CHAPTER-1

SOLUTIONS

ASSIGNMENT
Topic1- Types, Concentration Terms and Solubility of Solution
1 Marks Question

Q1. State the main advantage of molality over molarity as the unit of concentration.

Q2. Explain the Henry’s law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid.

Q3. Define the term mole fraction.

Q4. Give reason for the following: Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water
than in warm water.

2 Marks Questions

Q1. State Henry’s law and mention its two important applications.

Q2. Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm
water.

Q3. Differentiate between molarity and molality for a solution. How does a change in
temperature influence their values?

Q4. If the density of water of a lake is 1.25g 𝑚𝐿−1 and 1 kg of lake water contains 92g of
𝑁𝐴+ ions, calculate the molarity of 𝑁𝐴+ ions in this lake water. (Atomic mass
−1
of NA = 23g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ).

Q5. A solution of glucose (𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 )in water is labeled as 10% by weight. What would be
the molality of the solution? (Molar mass of glucose = 180g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q6. Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. How can we change
molality value of a solution into molarity value?

Q7. Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/w) solution of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 if the density of the solution
is 1.02 g 𝑚𝑙 −1 (Molar mass of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 98 g𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q8. Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction (x)
(ii) Molality of a solution (m)

Q9. Give reasons for the following.

(a) Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water than
warm water. (b) At higher altitudes people suffer
from anoxia resulting in inability to think.

3 Marks Questions
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

Q1. If 𝑁2 gas is bubbled through water at 293K, how many millimoles of 𝑁2 gas would
dissolve in 1L of water? Assume that 𝑁2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given
that Henry’s law constant for 𝑁2 at 293 K is 76.48 K bar.

Q2. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10−2 g of
ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.0 × 10−2 g of ethane, then what will be the
partial pressure of the gas?

Q3. A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) in water is labeled as 10% (by
mass). What would be the molality and molarity of the solution? (Density of
−1
solution = 1.2g𝑚𝑙 ).

Topic-2 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions, Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions

1 Marks Questions

Q1. State Raoult’s law.

Or Define Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions

Or State Raoult’s law for a solution of volatile liquids.

Q2. Some liquids on mixing from azeotropes. What are azeotropes?

Or Define the term azeotrope.

Q3. Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.

Or Define ideal solution.

2 Marks Questions

Q1. Explain why a solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from
Raoult’s law?

Q2. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. How does Raoult’s
law become a special case of Henry’s law?

Or State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. What is the
similarity between Henry’s law and Raoult’s law?

Q3. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from
Raoult’s law? Give an example.
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

Or Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from

Raoult’s law? Give an example.

Q4. What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is
the sign of ∆𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝐻 for negative deviation?

Or What is meant by positive deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the
sign of ∆𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝐻 for positive deviation?

Or Non- ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law
and what are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one example for
each type.

Q5. (i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas (B) at the same temperature. Which one
of the two gases will have the higher value of 𝐾𝐻 (Henry’s constant) and why?
(ii) In non- ideal
solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes?

Q6. Define the following.

(i) Ideal solution (ii)
Molarity (M)

Q7. Why a mixture of carbon disulphide and acetone shows positive deviation from
Raoult’s law? What type of azeotrope is formed by this mixture?

Q8. Write two differences between an ideal solution and a non-ideal solution.

Q9. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. Write two
characteristics of the solution which obeys Raoult’s law at all concentrations.

Q10. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a solution of acetone and
chloroform? Justify on the basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that develop
in the solution.

3 Marks Questions

Q1. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450mm and 700mm of Hg
respectively at 350K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour
pressure is 600mm of Hg. Also, find the composition in the vapour phase.

Topic-3 Colligative Properties and Van’t Hoff Factor

1 Marks Questions

Q1. Explain boiling point elevation constant for a solvent or ebullioscopy constant.
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

Q2. Define the following terms.

(i) Isotonic solutions
(ii) Van’t Hoff factor

Q3. What is meant by reverse osmosis?

Q5. Define the term osmotic pressure?

Q4. What are isotonic solutions?

2 Marks Questions

Q1. Outer hard shells of two eggs are removed. One of the egg is placed in pure water and
the other is placed in saturated solution of sodium chloride. What will be observed
and why?

Q2. Find the freezing point of a solution containing 0.520 g glucose (𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 ) dissolved
in 80.2 g of water (Given: 𝐾𝑓 for water = 1.86 𝐾𝑚−1 ).

Q3. Find the boiling point of a solution containing 0.520 g of glucose (𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 )
dissolved in 80.2 g of water. (Given: 𝐾𝑏 for water = 0.52 𝐾𝑚−1 ).

Q4. Define the terms osmosis and osmotic pressure. What is the advantage of using
osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative properties for the determination of
molar masses of solutes in solutions?

Q5. The molecular masses of polymers are determined by osmotic pressure method and
not by measuring other colligative properties. Give two reasons.

Q6. What is van’t Hoff factor? What possible values can it have if the solute molecules
undergo dissociation?

Q7. Define the terms: Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Is the osmotic pressure of a solution
a colligative property? Explain?

Q8. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (𝐶𝐶𝑙3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻) is heated to its
boiling point. The solution has the boiling point. The solution has the boiling
point100. 180 𝐶. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid. (𝐾𝑏 for
water = 0.512 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ).

Q9. 18 g glucose, 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 (molar mass = 180g𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a

sauce pain. At what temperature, will this solution boil?
(𝐾𝑏 for water = 0.52 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ,
boiling point of pure water = 373.15 K).
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

Q10. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273K. Explain the lowering in
freezing point of water with the help of the suitable diagram.

Q11. How is the vapour pressure of the solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is
dissolve in it?

Q12. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) to be dissolved in 75 g
of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48K (𝐾𝑓 = 5.12 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q13. Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute have higher boiling point than the
pure solvent? Why is elevation of boiling point a colligative property?

Q14. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What
type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change
in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?

(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypertonic solution)? Give
reason.

Q15. Define osmotic pressure of a solution. How is the osmotic pressure related to the
concentration of a solute in a solution?

Q16. Define the following terms: (i) Abnormal Molar Mass (ii) Van’t Hoff
factor

Q17. Define the following terms: (i) Colligative Properties (ii) Molality (m)

Q18. Give reasons for the following:-

(i) Measurement of osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of

molar masses of macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.
(ii) Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KCl solution is nearly double than that of 1
M sugar solution.

Q19. Calculate the freezing point of the solution containing 60 g of glucose (Molar mass =
180 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 ) in 250 g of water. (𝐾𝑓 of water = 1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

3 Marks Questions

Q1. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (𝐶6 𝐻8 𝑂6 ) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to
lower its melting point by 1.5○ 𝐶. (𝐾𝑓 for acetic acid is 3.9 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q2. 0.1 mole of acetic acid was dissolved in 1 kg of benzene. Depression in freezing point
of benzene was determined to be 0.256 K. What conclusion can you draw about the
state of the solute in solution? (Given: 𝐾𝑓 for benzene = 5.12 K
−1
kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

Q3. What mass of ethylene glycol (molar mass 62.0 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) must be added to 5.50 kg of
water to lower the freezing point of water from 0○ C to – 10.0○ C? (𝐾𝑓 for water =
1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q4. A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) in

99.0 g of benzene has a boiling point of 80.31○C. Determine the molar mass of the
compound.
(Boiling point of pure benzene = 80.10○C and 𝐾𝑏 for benzene = 2.53○ C kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q5. Calculate the boiling point of one molar aqueous solution. Density of KBr solution is
1.06 g 𝑚𝐿−1
(𝐾𝑏 for 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.52 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , atomic mass of K = 39, Br = 80).

Q6. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose, (𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 ) present per litre in its solution has an osmotic
pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of another glucose solution is 1.52 bar at
the same temperature, calculate the concentration of the other solution.

Q7. An aqueous solution containing 12.48 g of barium chloride in 1.0 kg of water boils at
373.0832 K. Calculate the degree of dissociation of barium chloride.
(Given: 𝐾𝑏 for 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.52 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 , molar mass of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 208.34 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 )

Q8. Phenol associates in benzene to a certain extent to form a dimer. A solution

containing 20 g of phenol in 1.0 kg of benzene has its freezing point lowered by 0.69
K. Calculate the fraction of the phenol that has dimerised. (Given 𝐾𝑓 for benzene =
5.1 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q9. A 0.561 m solution of unknown electrolyte depresses the freezing point of water by
2.93○ C. What is van’t Hoff factor for this electrolyte? The freezing point depression
constant (𝐾𝑓 ) for water is 1.86○ C kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 .

Q10. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water

has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25○ C. Assuming the gene fragment is non-
electrolyte, determine its molar mass.

Q11. What would be the molar mass of a compound if 6.21 g of it is dissolved in 24.0 g
chloroform form a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04○C. The boiling point of
pure chloroform is 61.7○ C and the boiling point elevation constant, 𝐾𝑏 for chloroform
is 3.63○ C/m.

Q12. Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaCl to 250.0
g of water. (𝐾𝑏 for water = 0.512 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q13. Calculate the freezing point of aqueous solution containing 10.50 g of 𝑀𝑔𝐵𝑟2 in 200
g of water (molar mass of 𝑀𝑔𝐵𝑟2 = 184 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , 𝐾𝑓 for water is 1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

Q14. A solution of glycerol (𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂3 ) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol
in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42○C, what mass of
glycerol was dissolved to make this solution? (𝐾𝑏 for water = 0.512 K
−1
kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )

Q15. 15.0 g of unknown molecular material is dissolved in 450 g of water. This resulting
solution freezes at −0.34○C. What is the molar mass of the material? (𝐾𝑓 for
−1
water = 1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )

Q16. At 25○ C, the saturated vapour pressure of water is 3.165 k Pa (23.75 mm Hg). Find
the saturated water vapour pressure of a 5% aqueous solution of urea (carbamide) at
the same temperature. (Molar mass of urea = 60.05 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q17. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in water has freezing point of 271K. Calculate
the freezing point of 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in water if the freezing point of
pure water is 273.15 K. [Molecular masses glucose (𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 ) = 180 amu or
g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 and cane-sugar (𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11 ) = 342 amu g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ]

Q18. 1.00 g of a non-electrolytic solute when dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the

freezing point of benzene by 0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (𝐾𝑓 for
−1
benzene = 5.12 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )

Q19. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 × 10−2 g of
𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 in 2L of water at 25○ C, assuming that it is completely dissociated. (R = 0.0821
L atm 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , molar mass of 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 = 174 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q20. Some ethylene glycol,𝐻𝑂𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻, is added to your car’s cooling system along
with 5 kg of water. If the freezing point of water-glycol solution is −15.0○C, what is
the boiling point of the solution? (𝐾𝑏 = 0.52 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 and 𝐾𝑓 = 1.86 K kg
𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 for water)

Q21. Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
to 200 g of water. (𝐾𝑏 = 0.52 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , molar mass of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 111 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q22. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It

has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm of Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass of the
solute. (Vapour pressure at pure water at 308 K = 32 mm Hg)

Q23. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing

point of 1.62 K. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute
(associated or dissociated). (Given: Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122
g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 , 𝐾𝑓 for benzene = 4.9 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
−1
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

Q24. A 5% of solution (by mass) of cane sugar (𝑀 ∙ 𝑊 342 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) is isotonic with
0.877% solution of substance X. Find the molecular weight of X.

Q25. 45 g of ethylene glycol (𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2 ) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate

(i) the freezing point depression and (ii) the freezing point of the
solution (Given, 𝐾𝑓 of water = 1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q26. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) to be dissolved in 37.2 g of
water to lower the freezing point by 2○ C, assuming that NaCl undergoes complete
dissociation. (𝐾𝑓 for water = 1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Or What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 65.0g of water to lower the freezing point of
water by 7.5℃? The freezing point depression constant (𝐾𝑓 ) for water is 1.86℃/𝑚.
Assume van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87. (Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q27. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g of 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 (M = 120 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) was
dissolved in 100 g of water assuming 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 undergoes complete ionization. (𝐾𝑏 for
water = 0.52 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

Q28. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is
273.15 K. [Given: molar mass of sucrose = 342 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 and
molar mass of glucose = 180 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ]

Q29. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.5 g of magnesium
bromide in 200 g of water, assuming complete dissociation of magnesium bromide.
(Molar mass of magnesium
bromide = 184 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 , 𝐾𝑓 for water = 1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
−1

Q30. A 4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M = 342 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) in water has a freezing point of
271.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose (M = 180 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) in water.
(Given: Freezing point of pure water = 273.15 K)

Q31. At 300 K, 30 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of
4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of a glucose solution is 1.52 bar at the same
temperature, what would be its concentration?

5 Marks Questions

Q1. (i) When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of 𝐶𝑆2 , the freezing point gets
lowered by 0.383 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (𝑆𝑥 ).
(𝐾𝑓 for 𝐶𝑆2 = 3.83 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , Atomic
mass of sulphur = 32 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
 CHAPTER-1
SOLUTIONS

(iii) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we
place blood cells in a solution containing (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution? (ii)
0.4% sodium chloride solution?

Q2. (i) Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 (M = 95 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
was dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 undergoes complete ionization. (𝐾𝑓
for water = 1.86 K kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

(ii) (a) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has a higher boiling point and
why?
(b) What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic
pressure of the solution?

Q3. (i) A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is
273.15 K. [Given: molar mass of sucrose = 342 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 and molar mass of glucose
= 180 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ]

(ii) Define the following terms:- (i) Molality (m) (ii) Abnormal molar mass