Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

1. What is the primary criterion used by the World Bank to classify countries?
o a) Total income
o b) Per capita income
o c) Literacy rate
o d) Life expectancy
o Answer: b) Per capita income
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the Human Development Index
(HDI)?
o a) Life expectancy
o b) Literacy rate
o c) Income
o d) Political stability
o Answer: d) Political stability
3. Which state in India has the lowest infant mortality rate?
o a) Uttar Pradesh
o b) Bihar
o c) Kerala
o d) Goa
o Answer: c) Kerala
4. What does 'sustainable development' mean?
o a) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
o b) Development that focuses solely on economic growth
o c) Development that ignores environmental concerns
o d) Development that prioritizes urban areas
o Answer: a) Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
5. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of development?
o a) Economic
o b) Social
o c) Political
o d) Cultural
o Answer: d) Cultural
6. Per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its:
o a) Area
o b) Population
o c) GDP
o d) Exports
o Answer: b) Population
7. Which of the following indicators is NOT used to measure the development of a
country?
o a) Life expectancy at birth
o b) Literacy rate
 o c) Infant mortality rate
o d) Total land area
o Answer: d) Total land area
8. The Human Development Report is published by:
o a) World Bank
o b) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
o c) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
o d) World Health Organization (WHO)
o Answer: b) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
9. Which of the following is an example of a non-economic activity?
o a) Manufacturing
o b) Fishing
o c) Housekeeping
o d) Mining
o Answer: c) Housekeeping
10. Which sector is the largest employer in India?
o a) Primary
o b) Secondary
o c) Tertiary
o d) Quaternary
o Answer: a) Primary
11. Which of the following is NOT a component of HDI?
o a) Life expectancy
o b) Education
o c) Income
o d) Gender
o Answer: d) Gender
12. What is meant by sustainable development?
o a) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
o b) Development that focuses only on economic growth
o c) Development that prioritizes the interests of the elite
o d) Development that ignores environmental concerns
o Answer: a) Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
13. Which sector of the economy provides the largest share of employment in India?
o a) Agriculture
o b) Manufacturing
o c) Services
o d) Construction
o Answer: a) Agriculture
14. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of:
o a) Goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country in a
year
o b) Goods and services produced by the nationals of a country in a year
 o c) Goods and services produced and consumed within a country in a year
o d) Goods and services produced and consumed by the government in a year
o Answer: a) Goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a
country in a year
15. Which of the following is NOT a component of tertiary sector?
o a) Transportation
o b) Banking
o c) Agriculture
o d) Tourism
o Answer: c) Agriculture
16. Which type of unemployment is usually associated with agricultural seasonality?
o a) Seasonal unemployment
o b) Frictional unemployment
o c) Structural unemployment
o d) Cyclical unemployment
o Answer: a) Seasonal unemployment
17. What does the term ‘marginalization’ refer to in the context of development?
o a) Exclusion of certain groups from the benefits of development
o b) Inclusion of all groups in the development process
o c) Equal distribution of resources
o d) Concentration of wealth in the hands of a few
o Answer: a) Exclusion of certain groups from the benefits of development
18. Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
o a) Solar energy
o b) Wind energy
o c) Crude oil
o d) Biomass
o Answer: c) Crude oil

19. The countries with per capita income of US $955 or less are classified as:

 a) Rich countries
 b) Developing countries
 c) Low-income countries
 d) Middle-income countries
 Answer: c) Low-income countries

20. Which of the following can be a developmental goal for a girl from a rural
background?

 a) Higher wages
 b) Freedom from discrimination
 c) Better transport
 d) All of the above
 Answer: d) All of the above
21. Which country has the highest HDI rank among India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal?

 a) India
 b) Nepal
 c) Sri Lanka
 d) All are equal
 Answer: c) Sri Lanka

22. Which indicator shows the number of children that die before the age of one year
per 1,000 live births?

 a) Life expectancy
 b) Literacy rate
 c) Infant mortality rate
 d) Per capita income
 Answer: c) Infant mortality rate

23. Which is the most sustainable resource from the following?

 a) Coal
 b) Wind energy
 c) Petrol
 d) Diesel
 Answer: b) Wind energy

24. Which Indian state has the highest literacy rate?

 a) Tamil Nadu
 b) Maharashtra
 c) Kerala
 d) Gujarat
 Answer: c) Kerala

25. Which of the following is an example of a public facility?

 a) Bank
 b) Hospital
 c) Shopping mall
 d) Petrol pump
 Answer: b) Hospital

26. Reena earns ₹30,000 per month, but lacks access to clean drinking water and
healthcare. This shows that:

 a) High income ensures good living

 b) Public facilities are not important
 c) Income alone is not a reliable indicator of development
 d) Reena is highly developed
 Answer: c) Income alone is not a reliable indicator of development

27. Two friends A and B have the same income. A lives in an area with clean air and
water, while B doesn’t. Who is better off and why?

 a) A, because of better living conditions

 b) B, because of higher expenses
 c) Both are equal
 d) Can't be determined
 Answer: a) A, because of better living conditions

28. In a country, the average income is high but there is a high level of pollution. What
does this suggest about development?

 a) The country is developed

 b) The country is undeveloped
 c) Development is not sustainable
 d) Country has achieved complete development
 Answer: c) Development is not sustainable

29. If a country has high per capita income but high infant mortality rate, it indicates:

 a) High development
 b) Low development
 c) Disparity in development
 d) Both a and b
 Answer: c) Disparity in development

30. Which of the following statements is correct?

 a) More income always means more development

 b) A higher income guarantees a better life
 c) Income is one of many development indicators
 d) Development only depends on GDP
 Answer: c) Income is one of many development indicators

31. Assertion (A): Per capita income is an average and does not show income distribution.
Reason (R): It tells how income is distributed among people.

 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true but R is false
 d) A is false but R is true
 Answer: c) A is true but R is false
32. Assertion (A): Kerala has high development indicators.
Reason (R): It has low infant mortality rate, high literacy rate, and high life expectancy.

 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true but R is false
 d) A is false but R is true
 Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

33. Assertion (A): Rich countries are always the most developed.
Reason (R): Per capita income is the only factor that decides development.

 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true but R is false
 d) Both A and R are false
 Answer: d) Both A and R are false

34. Assertion (A): HDI is a better indicator than per capita income.
Reason (R): HDI includes health, education, and income.

 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true but R is false
 d) A is false but R is true
 Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

35. Assertion (A): Economic development can lead to environmental degradation.

Reason (R): Use of natural resources may exceed their renewal rate.

 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true but R is false
 d) A is false but R is true
 Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

36. Which country among India’s neighbors has the highest life expectancy?

 a) Pakistan
 b) Sri Lanka
 c) Nepal
 d) Bangladesh
 Answer: b) Sri Lanka

37. If two countries have the same per capita income, what can make one more
developed than the other?
 a) Population
 b) Better health and education services
 c) Size of the army
 d) Number of industries
 Answer: b) Better health and education services

38. Which of the following is a renewable resource?

 a) Coal
 b) Natural gas
 c) Solar energy
 d) Diesel
 Answer: c) Solar energy

39. According to World Bank, what per capita income (approx.) classifies a country as
low income (as per 2017 data)?

 a) $5,000
 b) $1,036
 c) $955 or less
 d) $3,000
 Answer: c) $955 or less

40. Which one of the following is a qualitative indicator of development?

 a) Per capita income

 b) Literacy rate
 c) GDP
 d) Employment rate
 Answer: b) Literacy rate

41. Anita and Sunita have equal incomes. However, Anita gets clean drinking water and
access to healthcare. What does this signify?

 a) Sunita is more developed

 b) Anita’s quality of life is better despite equal income
 c) Both are equally developed
 d) Income is not important
 Answer: b) Anita’s quality of life is better despite equal income

42. Why might people in a well-off country still suffer poor living standards?

 a) Income is equally distributed

 b) Lack of public facilities
 c) High exports
 d) Urbanization
 Answer: b) Lack of public facilities

43. You are the District Collector and asked to improve development indicators. Which
action will be the most useful?

 a) Build malls
 b) Increase literacy and health coverage
 c) Lower taxes for rich
 d) Focus on road construction only
 Answer: b) Increase literacy and health coverage

44. If a region overuses groundwater for farming, what long-term effect may occur?

 a) Rise in income
 b) Sustainable farming
 c) Water scarcity
 d) Improved productivity
 Answer: c) Water scarcity

45. A country with a high GDP but poor healthcare and low literacy will likely have:

 a) High HDI
 b) Low HDI
 c) No HDI
 d) Equal HDI to rich countries
 Answer: b) Low HDI

46. Assertion (A): Life expectancy is an important indicator of development.

Reason (R): It reflects the quality of healthcare and living conditions.

 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true, R is false
 d) A is false, R is true
 Answer: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

47. Assertion (A): GDP is the best measure of national development.

Reason (R): It includes health, education, and income indicators.

 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true, R is false
 d) A is false, R is true
 Answer: c) A is true, R is false
48. Assertion (A): Sustainable development is necessary for future generations.
Reason (R): It conserves resources for the future.

 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true, R is false
 d) A is false, R is true
 Answer: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

49. Assertion (A): Education and health are not related to development.
Reason (R): Only income matters for a better life.

 a) Both A and R are true

 b) Both A and R are false
 c) A is true, R is false
 d) A is false, R is true
 Answer: b) Both A and R are false

50. Assertion (A): A country with high per capita income is always considered developed.
Reason (R): Per capita income considers income distribution and standard of living.

 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

 b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
 c) A is true, R is false
 d) Both A and R are false
 Answer: d) Both A and R are false
2 Marker Questions:

1. What is per capita income? How is it calculated?

Answer:
Per capita income is the average income earned per person in a country in a given year. It is an
important indicator used to compare the economic condition of different countries.

Calculation:

Per Capita Income=Total National IncomeTotal Population\text{Per Capita Income} = \frac{\

text{Total National Income}}{\text{Total Population}}

Example: If a country’s total income is ₹10,00,000 and the population is 1,000, the per capita
income is ₹1,000.

2. State any two limitations of using per capita income as an indicator of

development.

Answer:

1. Ignores Income Distribution: Per capita income is an average. It does not reflect how
income is distributed among people. A few rich people can skew the average, even if the
majority are poor.
2. Does Not Consider Quality of Life: It ignores non-monetary aspects of development
like education, healthcare, security, or environmental quality, which are equally
important.

3. Different people have different developmental goals. Justify with two

examples.

Answer:

1. Urban Businessman: A businessman may consider profit maximization and expansion

of his enterprise as development.
2. Rural Woman: A woman in a village may consider access to clean drinking water, good
schools for her children, and healthcare facilities as development.

This shows that development is subjective and can mean different things to different people.

4. Define sustainable development. Why is it important?

Answer:
Sustainable Development is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Importance:

 Ensures long-term use of natural resources.

 Protects the environment from over-exploitation.
 Maintains ecological balance and intergenerational equity.

5. Mention any two public facilities that contribute to human development.

Answer:

1. Healthcare Facilities: Government hospitals and health centers ensure that people get
medical treatment, vaccinations, and health checkups, improving life expectancy.
2. Educational Facilities: Government schools and colleges provide free or affordable
education, which increases literacy rates and employment opportunities.

Public facilities are often provided by the government for the welfare of society.

6. Why is Kerala considered more developed than many other states in India,
despite having a lower per capita income than Punjab?

Answer:

Kerala is considered more developed due to:

 High Literacy Rate: Kerala has a literacy rate of over 90%, the highest in India.
 Low Infant Mortality Rate: Indicates better healthcare and hygiene.
 High Life Expectancy: Shows good medical services and a healthy environment.

Thus, development is not solely dependent on income but also on health and education.

7. Mention any two features of a developed country.

Answer:

1. High Per Capita Income: Developed countries generally have high average incomes,
reflecting a strong economy.
2. High Standard of Living: They offer better healthcare, education, infrastructure, and
employment opportunities, leading to an improved quality of life.

Such countries also rank high on the Human Development Index (HDI).

8. What is the significance of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Answer:

HDI is a composite index developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to
measure and compare the overall development of countries.

It includes:

 Life Expectancy at Birth: Indicator of health.

 Mean and Expected Years of Schooling: Indicator of education.
 Per Capita Income (PPP): Indicator of living standard.

Significance: It provides a more complete picture of human well-being than income alone and
helps in global development comparisons.

9. Suggest any two ways by which development can be made sustainable.

Answer:

1. Use of Renewable Resources: Promoting solar energy, wind energy, and biogas to
reduce dependence on exhaustible resources like coal and petroleum.
2. Resource Conservation: Proper management and limited use of natural resources like
water, forests, and fossil fuels to ensure they are available for future generations.

These practices help balance economic growth with environmental protection.

10. Give any two reasons why public facilities are essential for development.

Answer:

1. Ensure Basic Needs for All: Facilities like schools, hospitals, public transport, and
sanitation are crucial for improving quality of life, especially for the poor.
2. Promote Equality: As these services are often free or subsidized, they bridge the gap
between the rich and poor, ensuring inclusive development.

Public facilities enhance human capital, which is key for a nation's progre
3-Marker Questions:

1. Why is average income not a reliable measure of development? Explain with

an example.

Answer:

Average income or per capita income is the total income of a country divided by its population.
However, it does not show the distribution of income. A few rich people can skew the average,
even if the majority are poor.

Example:

 Country A and Country B both have a per capita income of ₹50,000.

 In Country A, income is evenly distributed.
 In Country B, a few people earn very high incomes while the rest are very poor.
Thus, average income hides inequality and is not a reliable development indicator.

2. Explain the importance of sustainable development. Mention any two steps to

achieve it.

Answer:

Sustainable development ensures that the present generation meets its needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Importance:

 Prevents resource depletion.

 Maintains ecological balance.
 Promotes long-term economic growth.

Steps to Achieve It:

1. Use renewable resources like solar and wind energy.

2. Reduce deforestation and promote water conservation.

3. Compare the development of Punjab, Kerala, and Bihar using three

indicators.

Answer:
 State Per Capita Income (₹) Literacy Rate (%) Infant Mortality Rate

Punjab High Moderate Low

Kerala Moderate High Lowest

Bihar Low Low High

 Punjab: High income but lower social indicators than Kerala.

 Kerala: Best in health and education despite moderate income.
 Bihar: Lowest in all indicators, indicating poor development.

4. Explain with examples how development goals may conflict.

Answer:

Development goals vary from person to person and can sometimes conflict.

Examples:

1. Dam Construction:
o Benefits: More electricity, irrigation.
o Harm: Displacement of local tribal people.
2. Factory Setup:
o Factory owner wants more profits.
o Residents may face pollution and health issues.

Thus, what is development for one may be destruction for another.

5. What is the Human Development Index (HDI)? Who publishes it? What are its
indicators?

Answer:

HDI is a composite index that measures a country's average achievements in three key
dimensions of human development. It is published by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP).

Indicators:

1. Life Expectancy at Birth – Health.

2. Mean & Expected Years of Schooling – Education.
3. Gross National Income per capita – Standard of living.

It helps compare the development levels of different countries.

6. Explain any three non-monetary factors that people consider important for
development.

Answer:

1. Security: Physical and financial security is essential for peaceful living.

2. Equal Treatment: Social equality and freedom from discrimination are important.
3. Access to Education and Healthcare: These improve quality of life and long-term well-
being.

These factors reflect real development even if income is low.

7. Why is public distribution of facilities important in a democracy? Explain with

three points.

Answer:

1. Ensures Equity: Everyone, especially the poor, gets access to essential services like
healthcare and education.
2. Promotes Inclusive Development: All sections of society benefit from development,
reducing inequality.
3. Responsibility of Government: In a democracy, the government is accountable to
people and must provide basic services.

8. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development? Give three reasons.

Answer:

1. Income Alone is Not Enough: People need education, health, and security along with
income.
2. Well-being is Multi-Dimensional: People want respect, freedom, and dignity.
3. Social and Environmental Aspects: Clean air, safety, and equality matter as much as
money.

Thus, development is not just about wealth but overall quality of life.

9. What is meant by the term "national development"? What are the aspects
involved in comparing countries?

Answer:

National development refers to the improvement of living standards, economic growth, and
quality of life for the people of a country.

Aspects of Comparison:
 1. Per Capita Income
2. Health Indicators (like life expectancy, IMR)
3. Educational Indicators (literacy rate, schooling years)

Only comparing incomes gives an incomplete picture of a country's development.

10. Explain with examples how development goals are different for different
people.

Answer:

People have different backgrounds, professions, and needs, so their goals differ.

Examples:

 A farmer wants better irrigation and higher crop prices.

 A student wants quality education.
 A worker may want better job security and working conditions.
 A businessman wants lower taxes and higher profits.

Development goals depend on individual situations.

11. How can we compare different countries or states on the basis of income and
other criteria?

Answer:

 Per Capita Income: Countries with higher average income are considered richer.
 Health Indicators: Like life expectancy and infant mortality rate.
 Education Indicators: Like literacy rate and average years of schooling.

A balanced comparison includes both monetary and non-monetary indicators.

12. What is the role of public facilities in the development of a country?

Answer:

1. Accessible to All: Provide basic needs to the poor and marginalized.

2. Improve Quality of Life: Facilities like roads, schools, and hospitals ensure well-being.
3. Promote Human Development: Healthier and educated citizens contribute more to the
economy.

Hence, they are essential for equitable and sustainable development.

13. Why is it necessary to use resources carefully? Give three reasons.

Answer:

1. Limited Availability: Natural resources like coal, petroleum, and groundwater are finite.
2. Future Generations: Overuse today will harm the needs of future generations.
3. Environmental Balance: Exploitation leads to pollution, deforestation, and climate
change.

Using resources sustainably is key for long-term development.

5 Marker Questions:

1. "Per capita income is not a true measure of development." Explain this

statement with five suitable arguments.

Answer:

Per capita income is often used as a basic indicator of a country’s development. However, it has
several limitations:

1. Ignores Income Distribution: Per capita income calculates an average, which does not
reflect how the income is distributed across different groups. A country with a few rich
people and many poor people may have a high per capita income but still face significant
inequality.
2. Does Not Consider Non-Monetary Factors: It only focuses on income and ignores
essential factors such as education, health, and sanitation, which are crucial aspects of
human development.
3. Environmental Degradation: Per capita income does not account for environmental
sustainability. For example, countries with high industrial output may have a high per
capita income, but at the cost of natural resources and environmental pollution.
4. Quality of Life: It fails to measure other aspects of human well-being, such as job
satisfaction, happiness, safety, and freedom, which are key to a higher quality of life.
5. Does Not Reflect Access to Public Services: Public services such as healthcare,
education, and sanitation improve quality of life, but they are not captured by per capita
income, making it an incomplete measure of development.

2. What is sustainable development? Why is it important? Explain with

examples.

Answer:

Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is based on the idea of
ensuring long-term ecological, economic, and social well-being.

Importance of Sustainable Development:

1. Resource Conservation: Sustainable development emphasizes using resources in a way

that allows them to be replenished, ensuring that future generations can access the same
resources.
2. Environmental Protection: It helps protect the environment by reducing pollution,
conserving biodiversity, and limiting waste production.
 3. Social Equity: Sustainable development aims to reduce inequalities, ensuring that even
the most marginalized people have access to basic services like healthcare, education, and
clean water.
4. Economic Stability: By promoting efficient resource use and green technologies, it
ensures long-term economic growth without overexploiting resources.

Examples of Sustainable Development:

 Renewable Energy: Using solar and wind power instead of fossil fuels helps reduce
carbon emissions and conserve resources.
 Afforestation: Planting trees to combat deforestation and ensure a balance in the
ecosystem.

3. How is Human Development Index (HDI) a better indicator of development

than per capita income? Explain with five reasons.

Answer:

The Human Development Index (HDI) is considered a more comprehensive measure of

development than per capita income because it includes several indicators that reflect human
well-being beyond income.

1. Incorporates Multiple Dimensions: HDI combines three important dimensions—life

expectancy (health), education (mean and expected years of schooling), and per
capita income. This gives a more holistic view of development.
2. Reflects Health and Longevity: Unlike per capita income, HDI considers life
expectancy, which reflects the overall health and longevity of a population, an essential
aspect of development.
3. Measures Education Levels: HDI includes indicators of education (mean years of
schooling and expected years of schooling), which are crucial for assessing a country’s
intellectual and social development.
4. Focuses on Quality of Life: While per capita income only focuses on economic aspects,
HDI takes into account quality of life through health and education, which are key
components of human development.
5. More Inclusive: HDI is a broader measure because it considers non-economic aspects,
offering a fuller understanding of a country's progress rather than just focusing on
income.

4. Different people have different developmental goals. Explain this statement

with examples and justify why conflicting goals can arise.

Answer:

The statement “different people have different developmental goals” reflects the idea that
development is subjective and varies based on personal circumstances, values, and aspirations.
Examples:

1. Businessman vs. Worker: A businessman’s goal may be to maximize profits and

expand his business. In contrast, a worker may prioritize fair wages, better working
conditions, and job security.
2. Rural Farmer vs. Urban Resident: A farmer in a rural area might consider access to
better irrigation facilities, stable crop prices, and rural healthcare as essential for
development. However, an urban resident might prioritize better infrastructure,
transportation, and job opportunities.

Why Conflicting Goals Arise:

1. Resource Allocation: Development often requires resources. When one group benefits,
others may suffer. For instance, setting up a factory may bring economic benefits to some
but could cause displacement for others, leading to conflicts.
2. Varying Priorities: People in different social or economic classes prioritize different
aspects of life. The poor may focus on basic needs like healthcare and food, while the
wealthy may look for luxury goods and a higher standard of living.
3. Environmental Impact: Large-scale projects, such as dams, can provide electricity and
irrigation, but they might also displace local communities or cause environmental
degradation, creating conflicting goals between economic growth and environmental
protection.

5. Explain five important public facilities provided by the government and their
impact on development.

Answer:

Public facilities are essential for improving the standard of living and ensuring equitable
development. Here are five important public facilities:

1. Education: Schools and educational institutions provide access to learning, which helps
improve literacy rates, employability, and overall quality of life. Education is critical for
long-term economic development and poverty reduction.
2. Healthcare: Government hospitals and clinics offer medical services, improving public
health. Access to healthcare reduces infant mortality, increases life expectancy, and
ensures that citizens can lead healthy lives, thus contributing to human capital
development.
3. Transportation: Public transport infrastructure such as buses, trains, and roads connects
people and goods, facilitating trade and mobility. It helps in economic growth, reduces
poverty, and ensures that people have access to jobs, markets, and services.
4. Water and Sanitation: Clean drinking water and proper sanitation facilities prevent
diseases and improve hygiene, contributing to better health. These facilities are essential
for creating a healthy and productive workforce.
 5. Electricity: Access to electricity improves living conditions by providing lighting,
powering schools, hospitals, homes, and industries. It is a vital part of infrastructure for
economic development, education, and health.

6. Describe five important development indicators of India and compare them

with other countries like Sri Lanka and China.

Answer:

To assess a country's development, various indicators such as per capita income, literacy rate,
life expectancy, and health indicators are considered. Here's a comparison between India, Sri
Lanka, and China:

1. Per Capita Income:

o India: Low per capita income compared to Sri Lanka and China.
o Sri Lanka: Higher per capita income due to better public services.
o China: Relatively higher per capita income with rapid industrialization.
2. Literacy Rate:
o India: Literacy rate of around 77%.
o Sri Lanka: High literacy rate of 92%, showing better education development.
o China: Over 95% literacy rate, demonstrating strong educational progress.
3. Life Expectancy:
o India: Life expectancy of around 70 years.
o Sri Lanka: Life expectancy of around 77 years, reflecting better health services.
o China: Life expectancy of around 77 years, showing significant healthcare
improvements.
4. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
o India: Higher IMR (~33 per 1,000 live births).
o Sri Lanka: Low IMR (~7 per 1,000 live births).
o China: Low IMR (~9 per 1,000 live births).
5. HDI (Human Development Index):
o India: HDI of 0.647 (Medium human development).
o Sri Lanka: HDI of 0.782 (High human development).
o China: HDI of 0.761 (High human development).

Conclusion: Sri Lanka is more developed in terms of health and education, while China is more
industrialized. India is progressing but faces challenges in health and education.

7. Compare the development strategies of India, China, and Sri Lanka.

Answer:

India, China, and Sri Lanka have followed different development strategies based on their
historical, political, and economic contexts:

1. India:
 o Focus on Mixed Economy: India adopted a mixed economy after independence,
focusing on both public and private sectors.
o Key Strategy: Emphasized agriculture, followed by industrialization in the 1960s
and 1970s, with a focus on services and information technology (IT) in the 1990s.
2. China:
o Focus on State-Controlled Economy: China started with a socialist model with
state control over all economic sectors, then moved to a market economy after the
reforms of the late 1970s under Deng Xiaoping.
o Key Strategy: Major focus on manufacturing and exports, resulting in rapid
industrialization and urbanization.
3. Sri Lanka:
o Focus on Social Development: Sri Lanka focused on improving education,
healthcare, and infrastructure from the 1950s onwards.
o Key Strategy: Investing heavily in public services, especially education and
healthcare, resulting in high literacy rates and life expectancy.

Conclusion: China focused on industrialization and export-driven growth, while Sri Lanka
invested heavily in social services, and India adopted a mixed economy with a focus on
agriculture and services.

8. How can we achieve sustainable development in India? Discuss five measures.

Answer:

India can achieve sustainable development through:

1. Promoting Renewable Energy: By investing in solar, wind, and hydro energy, India can
reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions.
2. Water Conservation: Measures like rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and efficient
water use in agriculture and industries can conserve water resources.
3. Afforestation and Reforestation: Protecting forests, reducing deforestation, and
planting new trees can help in carbon sequestration and prevent soil erosion.
4. Waste Management: Recycling, waste segregation, and reducing waste generation can
minimize environmental pollution and conserve resources.
5. Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: Encouraging organic farming, crop diversification,
and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers can improve the sustainability of India’s
agriculture.

9. What are the limitations of using per capita income as an indicator of

development? Explain with examples.

Answer:

Per capita income, while widely used as a measure of development, has several limitations:
 1. Ignores Income Inequality: Per capita income does not account for the uneven
distribution of income. A country with high income inequality may still have a high per
capita income, but most people may not benefit from it.
Example: A country with a few extremely rich people will still show high per capita
income, even if the majority are poor.
2. Does Not Reflect Non-Economic Aspects: It focuses only on economic factors and
ignores important aspects like health, education, and access to basic services.
Example: A country with high per capita income may still have a poor healthcare system
and low literacy rates.
3. Environmental Sustainability: Per capita income doesn’t account for environmental
degradation. Countries may have high per capita income by exploiting natural resources,
but at the cost of environmental damage.
Example: Rapid industrialization often leads to increased pollution, but per capita
income may not show the adverse effects.
4. Quality of Life: It does not consider other important quality of life indicators such as
social security, personal freedom, and environmental quality.
Example: High per capita income may not guarantee a high standard of living if a
country is facing social unrest or pollution.

10. Explain the role of education in the development of a country.

Answer:

Education plays a crucial role in the development of a country in the following ways:

1. Improves Literacy and Knowledge: Education helps increase literacy rates, which is
the foundation for economic development. Educated people are more likely to find better
jobs and contribute to the economy.
2. Reduces Poverty: Education provides people with skills and knowledge, allowing them
to earn higher wages and break the cycle of poverty.
3. Promotes Health Awareness: Educated individuals are more likely to understand the
importance of healthcare, nutrition, and hygiene, leading to improved public health.
4. Fosters Innovation and Technology: Education promotes scientific research and
technological advancements, which contribute to economic growth and industrial
development.
5. Promotes Social Equity: Education provides opportunities for marginalized groups,
including women, to improve their lives and participate actively in the country’s
development.
Case-Based Questions:

1. Case Study: Impact of Industrialization

Case:
In a developing country, a large factory is set up in a rural area. The factory provides
employment to many locals but also causes pollution and displacement of some families.

(a) How can industrialization lead to both positive and negative outcomes for development?

Answer:
Industrialization can bring both positive and negative outcomes for development:

 Positive Outcomes:
o Job Creation: Factories and industries provide employment to local people,
which helps in reducing poverty.
o Economic Growth: Industrial growth leads to an increase in the country’s GDP
and provides goods for both domestic and international markets.
o Infrastructure Development: Industrialization leads to the development of
infrastructure such as roads, transport systems, and communication networks.
 Negative Outcomes:
o Environmental Pollution: Industrial activities can lead to air, water, and soil
pollution, which harms the environment and health.
o Displacement of People: Industrialization may cause displacement of
communities as land is acquired for factories, leading to loss of livelihoods for
affected people.
o Income Inequality: While some may benefit from jobs, others may remain poor
or lose access to resources, exacerbating inequality.

(b) Explain how public policies can help mitigate the negative impacts of industrialization.

Answer:
Public policies can play a significant role in mitigating the negative impacts of industrialization:

 Environmental Regulations: Governments can enforce stricter environmental laws that

regulate emissions, waste disposal, and resource use by industries, ensuring sustainable
practices.
 Relocation and Rehabilitation: Governments can ensure proper compensation and
rehabilitation for families displaced by industrial projects, providing them with
alternative livelihood opportunities.
 Inclusive Growth Policies: Policies that promote income redistribution, such as social
security schemes or minimum wage laws, can help reduce income inequality caused by
industrialization.
  Promotion of Green Technologies: Incentives can be given to industries that adopt
environmentally friendly technologies, such as renewable energy, to reduce pollution and
conserve resources.

(c) Do you think the environmental costs of industrialization outweigh its benefits? Justify
your answer with examples.

Answer:
The environmental costs of industrialization can sometimes outweigh its benefits, especially if
proper measures are not taken:

 Negative Environmental Impact: Industries often release harmful pollutants, such as

carbon dioxide, into the air, leading to global warming, or discharge chemicals into water
bodies, harming aquatic life. For example, industries in countries like China have caused
severe air pollution that affects the health of millions.
 Long-Term Sustainability: While industrialization boosts the economy in the short
term, it may harm the environment in the long term. The depletion of natural resources
can result in long-lasting damage to ecosystems, as seen in deforestation for factory
setups.

However, with effective policies, the negative impacts can be reduced, making the balance
between industrialization and environmental protection more manageable.

2. Case Study: Education and Development

Case:
A government in a developing country has launched a scheme to increase literacy rates by
providing free education and building more schools in rural areas. The aim is to ensure that every
child, irrespective of their socio-economic background, gets access to education.

(a) How does education contribute to human development?

Answer:
Education is a key driver of human development because:

 Empowers Individuals: It enhances individual skills and capabilities, improving

people's ability to earn better wages, improve their standard of living, and contribute to
society.
 Improves Health Outcomes: Educated individuals tend to make healthier choices,
access better healthcare, and live longer lives.
 Economic Growth: A well-educated workforce is more productive, leading to economic
development. Countries with high literacy rates tend to have better economic
performance.
 Social Equality: Education can break the cycle of poverty, promoting social mobility
and reducing inequality.
(b) How can improving literacy rates lead to a rise in a country’s per capita income?

Answer:
Improving literacy rates directly impacts per capita income:

 Higher Skills and Productivity: Educated people are more skilled and productive. As a
result, they are more likely to secure better-paying jobs, contributing to increased national
income.
 Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Higher literacy leads to more innovation and
entrepreneurship, which can create new businesses and industries, boosting the economy.
 Employment Opportunities: An educated workforce attracts investment and creates
more job opportunities, leading to higher earnings for individuals and an overall rise in
per capita income.

(c) What are the challenges faced by this education scheme, and how can they be
overcome?

Answer:
The education scheme may face the following challenges:

 Lack of Infrastructure: Many rural areas may lack adequate school buildings, teachers,
and learning materials.
o Solution: The government can invest in building schools, providing
infrastructure, and recruiting qualified teachers.
 Cultural Barriers: In some regions, families may prioritize work over education,
especially for girls.
o Solution: Awareness programs and incentives like scholarships for girls can
encourage families to send children to school.
 Quality of Education: Simply providing access to education does not guarantee quality.
o Solution: Teacher training programs and curriculum reforms are necessary to
ensure that the education imparted is relevant and effective.

3. Case Study: Per Capita Income

Case:
Country A has a per capita income of ₹80,000 while Country B has a per capita income of
₹70,000. Despite the higher per capita income in Country A, the majority of its population lives
in poverty. In Country B, most people have access to basic facilities like healthcare, education,
and sanitation.

(a) Why is per capita income not a reliable indicator of development?

Answer:
Per capita income is not a reliable indicator of development because:
  Does Not Reflect Distribution of Income: Per capita income averages income across the
population but ignores income inequality. A high per capita income can mask the fact
that only a few people are benefiting.
 Ignores Non-Economic Factors: It does not account for other crucial aspects of
development, such as access to healthcare, education, and sanitation.
 Does Not Measure Quality of Life: It does not reflect the quality of life, such as social
security, happiness, or job satisfaction, all of which are important for human
development.

(b) What other indicators should be used to measure development?

Answer:
To measure development more accurately, other indicators include:

 Human Development Index (HDI): It combines life expectancy, education, and per
capita income to give a broader measure of development.
 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Reflects the healthcare quality and overall well-being of
the population.
 Literacy Rate: A higher literacy rate signifies a more educated population, which
contributes to overall development.
 Life Expectancy: Indicates the quality of healthcare and overall living conditions in a
country.

(c) Explain how a country with lower per capita income can have better development
outcomes than one with higher per capita income.

Answer:
A country with lower per capita income but better development outcomes may:

 Prioritize Social Services: Countries like Sri Lanka, with lower per capita income
compared to some developed nations, prioritize education, healthcare, and sanitation,
ensuring better human development outcomes.
 Less Income Inequality: Countries with lower but more evenly distributed incomes may
have better social welfare systems, resulting in greater overall well-being for the
population.
 Better Access to Basic Services: A focus on public facilities, like free healthcare and
education, can improve human development more effectively than a focus solely on
economic growth.

4. Case Study: Health and Development

Case:
A nation has introduced a comprehensive health insurance scheme for all its citizens. This
scheme covers medical expenses, provides free vaccinations, and ensures access to basic
healthcare for rural populations.
(a) How does health contribute to the development of a country?

Answer:
Health is a fundamental component of development because:

 Increased Productivity: Healthy individuals are more productive at work and in daily
life.
 Improved Quality of Life: Access to healthcare leads to longer life expectancy, better
quality of life, and reduced mortality rates.
 Economic Growth: A healthier workforce is essential for economic development as it
leads to fewer sick days and higher levels of efficiency.
 Social Well-being: Good health contributes to social stability and better social outcomes,
including lower crime rates and enhanced education.

(b) Why is access to healthcare essential for improving productivity?

Answer:
Access to healthcare is essential for improving productivity because:

 Fewer Sick Days: Healthy individuals take fewer sick days, allowing them to contribute
more effectively to the workforce.
 Better Work Performance: Access to healthcare ensures people stay fit and healthy,
improving performance at work and overall productivity.
 Long-Term Economic Benefits: Investing in healthcare today leads to a stronger and
more capable workforce in the future, driving sustained economic growth.

(c) In your opinion, should the government focus on improving healthcare or education
first for development? Justify your answer.

Answer:
Both healthcare and education are crucial for development, but education should be the priority:

 Education Enables Informed Health Choices: Educated individuals are more likely to
make informed decisions about their health, which can reduce healthcare costs and
improve the nation’s overall health.
 Building a Skilled Workforce: Education provides the skills necessary for economic
development, innovation, and growth, whereas healthcare primarily sustains productivity.
 Long-Term Benefits: Education has long-term benefits that improve economic stability,
social equity, and access to opportunities, while healthcare ensures a healthier and more
productive workforce.

5. Case Study: Sustainable Development

Case:
In a coastal region, a government is focused on promoting eco-tourism, which provides jobs and
income but also risks harming the delicate marine ecosystem.
(a) How does sustainable development aim to balance environmental conservation and
economic growth?

Answer:
Sustainable development seeks to achieve a balance by ensuring that economic growth does not
come at the expense of environmental health. This is done by:

 Conserving Resources: Sustainable practices ensure that natural resources are used
efficiently, so they can continue to support future generations.
 Reducing Environmental Damage: By using eco-friendly technologies and practices,
industries and businesses minimize their environmental footprint, ensuring that
development activities don't degrade ecosystems.
 Economic Growth through Eco-Friendly Initiatives: Eco-tourism, as mentioned in the
case, allows communities to earn income without causing long-term harm to the
environment. This creates jobs while conserving the natural beauty that tourists visit for.

(b) Why is eco-tourism considered a sustainable development practice?

Answer:
Eco-tourism is considered a sustainable development practice because:

 Low Environmental Impact: It minimizes harm to the environment by promoting

responsible travel to natural areas, encouraging conservation.
 Supports Local Communities: Eco-tourism often involves local communities in the
development process, providing them with income while preserving their cultural and
natural heritage.
 Raises Environmental Awareness: Tourists and locals become more conscious of the
need to protect the environment, which fosters sustainable practices in daily life.

(c) What steps can be taken to ensure that eco-tourism does not harm the environment?

Answer:
To ensure that eco-tourism remains environmentally friendly:

 Regulate Tourist Numbers: Limiting the number of tourists can prevent overcrowding,
which could damage natural ecosystems.
 Use of Sustainable Practices: Promoting waste management systems, using renewable
energy sources, and ensuring responsible wildlife tourism can protect ecosystems.
 Community Involvement: Involving local communities in eco-tourism planning ensures
that they follow sustainable practices while benefiting economically from tourism.
 Environmental Education: Educating tourists about the importance of preserving the
environment and local culture can help reduce harmful behaviors.

6. Case Study: Public Distribution System (PDS)

Case:
A government has launched a Public Distribution System (PDS) to provide subsidized food
grains to people in rural and urban areas. The system is intended to reduce hunger and
malnutrition, especially among poorer sections of society.

(a) How does the Public Distribution System contribute to the development of a country?

Answer:
The Public Distribution System (PDS) contributes to the development of a country by:

 Ensuring Food Security: It ensures that essential food items like wheat, rice, and sugar
are available at subsidized rates, especially for low-income households.
 Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition: By providing affordable food, PDS helps improve
the nutrition levels of vulnerable populations, thus enhancing public health.
 Promoting Social Equity: It reduces disparities by providing food assistance to
marginalized communities, thereby contributing to social equality and welfare.

(b) How does access to food security enhance human development?

Answer:
Access to food security enhances human development by:

 Improving Health: A well-nourished population is healthier and more productive.

Malnutrition, especially in children, can lead to developmental delays and long-term
health problems.
 Boosting Educational Outcomes: With sufficient food, children are able to focus better
in school, leading to higher literacy rates and better education outcomes.
 Enhancing Productivity: Healthy individuals are more productive in the workplace,
which contributes to the country’s economic growth.

(c) What are the challenges faced by PDS, and what measures can be taken to improve its
effectiveness?

Answer:
The Public Distribution System faces several challenges:

 Leakages and Corruption: Food grains often do not reach the intended beneficiaries
due to corruption and mismanagement.
o Solution: Strengthening monitoring mechanisms and implementing technology,
such as GPS tracking and biometric authentication, can reduce leakages and
improve transparency.
 Inadequate Coverage: In some areas, PDS does not cover all eligible individuals,
especially in remote or marginalized regions.
o Solution: Expanding the reach of PDS through better infrastructure and local
distribution networks would ensure greater coverage.
  Quality Control Issues: Sometimes, the quality of food provided through PDS is poor,
affecting the health of recipients.
o Solution: Regular checks and quality audits can ensure that the food grains are up
to standard.

7. Case Study: Inequality and Development

Case:
A country has high levels of income inequality, where the richest 10% of the population earn
significantly more than the poorest 10%. Despite a high per capita income, many citizens are
unable to access basic services like clean water, education, and healthcare.

(a) Why is income inequality a major barrier to development?

Answer:
Income inequality is a major barrier to development because:

 Limited Access to Basic Services: The poor, who are at the bottom of the income
ladder, often lack access to essential services like education, healthcare, and sanitation.
This affects their productivity and limits their ability to improve their living standards.
 Social Unrest and Instability: High inequality leads to social divisions, which can result
in unrest and instability. It also reduces social cohesion and increases the risk of conflict.
 Stunted Economic Growth: If large segments of the population remain poor, they
cannot contribute to economic growth through consumption and productivity, thereby
slowing overall economic development.

(b) How does inequality affect social cohesion and stability in a country?

Answer:
Inequality can affect social cohesion and stability in the following ways:

 Increased Tensions: When the wealth gap is wide, it can create social divisions and
resentment, leading to social tensions between different groups.
 Lower Trust in Institutions: High inequality often leads to distrust in the government
and institutions, as people feel the system is unfair and benefits only a few.
 Potential for Conflict: Persistent inequality can eventually lead to social unrest or
political instability, as marginalized groups demand more equal treatment and
opportunities.

(c) What measures can be adopted to reduce inequality and promote inclusive
development?

Answer:
To reduce inequality and promote inclusive development, governments can:
  Progressive Taxation: Implement tax policies where the rich pay a higher percentage of
their income, allowing the government to redistribute wealth more effectively.
 Social Welfare Programs: Introduce programs like cash transfers, subsidized healthcare,
and free education to ensure that basic needs are met for all, regardless of income.
 Employment Creation: Invest in job creation, especially in sectors that provide
opportunities for low-income groups, such as agriculture, small-scale industries, and
infrastructure development.
 Access to Credit: Providing easy access to credit for small businesses and farmers can
enable them to invest in growth, thereby increasing their income and reducing poverty.

8. Case Study: Role of Infrastructure

Case:
In a developing country, the government has decided to invest heavily in improving
transportation networks, including roads, railways, and airports, to boost economic growth.

(a) How does infrastructure contribute to the development of a country?

Answer:
Infrastructure is critical for the development of a country because:

 Facilitates Economic Activities: Roads, railways, and airports help in the efficient
movement of goods and people, which is essential for trade and commerce.
 Promotes Regional Development: Improved infrastructure links remote areas to urban
centers, ensuring that resources and opportunities are distributed more evenly across
regions.
 Attracts Investment: Good infrastructure attracts both domestic and foreign investments
as businesses need reliable transportation networks for their operations.

(b) What impact can improved transportation have on a country's economic growth?

Answer:
Improved transportation has a direct impact on economic growth by:

 Reducing Costs: Efficient transport reduces the cost of moving goods, thereby
increasing the competitiveness of domestic products in both national and international
markets.
 Boosting Productivity: Better transportation systems allow workers and raw materials to
move more quickly, thus increasing productivity across various sectors.
 Expanding Markets: With improved transportation, businesses can expand their reach
to new markets, increasing trade and economic activity.

(c) Explain why a country needs a balanced development of infrastructure, such as both
urban and rural areas.
Answer:
A balanced development of infrastructure is crucial because:

 Inclusive Growth: If only urban areas are developed, it will lead to regional inequality,
where rural areas are left behind. Ensuring development in rural areas reduces migration
to cities and ensures all areas benefit from growth.
 Boosting Rural Economy: Good infrastructure in rural areas can improve agricultural
productivity, help farmers access larger markets, and improve their standard of living.
 Sustainable Development: Balanced infrastructure development reduces the strain on
urban infrastructure (like overburdened roads and overcrowded public services),
promoting a more sustainable model of development.