𝑎2
=
4

62
 Problems

For the Face 𝑆6 : 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐹: The outward unit normal is 𝑗, 𝑦 = 𝑏 and let 𝑅6 be the projection of 𝑆6 in XZ-plane
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
then 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑧: 0 → 𝑐, 𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
|𝑛.𝑗 |

𝑎 𝑐
𝑆6
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑗 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐 2
= 0 0
(𝑏 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑐 𝑥2
= 0
𝑏2 𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 0

𝑐 𝑎2
= 0
𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2

𝑐
𝑎2 𝑧 2
= 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑧 −
2 2 0

𝑐 2 𝑎2
= 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐 −
4

63
 Problems

𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆4 𝑆5 𝑆6

𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑐 2 𝑎2
= + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2 − + + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 − + + 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐 −
4 4 4 4 4 4

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐).
Therefore 𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉
Hence Gauss’s Divergence Theorem is verified

64
 Problems

2 2 2 2
Problem-2: Evaluate 𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 and S is a surface bounding the region 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
4, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 3
Sol. Given 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘
By Gauss Divergence theorem

𝑆
𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑣
To find the surface integral, it is
enough to find the volume integral.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 . 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2
= 4𝑥 + −2𝑦 2 + 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧

65
 Problems

The limits are 𝑧: 0 → 3, 𝑦: − 4 − 𝑥 2 → 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥: −2 → 2

2 4−𝑥 2 3
𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 = −2 − 4−𝑥 2 0
4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

2 4−𝑥 2 3
= −2 − 4−𝑥 2
4 − 4𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑧2 0
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

2 4−𝑥 2 2 4−𝑥 2
= −2 − 4−𝑥 2
12 − 12𝑦 + 9 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −2 − 4−𝑥 2
21 − 12𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

2 4−𝑥 2
= −2
21𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 − 4−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
2
= −2
(21 4 − 𝑥 2 − 6 4 − 𝑥 2 + 21 4 − 𝑥 2 + 6 4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2
= −2
42 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2
2 𝑥 4−𝑥 2 4 −1 𝑥
= 84 0
4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 84 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 84𝜋
2 2 2 0

66
 Stokes Theorem

Stoke’s Theorem:
Statement: Let S be a surface bounded by a closed non intersecting curve C, if 𝐹 is any
differentiable vector point function, then

𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠
Where c is traversed in the positive direction and 𝑛 is outward unit normal to the surface S.

67
 Problems

Problem-1: Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 over the surface in XY-plane bounded by the
lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏.
Sol. Given that 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 and the box bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏.
To verify stokes theorem

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑐 𝑆

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 × 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 2𝑥𝑦 0
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𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕 2
=𝑖 0 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑗 0− 𝑥 − 𝑦2 +𝑘 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + (2𝑦 − −2y )𝑘
= 4𝑦𝑘
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Since the surface is in xy plane so that 𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ,
|𝑛.𝑘 |

𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑦: 0 → 𝑏 and the outward unit normal is 𝑛 = 𝑘 .

𝑎 𝑏
Now, 𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 0 0
4𝑦𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
= 0
2𝑦 2 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2
= 0
2𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑏 2

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Let the surface be covered with the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏

To calculate the line integral we
need to calculate

𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑂𝐴
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝐴𝐵
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝐵𝐶
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝐶𝑂
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟
Along the line OA: We have 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑂𝐴
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑂𝐴
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 . (𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗)
𝑎 2
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎3
=
3

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Along the line AB: We have 𝑦: 0 → 𝑏, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝐴𝐵
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐴𝐵
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 . (𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗)
𝑏
= 0
2𝑎𝑦𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑏 2
Along the line BC: We have 𝑥: 𝑎 → 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝐵𝐶
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐵𝐶
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 . (𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗)
0 2 2 )𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎
(𝑥 −𝑏

0
𝑥3
= − 𝑏2 𝑥
3 𝑎

𝑎3
= 𝑎𝑏 2 −
3

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Along the line CO: We have 𝑦: 𝑏 → 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝐶𝑂
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐶𝑂
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 . (𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗)
0
= 𝑏
0𝑑𝑦
=0

𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑂𝐴
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝐴𝐵
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝐵𝐶
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 + 𝐶𝑂
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟

𝑎3 𝑎3
= + 𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 2 − +0
3 3

= 2𝑎𝑏 2
∴ 𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝑠
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

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Thank you

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