Aerodynamics and Aeroeslasticity

Homework 6

Due to March 6 2017

Problem 1

The strength of a vortex filament is ᴦ in the shape of a closed circular loop of radius R.
Calculate the induced velocity at the center of the loop for a ᴦ =2 π m2/s and R=5m.

Problem 2

NACA 23012 airfoil the slope is 0,1080/degree, and α L=0=−1 , 3 °. Calculate the lift and
induced drag coefficients for this wing at a geometric angle of attack α =7 ° Considering
a finite wing using this airfoil, with AR=8 and taper ratio 0,8. Assume δ=τ , where
δ=0.054 .

Problem 3

The piper Cherokee has a wing area of 170ft 2 and a wing span of 32ft. Its maximun
gross weight is 2450lb. The wing uses an NACA 65-415 airfoil which has a lift slope of
0,1033/degree. And α L=0=−3 ° . Asuume τ =0.12. If the airplane is crusing at 120mi/h
at standard sea level at its maximun gross weight and is in straight and level flight.
Calculate the geometric angle of attack of the wing.

Problem 4

Consider the airplane and flight conditions given in problem 3: The Span efficiency
factor for the complete airplane is generally much less than that for the finite wing
alone. Assume e=0,64. Calculte the induced drag for the airplane of the problem 3.

Problem 5

Design an untwisted elliptical wing fying at 300km/hr in sea-level conditions air. The
angle of attack α must less than 12 to avoid stall. For the wing of minimum induced
drag, specify its aspect ratio, wing span, maximum chord and the power required to
compasate induced drag. Consider the following specifications, lift 45000N, planform
30m2 and wing span must be less than 12m

Problem 6

Consider an untwisted rectangular wing with chord of 1.2m and span of 6m flying with
angle of attact of α =4 °.The airfoil is thin and symmetric along the wingspan and
Cdo=0,002. Determine the lift and induced drag coefficient. The airplane cruise speed is
200m/s and flying at altitude where the density is 0,98kg/m 3.Determine the power
needed to overcome the induced drag, the total drag, induced velocity and angle.
Determine the total drag if the aspect ratio is 9.

Problem 7
N
Show that for a symmetrically loaded wing , A n, inᴦ ( θ )=2 b V ∞ ∑ A n sin(nθ) vanish for
1

even values of n.

Universidad Europea de Madrid

Aerospace Engineering program
Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity
Homework 3
Due February 8, 2017

Problem 1

Consider an infinitely thin flat plate of chord c at an angle of attack α in a supersonic

flow. The pressures on the upper and lower surfaces are different but constant over
each surface; i.e., Pu(s) = c1 and p1(s) = c2 , where c1 and c2 are constants and c2 >
c 1. Ignoring the shear stress, calculate the location of the center of pressure.

Problem 2

Consider an airfoil at 12º angle of attack. The normal and axial force coefficients are
1.2 and 0.03, respectively. Calculate the lift and drag coefficients.

Problem 3

Consider a Lear jet flying at a velocity of 250m/s and altitude of 10km, where the
3
density and temperature are 0.414 kg/m and 223K, respectively. Consider also a one-
fifth scale model of the Lear jet being tested in a wind tunnel in the laboratory. The
pressure in the test section of the wind tunnel is 1 atm. Calculate the necessary
velocity, temperature, and density of the airflow in the wind-tunnel test section such
that the lift and drag coefficients are the same for the wind-tunnel model and the actual
airplane in flight. Note: The relation among pressure, density, and temperature is given
by the equation of state.

Problem 4

Consider an infinitely thin flat plate with a 1m chord at an angle of attack of 10º in a
supersonic flow. The pressure and shear stress distributions on the upper and lower
4 2 4 4 2
surfaces are given by Pu = 4 x l0 (x - 1) + 5.4 x 10 , and Pl = 2 x 10 (x - 1) + 1.73 x
5 -0.2 -0·2
10 , and shear stress Ʈu = 288x , and Ʈl = 73lx respectively, where x is the
distance from the leading edge in meters and p and Ʈ are in Newton per square meter.
Calculate the normal and axial forces, the lift and drag, moments about the leading
edge, and moments about the quarter chord, all per unit span. Also, calculate the
location of the center of pressure.

Problem 5

Consider an airfoil in a wind tunnel (i.e., a wing that spans the entire test section).Prove
that the lift per unit span can be obtained from the pressure distributions on the top and
bottom walls of the wind tunnel (i .e., from the pressure distributions on the walls above
and below the airfoil).

Universidad Europea de Madrid

Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity

Homework 1

Jan. 30th 2017

Problem1
B
Find the value of the line integral ∮ F ds where F is a vector field F
A

(r )=[− y ,−xy ]=− y ǐ−xy ǰ and C is the circular arc from A to B as shown on figure.
Problem 2

Part 1: Apply the momentum equation to determine the drag of the airfoil that is shown
in below figure. Consider the control volume abcdefghia the width of the control
volume in direction of z is unity. Stations 1 and 2 are inflow and outflow
respectively. Assume that the contour abhi is far enough from the airfoil such
that the pressure is everywhere the same on abhi and equal to the freestream
pressure P∞ .State your assumptions.
Part 2: How do you determine the lift force of the airfoil? Only explain.

Problem 3

In low speed and incompressible flow, we measure a NACA 4412 profile with an angle
of attack of 4, and we obtain: cl=0.85 Cm c/4=-0.09. Calculate the location of the center
of pressure.

Problem 4

Consider the DC3, Just outboard of the engine nacelle, the airfoil chord length is 4.6m.
At cruising velocity 300km/h at sea level, the moment per unit span at this airfoil
location is M´(c/4) = -4850N.m/m and M´LE =-14550N.m/m . Calculate the lift per unit
span and the location of the center of pressure.

Problem 5
Consider an incompressible flow, laminar boundary layer growing along the surface flat
plate with chord of length C. Assuming velocity profile through the boundary layer is
given by:

()
1 /5
y
u=v ∞
δ

Where δ is the thickness of boundary layer.

Calculate the coefficient of skin friction. Hint use the expression of Drag obtained in
problem 2 part 1.

Universidad Europea de Madrid

Aerospace Engineering program
Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity
Homework 3
Due February 8, 2017

Problem 1

Consider an infinitely thin flat plate of chord c at an angle of attack α in a supersonic

flow. The pressures on the upper and lower surfaces are different but constant over
each surface; i.e., Pu(s) = c1 and p1(s) = c2 , where c1 and c2 are constants and c2 >
c 1. Ignoring the shear stress, calculate the location of the center of pressure.

Problem 2

Consider an airfoil at 12º angle of attack. The normal and axial force coefficients are
1.2 and 0.03, respectively. Calculate the lift and drag coefficients.
Problem 3

Consider a Lear jet flying at a velocity of 250m/s and altitude of 10km, where the
3
density and temperature are 0.414 kg/m and 223K, respectively. Consider also a one-
fifth scale model of the Lear jet being tested in a wind tunnel in the laboratory. The
pressure in the test section of the wind tunnel is 1 atm. Calculate the necessary
velocity, temperature, and density of the airflow in the wind-tunnel test section such
that the lift and drag coefficients are the same for the wind-tunnel model and the actual
airplane in flight. Note: The relation among pressure, density, and temperature is given
by the equation of state.

Problem 4

Consider an infinitely thin flat plate with a 1m chord at an angle of attack of 10º in a
supersonic flow. The pressure and shear stress distributions on the upper and lower
4 2 4 4 2
surfaces are given by Pu = 4 x l0 (x - 1) + 5.4 x 10 , and Pl = 2 x 10 (x - 1) + 1.73 x
5 -0.2 -0·2
10 , and shear stress Ʈu = 288x , and Ʈl = 73lx respectively, where x is the
distance from the leading edge in meters and p and Ʈ are in Newton per square meter.
Calculate the normal and axial forces, the lift and drag, moments about the leading
edge, and moments about the quarter chord, all per unit span. Also, calculate the
location of the center of pressure.

Problem 5

Consider an airfoil in a wind tunnel (i.e., a wing that spans the entire test section).Prove
that the lift per unit span can be obtained from the pressure distributions on the top and
bottom walls of the wind tunnel (i .e., from the pressure distributions on the walls above
and below the airfoil).

Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity

Homework 5
 Due Feb. 17, 2017
Name:
_____________________________________________________

___________________________________________

Problem 1

The geometric and aerodynamic data for a wing of a large white butterfly is as
follows: Flight speed, U, = 1.35 m/s; Average chord, c = 25 mm; Average span,
s = 50 mm; air density = 1.2 kg/m3; air viscosity, μ= 14.96 x 10 -6 Pa-s; Drag at
zero lift = 120μN (measured on a miniature wind-tunnel balance). (1) Estimate
the boundary-layer thickness at the trailing edge. (2) Also compare the
measured drag with the estimated skin-friction drag. How would you account for
any difference in value?

Problem 2

Suppose that the top surface of a light-aircraft wing travelling at an air speed of
55 m/s were assumed to be equivalent to a flat plate of length 2 m. Laminar-
turbulent transition is known to occur at a distance of 0.75m from the leading
edge. Given that the kinematic viscosity of air is 15 x 10-6 m2/s, estimate the
coefficient of skin friction drag.

Problem 3

The wing on a Piper Cherokee is rectangular, the wing span is 9.75m and a
chord of 1,6m. The cruising speed is 141mi/h. Calculate

(1) Skin friction and boundary layer If the flow were completely laminar
(2) Skin friction and boundary layer If the flow were completely turbulent
(3) Calculate skin friction for transitional flow. Assuming Transitional
Reynolds 500000.

Make your own assumptions to do the calculations. Compare both results.

Problem 4

A flat plate of chord is immersed on airstream of Mach 4. Assuming all laminar

flow and adiabatic wall conditions, calculate the skin friction drag on the plate
per unit span. Repeat the calculations for a turbulent flow. The effect of
compressibility is to reduce the Cf about 88% for laminar flow and about 44%
for turbulent flow.
Problem 5

The streamwise velocity component for a laminar boundary layer is sometimes

assumed to be roughly approximated by the linear relation

ue=¿ )U ∞

Where δ=0.0125 √ X . Assume that we are trying to approximate the flow of air at
standard sea-level conditions past a flat plate where U∞ = 2.337 rn/s. Calculate
the streamwise distribution of the displacement thickness the velocity at the
¿
edge of the boundary layer (δ ¿, and the skin-friction coefficient (Cf) and the
velocity at the edge of the boundary layer (ve).

0.84
v e= u
√ℜ ∞

Plot displacement thickness vs x and Cf vs x. form x=0 and x=1m