NETWORK THEORM

SUPERPOSTION THEORM
1. Superposition theorem becomes important if the circuit has sources
operating at different frequencies.
2. Thevenin's and Norton's theorem are applicable only for single frequency
source.
3. Super-position theorem applicable only when all the components of the
circuit contain linear network
4. The superposition theorem states that a circuit with multiple voltage and
current sources is equal to the sum of simplified circuits using just one of
the sources.
5. The superposition theorem does not apply to the power responses.
6. The power is proportional to square of the current.
7. Super-position theorem can be applied for both AC and DC excitation to
calculate the voltage or current. It holds for both DC and AC excitation, if
circuit is linear.
8. For non-inverting adder, super position theorem is applicable to
determine the expression of output voltage.
9. Superposition theorem is a circuit analysis theorem that is used to solve
the network where two or more sources are present and connected.
10.Superposition theorem can applicable only to circuit having linear
bilateral elements and is essentially based on the concept of linearity.
11.It is used to determine the current in a branch or voltage across branch.
12. ♦ It is applicable to Network having more than one source.
13.The principle of homogeneity and superposition is applied to linear time
invariant systems only.
S
THEVENIN’S THEORM

 Short circuit current flows through a load of zero impedance

 The Thevenin and Norton circuits are single frequency
equivalent circuits.
 Thevenin resistance (Rth) can be found by- Rth = oc sc V I
Question number 30
 Thevenin impedance ZTH is found Between same open
terminals as for VTH.
 As per Thevenin's theorem: if internal impedances are not
known, independent voltage and current sources will be
replaced by short and open circuit respectively
 According to Thevenin theorem a linear network consisting of
a number of voltage source and resistance replaced by an
equivalent network having a single voltage source and a single
resistance.
 Thevenin equivalent circuit consist of voltage source (ETh)
and in series with thevenin resistance (RTh)
 Temporarily remove the resistance (Called load resistance RL)
Whose current is required
 Find the Open-circuit voltage which appears across the two
terminals from where resistance has been removed. It is also
called thevenin's voltage (Vth)
 Replace the entire Network by a single thevenin's source,
whose voltage is Vth or Voc and Whose internal resistance is
Rth or Ri.
 Large network in which current in few elements to be
determined
 0 impedance through which current is required is removed and
open-circuit voltage is found.
 The network is replaced by a voltage source and a series
impedance remains after removing the load impedance.
 Linear RLC network with ideal parameters in evaluating the
Thevenin's equivalent voltage, the independent voltage sources
of the given network are replaced by zero internal impedance
and independent current sources by infinite internal
impedance.
  For calculating the Thevenin's equivalent resistance we should
short circuited the voltage source and open circuit the current
source.
 all voltage sources must be short circuited and all current
sources must be open circuited

Nortorn Theorm
 Norton's Theorem- This theorem is applicable for any linear
electrical network containing only current source and resistance can
be replaced at terminal by an equivalent combination of a current
source IN in parallel with a resistance Rth. This theorem is not
applicable when network has non linear element and unilateral
element.

 An ideal voltage and current sources are connected in series. This

combination will have-

 Norton's equivalent circuit Is dual of Thevenin's circuit

 An ideal voltage and current sources are connected in series. This

combination will have- Norton but not Thevenin equivalent

 Current source in parallel with impedance

Tellegens theorm
 1. :Tellegen's theorem is a expression of law of conservation of
energy. The summation of instantaneous power consumed by
various element in various branches is equal to zero for any
network. Tellegen's theorem depends on kirchhoff's law. This
theorem can be applied to the wide range of the network
having linear or non-linear, time variant or non-variant,
passive or active element.
2. Tellegen's theorem- It is applicable for any lumped network
have element which are linear or non linear, active or passive,
time varying or time-invariant and may contain independent or
dependent sources. According to this theorem sum of the
power taken by all elements in the network within the
constrains imposed by KCL and KVL is zero. It is energy
conservation theorem.
3. Tellegen's theorem- This theorem is valid for any lumped
network which may be linear or non linear active or passive,
time varying or time invariant.

DUALITY THEORM
(i) Dual networks are obtained for both AC and DC circuits and they are
based on Kirchhoff’s laws. (ii) Dual circuits are obtained in planar
networks. (iii) Since KVL is dual of KCL hence mesh equations of one
network have the same form as the nodal equation of the above.

Millmans theorm

 The common voltage across parallel branches with different voltage

sources can be determined by Millman's theorem
 Finds Equivalent voltage or current source

Reciprocity theorem
  Reciprocity theorem- In any linear network consisting of linear and
bilateral impedance and active source then the ratio of voltage V
introduced in one loop to the current I in the other loop is same as
the ratio obtained if the position of V and I are interchanged in the
network.
 Reciprocity theorem applicable to Linear/bilateral networks.

: Paraseval's relation for a periodic signal relates total average power in

the signal.

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

 According to maximum power transfer theorem maximum
power transfer occurs when load R is equal to the R of network
looking back at if from load terminals with all sources being
replaced by their respective internal resistance.
 maximum transfer of power from source to the load, the source
impedance should be Capacitive
 Maximum power - Impedance matching in audio transfer
theorem circuit
 The maximum power transferred from sources to load will be
maximum when total resistance seen from terminal will equal to
the load resistance. RL = Rth
 1 Ω resistance in series with 1 F capacitor
 substitution theorem
 . Compensation theorem applicable to antennas is also called as
(a) substitution theorem
 Substitution Theorem applies to linear time-invariant networks
Miscellaneous- Bartlett's bisection theorem hold for symmetric
network
ideal and practical voltage and currrent source difference
ideal = constant o/p,load
Network synthesis
 As the poles of a network shift away from the axis the response
becomes (a) Less oscillatory
 Zero of a network is the critical frequency at which network function
becomes : Zero
 : Transfer impedance of any two port network is defined as the ratio
of voltage at one port and current transfer at the another port.
 Coefficient of P(s) and Q(s) must be real and positive N(s) = P (s )/Q
(s) (2) Real part of all poles and zeros must be zero or negative (3)
Polynomial P(s) for Q(s) may not have any missing term between
highest and lowest degree unless all even and odd term are missing
(4) Degree of P(s) and Q(s) may differ by zero or one only
 : A function F(s) is called as a positive real function if fulfill these
four important condition if substitutes s = jω then on separating the
real and imaginary part the real part of the function should be greater
than or equal to zero Poles and zeros lie on the left half s-plane (c)
Poles and zeros are simple and lie on the imaginary axis
 A pole of a driving point impedance function signifies : (a) An open
circuit at that complex frequency
 In an impedance function, a pole at infinity is realized with the use
of :An inductance in series
 The real parts of all poles and zeros in a driving point function must
be: Zero or negative
 L-C function has all the poles of the function lie on the jω axis
 The driving point impedance with poles at ω 0(zero)and ω (infinity)
must have the s term in the denominator and an excess term in the
numerator
 : For a driving point impedance function - (i) Coefficient of
numerator and denominator must be parts on pole-zero diagram. (ii)
For L-C functions simple poles and zeros lies on imaginary axis.
 What is the minimum number of elements required to realize a given
driving point susceptance function? One greater than the total
number of internal poles and zeros
 ) : Properties of R-L driving point impedance The poles and zero lie
on the negative real axis (included origin) of the complex s-plane.
The poles and zeros interlaces along the negative real axis. The
 value of impedance (ZRL) at s = ∞ is always less than the value of
impedance ZRL (s) at s 0.
 : LC impedance network → Conjugate roots on imaginary axis. R-C
& R-L network → negative real roots. R-L-C network → Either real
or complex roots.
 Foster - I → Series combination of L & C in parallel Foster - II →
Parallel combination of L & C in series. Couer - I → L in series and
C in shunt arms. Couer - II → C in series and L in shunt arms.
 (d) : Correctly matched circuits are - (i) Couer realization → Ladder
Network. (ii) Brune's realization → Realization with ideal
transformer.
 (b) : The various properties of R-C driving point impedance
functions can be started as - (1) Poles and zeros are simple. There
are no multiple poles and zeros. (2) The poles and zeros are located
on negative real axis and they are interlaced. (3) Poles and zeros are
interlaced to each other.
 The necessary and sufficient conditions for a rational function of s,
T(s) to be a driving point impedance of an RC network is that all
poles and zeros should be (a) Simple and lie on the negative real axis
of the s-plane
 The time constant of an R-C circuit is? (a) RC
 The main disadvantage of the two-hole directional couple is narrow
bandwidth

The development of nodal equations is based on

A. KcL