ABMA

Diploma in Computer Engineering

Presentation by: TAWANDA SHANYA L.
AMBASSADOR MUGUMBATE

1. Overall organization of computer system components.

a. (i) Central Processing Unit

 - CPU is the brain of the computer. It is responsible for all functions and
processes. The CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
The CPU is comprised of 3 main parts
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- Executes all arithmetic and logical operations, arithmetic calculations
such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
- Logical operation such as to compare numbers, letters and special
characters.
Control Unit (CU)
- Controls and co-ordinates computer components.
- Reads code for the next instruction to be executed.
- Provides necessary data to an ALU or register
- Instructs hardware to perform requested operation.
Registers
- Stores data that is to be executed next, “very fast storage area”.

a. (ii) Operating System (OS)

- What is an operating system? An operating system is the most important
software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's memory
and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows
you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak
the computer's language.
- An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer
hardware and software resources, and provides common services for
computer programs.
Functions
- Controls movement of data to and from peripherals.
- Acts as a background on which application programs can run.
- Input/Output Management: manages hardware components.
- Memory management: Manages memory, resources of a computer.
- Acts as an interface between the user and the computer.
- Loading and running of programs.

There are six types of Operating Systems

1. Single user operating system.
2. Time sharing.
3. Multi Access
4. Multi-programing
5. Multi-processing
 6. Batch processing system.

1. Single User Operating System

- It allows one computer at a time in an interactive mode for example, MS-
DOS, CP/M, and OS/2.
Advantages
- Cheap to buy.
- Provides simple commanding language.
- They ensure better security to data since they only allow one user at a
time.
- They are interactive that is they allow 2 way communication between the
user and the computer in a conversational mode.
Disadvantages
- Very slow in processing data
- Most of the computers are dedicated to one task.
- The commands are difficult to learn and to use.
- Commands are difficult to master.
2. Time Sharing
- It allows many users to use the same processor at a time, using the
round robin method by use of time slice.
- NB* - Time Slice: a brief method of time during which a particular task
(or computer) is given control of the microprocessor in a time sharing
multi-tasking environment. Time slice is also called quantum.

a. (iii) Hard Drive

- A hard drive is a non-volatile storage device used in computers to store
and retrieve digital data. It is a type of magnetic storage device,
consisting of one or more rigid platters coated with a magnetic material.
These platters are stacked on top of each other and spin at high speeds
inside a sealed enclosure.
- Hard drives store data persistently, meaning that the data remains intact
even when the computer is turned off. They are commonly used to store
the operating system, applications, files, and other types of digital
content.
- Hard drives are available in various capacities, ranging from gigabytes (GB) to terabytes
(TB) and even petabytes (PB) in some cases. The capacity of a hard drive determines
how much data it can store.
 How Hard Drives Store Data
1. Platters: A hard drive consists of one or more circular, rigid disks called
platters. These platters are typically made of aluminum or glass and are coated
with a thin layer of magnetic material.
2. Read/Write Head: Each platter has a read/write head associated with it. The
read/write head is a tiny electromagnet positioned very close to the surface of
the platter. It moves rapidly across the platter's surface to read data from or
write data to specific locations.
3. Magnetic Material: The surface of each platter is coated with a thin layer of
magnetic material. This material can be magnetized in either of two directions,
representing binary data (0s and 1s).
4. Magnetic Fields: When data is written to the hard drive, the read/write head
applies a magnetic field to the surface of the platter, magnetizing tiny regions
called magnetic domains. The orientation of these magnetic domains
determines the stored data: one orientation might represent a binary 0, while
the opposite orientation represents a binary 1.
5. Reading Data: When the computer needs to read data from the hard drive, the
read/write head detects the magnetic orientation of the domains as it passes
over them. This information is then translated into binary data that the
computer can understand.
6. Writing Data: When the computer needs to write data to the hard drive, the
read/write head applies a magnetic field to the appropriate location on the
platter, magnetizing the surface to represent the desired data.
7. File System: To organize and manage data stored on the hard drive, a file
system is used. This file system keeps track of where each piece of data is
stored on the platters and provides a way for the computer's operating system
to access and manage files efficiently.

TYPES OF HARD DRIVES

1. Solid State Drives
1. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):
• HDDs are the traditional type of hard drive and have been around for
several decades.
• They consist of one or more spinning disks called platters coated with a
magnetic material.
• Data is stored on these platters using magnetic recording technology.
• HDDs use read/write heads to read data from and write data to the
spinning platters.
• They are relatively affordable and offer high capacities, making them
suitable for storing large amounts of data at a lower cost per gigabyte.
• However, HDDs are generally slower in terms of data access speeds
compared to SSDs due to mechanical limitations, such as the time it
takes for the spinning platters to reach the desired location.
2. Solid-State Drives (SSDs):
• SSDs are a newer type of storage device that have gained popularity in
recent years.
• Instead of using spinning platters and magnetic recording, SSDs use
flash memory (NAND or NOR) to store data.
• Flash memory is non-volatile and allows for faster data access speeds
compared to HDDs because there are no moving parts involved.
• SSDs typically offer faster boot times, quicker file transfers, and overall
snappier performance in comparison to HDDs.
• They are more energy-efficient and generate less heat since they don't
require spinning disks and moving read/write heads.
• However, SSDs are generally more expensive per gigabyte compared to
HDDs, although prices have been decreasing over time.
• SSDs are commonly used in laptops, desktops, and other devices where
speed and reliability are prioritized over cost and capacity.

DIFFERENCES
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid-State Drives (SSDs) are both types of storage devices used
in computers, but they differ significantly in terms of technology, performance, and other factors.
1. Technology:
• HDDs: HDDs use magnetic storage technology to store data on spinning platters coated
with a magnetic material. Data is read from and written to these platters using a
mechanical arm with a read/write head.
• SSDs: SSDs use non-volatile flash memory (NAND or NOR) to store data. They have no
moving parts and rely on integrated circuits to access and retrieve data.
2. Speed:
• HDDs: HDDs are generally slower in terms of data access speeds compared to SSDs.
This is because they rely on mechanical components, such as spinning platters and
moving read/write heads, which introduce latency.
• SSDs: SSDs offer significantly faster data access speeds due to the absence of
mechanical parts. They have faster read and write times, resulting in quicker boot times,
file transfers, and overall system responsiveness.
3. Reliability:
• HDDs: HDDs are susceptible to mechanical failures due to their moving parts. Factors
such as heat, vibration, and physical shock can affect the reliability and lifespan of
HDDs.
• SSDs: SSDs are more resistant to physical shock and vibration since they have no
moving parts. They are generally more reliable and durable than HDDs, with lower
failure rates and longer lifespans.
4. Noise and Heat:
• HDDs: HDDs generate noise and heat during operation due to the spinning platters and
moving read/write heads.
• SSDs: SSDs are silent and produce less heat since they have no moving parts. This makes
them suitable for use in environments where noise and heat are concerns.
5. Energy Efficiency:
• HDDs: HDDs consume more power compared to SSDs because of the mechanical
components that require energy to operate.
• SSDs: SSDs are more energy-efficient since they have no moving parts and require less
power to operate, making them suitable for use in laptops and other battery-powered
devices.
6. Cost:
• HDDs: HDDs are generally cheaper per gigabyte compared to SSDs, especially at higher
capacities.
• SSDs: SSDs are more expensive per gigabyte compared to HDDs, but prices have been
decreasing over time as the technology matures and becomes more widespread.
a. (iv) INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
INPUT
- Input devices are hardware devices that allow users to enter data and
information into the computer

- Examples of input devices include keyboard, mice, touchscreen, scanners,

microphone, cameras and joysticks etc.

- Keyboards allow users to enter texts and numbers into the computer

- Mic and touchscreens allow users to control the movement of a cursor on the
screen and select and manipulate items on the screen.

OUTPUT

- Output devices are devices that allow users to display or give out data or
information or instructions
- Examples of output devices include monitor or display screen, printer,
speakers, headphones, and projectors etc.
- Monitors allow users to see results of their input and to view the output
from the computer
- Printers allow users to print documents or we can say printers translate
or gives out soft copies in the form of hard copies
- Speakers and headphones allow users to hear the sound
- Projectors allow users to display information on a large screen

1. b. Basic hardware components (monitor, telephone/cable/DSL modem,

systems unit, keyboard, printer and speakers.

MONITORS

- It is an output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form. It

is used to display images, graphics information generated by a connected
computer via a computer video card. Monitor is almost like a TV, its resolution
is much higher than TV.

TYPES OF MONITORS

1. CATHODE RAY TUBE [CRT] MONITORS

It is a technology used in early monitors. It uses a beam of electrons to create

an image of screen.
2. FLAT PANEL MONITORS

This type of monitor lightweight and take less space. It consume less power as
compared to cathode ray tube monitors.

3. TOUCHSCREEN MONITORS

It enables users to interact with the computer by using a finger or stylus

instead of using a mouse or keyboard.

4. DLP Monitors [Digital Light Processing]

It is a technology, which is used for presentation by projecting images from a

monitor onto a big screen.

5. LED Monitors [Light- Emitting Diode]

It is lightweight in terms of weight and has a short depth. As the source of

light, it uses a panel of LEDs.

FUNCTIONS OF MONITOR

- It is used for gaming

- It is used by Business users for using various business centric software

applications such as MS Excel

- It is used to display the results of any data entry also

- It is used for web browsing

- It is used for entertainment

CABLES

A cable is a type of wire used to connect devices and carry information

between them.

TYPES OF CABLES

1. Ethernet cables
It is used to connect devices like TVs and Blu-ray players.

2. USB Cables

It is used to connect devices like keyboards, mice and printers to a computer.

DLS MODEM [DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE]

It is a type of internet connection that uses the voice frequency of telephone

lines to send and receive internet data and traffic. This type of connection
enables high-speed download when the user is situated to the DLS provider.

TYPES OF DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

1. Asymmetric DSL [ADSL]

2. High-bit-rate DSL [HDSL]

3. Very high-bit-rate DSL [VDSL]

4. Symmetric DSL

5. Single-pair, high-speed DLS [SHDSL]

SYSTEM UNIT

It is the case that houses the internal parts of a computer. This case is also
known as the computer tower and it comes in a variety of materials and colors,
although is most often black. The system unit is responsible for processing
information and running programs. Without the system unit, the computer
would not be able to function.

KEYBOARD

It is an input device that used to enter characters and functions into the
computer system by pressing buttons or keys. It is the primary device used to
enter text. A keyboard typically contains keys for individual letters, numbers
and special characters, as well as keys for specific function. It is connected to a
computer system using a cable or a wireless connection.

TYPES OF KEYBOADS

1. Wired keyboard
2. USB keyboard

3. Magic keyboard

4. Bluetooth keyboard

5. Numeric keyboard

FUNCTIONS OF A KEYBOARD

- It is used to operate complex devices

- It is used to send messages and input texts

- It is used to enter special character

- It is used to navigate through the option on a computer

PRINTERS

A printer is an output device that accept text and graphic output from a
computer and transfers the information to paper.

TYPES OF PRINTERS

1. LED Printers

They are extremely reliable and can handle large printing runs without a hitch.
Rather than ink or toner cartridge, LED printers uses light-emitting technology
to print your files. LED printers are usually warranty extension and
environmentally friendly

2. DOT Matrix Printers

They are extremely beneficial when looking to keep your costs down to an
absolute bare minimum. Dot Matrix printers are cheap initials costs and cheap
to maintenance costs.

3. A3 Printers

It is perfect for printing well A3 documents. A3 printers also prints large-sized

presentations and accommodates every A4 printing

4. Laser Printers

5. Inkjet printers
SPEAKERS

It is an output device used with computer systems that enables the listener to
listen to a sound as an outcome. Some speakers are used once they have been
linked to a computer, while other may be connected to any type of sound
system.

TYPES OF SPEAKERS

1. Sound bars

2. Subwoofers

3. In-wall speakers

4. Bookshelf speakers

5. Surround speakers

FUNCTIONS OF SPEAKERS

- Play audios

- set up multi-room audio system

- take calls

1. c. Software system components (programs, system utilities, command

shell, system services, user interface, logical level operating system and
hardware level operating system)

1. Programs: These are sets of instructions that have been compiled and can
be executed by the operating system. Examples include word processors, web
browsers, and games.

2. System utilities: These are software tools that help manage, maintain, and
optimize the performance of a computer system. Examples include disk
cleanup tools, antivirus software, and system monitoring tools.
3. Command shell: This is a program that provides a command-line interface
for users to interact with the operating system. Users can issue commands to
perform tasks such as file management, process control, and system
configuration.

4. System services: These are background processes that run on an operating

system and provide essential functionality, such as network services, security
services, and system resource management.

5. User interface: This is the part of the software system that allows users to
interact with the system. It can include graphical user interfaces (GUIs), touch
interfaces, and command-line interfaces.

6. Logical level operating system: This is the part of the operating system
that manages resources, such as memory, input/output devices, and CPU
scheduling, in order to provide a consistent and reliable environment for
running applications.

Hardware level operating system: This is the low-level software that

interfaces with the hardware components of the computer, such as the CPU,
memory, and storage devices. It provides the necessary abstractions and
services for higher-level software to run on the hardware.

1. d. Network system connection components (network interface card,

modem, telephone line or cable, Internet service provider.

A network interface card is a hardware component installed inside a computer

or integrated into a device like a laptop or smart phone, or personal computer.

This network interface card allows your computer to connect to the internet.

The network interface card have two ports the one that you connect an
Ethernet cable and the other port is connected to t e personal computer. NB
The other port is where we connect rj45, the NIC is a separate hardware that is
used to share data among different computers

They are also called network adapters, LAN adapters

The network interface card can be wired or wireless.

NICs tat are used to share data wired using LAN cables are called wired
network interface card and on the other hand a network interface card that
connect computers by connecting them to a Wi-Fi network is called wireless
network interface cards .

We connect our cellphones to a Wi-Fi network using wireless interface cards.

Network interface cards are a must to our computers because they allow your
pcs to connect to the internet

MODEM

The computer needs help in using the telephone ,this is the computer and
telephone don’t use the same language ,the computer speak binary codes ones
and zeros whereas telephones speaks in series of tones, so you need to put a
special black box between the computer and the telephone to transform or
modulates computer talk into telephone talk then whatever you type in at
your computer can go out over the phone lines and be understood by any
other telephone but before that can send your messages along to a second
computer sort of a black box is needed to transform or demodulates telephone
talk back to computer talk so once a computer as a modulate and computer B
as a demodulate a concerned messages to be ,but this is only one way
communication ,B needs a second black box to demodulates its owners
messages to you from telephone talk back to computer talk but to save having
to buy two black boxes per each computer a modulate and a demodulate they
can be combine into one box a modulate demodulate or a modem it can both
receive and send messages to and from any other computer in the world that is
also equipped with a similar sort of modem

If you want internet into your home or business you ave to ave a modem. A
modem is what brings the internet into your home or business. A modem
establishes and maintains a dedicated connection to your internet service
provider to give you access to the internet .Now the reason why we have to have
a modem is because of the two different signals that are used on a computer
and on the internet a computer only reads digital signals out on the internet
are analog .we ave 2 different types of modems depending of internet you are
going to use you need to use the correct type of modem

Cable modem are connected to your home using coaxial cable.

TELEPHONE CABLES

Telephone cables connect circuits in a system. For example, they join landline
telephones or PCs to telecommunications networks. They play a vital role in
our interconnected world, transmitting both sound and data from location to
location.

Telephone cable makes use of electrically conductive materials such as copper

wiring to transmit data electromagnetically. The outer insulation is typically
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or polyethylene (PE). They are low-frequency devices,
meaning that they operate below 300 kilohertz.

Telephone cables connect circuits in a system. For example, they join landline
telephones or PCs to telecommunications networks. They play a vital role in
our interconnected world, transmitting both sound and data from location to
location.

Telephone cable makes use of electrically conductive materials such as copper

wiring to transmit data electromagnetically. The outer insulation is typically
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or polyethylene (PE). They are low-frequency devices,
meaning that they operate below 300 kilohertz.

The telephone lines we see today do not carry the high currents that were used
for the early telegraph cables. They now carry low voltage and low current
signals. These cables still run along utility poles in many places around the
world. However, today there are more cables and different types including,
twisted pair cables, fiber optic cables, and coaxial cables to name a few.

Twisted pair cables have been used for many years, but are being phased out
by the communications industry. Coaxial cables used mostly by the cable tv
industry are still being deployed in distribution and drops to the home, but this
is a mature product whose days are also numbered. Fiber optic cables are the
future of the communications industry. These cables are being aggressively
deployed because they are capable of providing the necessary bandwidth to
meet today's demands, as well as in the future.

Communication cables today are all around us. Here are some common cables
you might see at your office or in your home:

Telephone wire which uses strands of copper wire twisted together in pairs of
two (flat-looking cable only used for telephones, fax machines, and some
modems).
These cables are usually grey and use "RJ-11" connectors (or the less common
RJ-12, RJ-14, and RJ-25) to plug into phones and wall jacks.

Network cables/Ethernet cables (can be either CAT5, CAT5e, or CAT6 cables -

short for category cables) are slightly larger than telephone cables as they have
more wires running through them to accommodate more bandwidth.

These cables are usually blue and use RJ45 connectors to plug into a phone,
computers, servers, and many other network devices.

Coaxial cables transmit telephone services over radio frequency (RF) signals
which utilize copper wire as well. Television programming brought rise to COAX
cables as they allow for greater bandwidth which can be used for broadband
internet connection and cable modems. This industry of COAX cabling is often
referred to as CATV (cable television) & Satellite, or VDV (voice data video).

Types of COAX cables are RG-6, RG-11, RG-59, and hardline, flexible, rigid,
and other various versions.

These cables utilize RG6, RG11, RG59, BNC, RCA, or F connectors (and many
other style connectors depending on the application).

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the

internet. ISPs can provide this access through multiple means, including dial-
up, DSL, cable, wireless and fiber-optic connections.

A variety of companies serve as ISPs, including cable providers, mobile carriers,

and telephone companies. In some cases, a single company may offer multiple
types of service (e.g., cable and wireless), while in other cases, a company may
focus on just one type of service (e.g., fiber-optic). Without an ISP, individuals
and businesses could not reach the internet and the opportunities it provides.

Typical services offered by ISPs

Internet access is the primary service offered by ISPs, but there are a variety of
other services they may provide. These can include:

Equipment rental: Many ISPs will rent equipment like modems and routers to
their customers. This can be a convenient option for those who do not want to
purchase their own equipment or do not need the latest and greatest
technology.
Tech support: Many ISPs offer tech support to their customers. This can be a
valuable service for those unfamiliar with setting up or troubleshooting internet
connections.

Email access: Some ISPs offer email services to their customers. This can be a
convenient way to have an email address linked to your ISP account.

Tiered connection plans: ISPs typically offer different tiers of service, with
different speeds and data allowances. This is a good option for those who want
to pay for a higher-speed connection or who need more data than what is
included in the basic package.

As a leading provider of internet service, Verizon offers a variety of services to

consumers, including:

FiOS Internet: FiOS Internet is a 100% fiber-optic network that delivers some
of the fastest internet speeds to millions of homes in the mid-Atlantic and New
England.

5G Home Internet: 5G Home Internet is a wireless home internet service

utilizing 5G Ultra-Wideband technology that provides the network performance
and speed you want to stream, game or work flexibly.

LTE Home Internet: Verizon LTE Home is a wireless internet service that offers
download speeds of 25-50 Mbps, with typical upload speeds of 4 Mbps.

It's important to note that there is a difference between Mbps and Kbps. Mbps
stands for megabits per second, while Kbps stands for kilobits per second —
one megabit is the equivalent of 1,000 kilobits.

ET SERVICE PROV Why do I need an ISP?

An ISP is required in order to connect to the internet via a modem in your

home or business. Without an ISP, you would not be able to access the wealth
of information available online. An ISP can provide you with a fast and reliable
connection.

That said, there’s some leeway for those who are interested in using a mobile
data plan and hotspot to connect to the internet, instead of paying for a plan
from an ISP that doesn’t offer mobile connectivity. With a mobile data plan, you
pay for a certain number of gigabytes per month, and you’re able to share data
and get internet on multiple devices via hotspot.

A mobile data plan can give you fast, reliable internet —although a data cap
may be an issue with some plans. If you're considering a prepaid mobile plan
but are worried that you might need more data than it offers, many ISPs offer
unlimited data plan options.

Other benefits of using an ISP include:

ISPs offer a variety of plans, so you can choose the one that is best for your
needs.

ISPs offer discounts or promotions from time to time, so you may be able to get
a lower price on your service.

ISPs often include additional services like email or web hosting.

ISPs are regulated by the government, so you can be sure they will provide a
certain level of service.

If you want a fast and reliable internet connection, you need an ISP. ISPs offer
a variety of services that can meet your needs, whether you are a business or a
consumer. In addition, ISPs are constantly evolving to offer even higher speeds
and unlimited data plans.

How to choose an ISP

There are various considerations when choosing an ISP. Some important

factors are:

Location: Depending on your location, you may only have a few choices for
ISPs. This is because each ISP has coverage areas that they serve. If an ISP
does not serve your area, you may have to use a different type of connection,
like a mobile data plan.

Speed: How fast do you need your connection to be? If you are just browsing
the web or checking email, you may not need a particularly fast connection.
However, if you are streaming video or gaming online, you will need a much
faster connection. An even faster connection is required for those who work
from home and need to upload large files.

Data cap: Some ISPs have data caps, which means you could be charged
overage fees if you use too much data in a month. If you are a heavy internet
user, you will want to choose an ISP with an unlimited data plan.

Budget: The cost of an ISP plan will vary depending on the speed and data
allowance you need. You can get a cheaper plan if you only need a basic
internet connection for email and web browsing. However, you will need to pay
more if you need a faster connection for using multiple apps or streaming.

Included with these considerations is fixed wireless access. This type of

internet wirelessly connects your home to a nearby cell tower. This has the
potential to offer high speeds, but it may not be available in all areas.
Nevertheless, it's worth checking out as an option, even if you live in a rural
area that otherwise lacks high-speed access.
Network components are major parts needed to install a network at the office,
school and home level. Network components can be either hardware
components or software components.

Hardware components include:

Cables and connectors

Hub

Switch

NIC (network interface card)

Modem

Router

NIC is a network adapter that enables a computer to communicate with other

computer or network. It translates instructions from the operating system into
data that can be sent over a network. Two types of network cards and wired
card and wireless card. Wired NIC uses cables and connectors as a medium to
transfer data whereas the wireless uses antenna that uses radio wave
technology. All modern laptops have a wireless NIC in addition to the wired
adapter.

Switch is a device responsible for delivering incoming messages to the right

destination. A switch is a device that connects the source and destination of
messages directly.

Cables and connectors

A cable is a type of transmission media which can transmit communication
signals. Types of cables are twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable and fiber-optic
cable.

Coaxial cable is more expensive than twisted-pair cable but provides high data
transmission speed. Fiber-optic cable is a high-speed cable which transmits
data using light beams. Fiber- optic has the highest data transmission
compared to the other cable types. Fiber-optic cable is very expensive and can
be purchased by financially stable organizations.

Routers is a network component that connects a LAN. A router can be used to

join two different LANs or to share a single internet connection to multiple
computers. New routers have switches

And it means you will not have to buy a switch. Two types of routers are wired
and wireless routers.

Modems is a network component which enables people or organizations to

connect using computers to the available internet connection over the existing
telephone line. Types of modems are Dial-up, Cellular, Cable
and ADSL modems.

1. e. How desktop and workstation computers are typically organized.

The main components of a computer system are as follows:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the primary component

responsible for carrying out instructions of a computer program. It performs
calculations, carries out logical and arithmetic operations, and manages data.

2. Operating System: The operating system is a software that manages a

computer's hardware and serves as an interface between the user and the
computer. It provides a platform for running applications and supports
resource management, file management, and user interaction.
3. Hard Drive: The hard drive is a non-volatile storage device that stores data
on a long-term basis. It retains data even when the computer is turned off and
is used to store the operating system, software applications, and user files.

4. Input and Output Devices: Input devices allow users to input data into the
computer, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and scanners. Output
devices, like monitors, printers, and speakers, display or present the processed
data to the user.

5. Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer. It

provides the electrical connections and interfaces for all the components to
communicate with each other.

6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Workstation computers, especially those

used for graphic-intensive tasks such as video editing or computer-aided
design (CAD), often have dedicated GPUs. GPUs handle graphics rendering and
accelerate tasks related to image and video processing.

7. Power Supply: The power supply unit (PSU) supplies electrical power to the
computer's components. It converts the AC power from the wall outlet into DC
power that the computer requires.

8. Expansion Slots: Desktop and workstation computers typically have

expansion slots on the motherboard. These slots allow users to add additional
components like graphics cards, network cards, or sound cards to enhance the
computer's capabilities.

9. Cooling System: Desktop and workstation computers generate heat during

operation, so they require cooling systems to prevent overheating. These
systems typically include fans, heat sinks, and sometimes liquid cooling
solutions.

These components collectively form the core infrastructure of a computer

system, enabling it to execute tasks and process data. Additionally, there are
other peripheral components such as Random Access Memory (RAM),
expansion cards, and network cards, which augment and extend the
functionality of the system.

2. Specific function of each component

a. (i) Recognizing the main functions of computer hardware components,
including computer architecture.
Motherboard:

i.) Power distribution: The motherboard distributes power from the power
supply to various components such as the CPU, RAM, and expansion
cards.

ii.) Communication hub: The motherboard acts as a central

communication hub, allowing various components like the CPU, RAM,
and storage devices to communicate with each other.

iii.) BIOS/UEFI: The motherboard contains the Basic Input/Output

System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) firmware,
which initializes the hardware during the boot process and provides a
basic set of instructions for the operating system to start.

iv.) Expansion slots: The motherboard provides expansion slots for

additional components such as graphics cards, sound cards, and
network cards, allowing for customization and upgrades.

v.) Memory support: The motherboard supports different types of

memory modules (RAM) and controls their access and speed.

vi.) Peripheral connections: The motherboard provides connectors for

peripherals such as USB, audio, video, and networking devices.

vii.) Clock generator: The motherboard contains a clock generator that

generates timing signals for the CPU and other components, ensuring
proper synchronization and operation.

viii.) Heat dissipation: The motherboard may include heat sinks and fan
headers to help dissipate heat generated by components like the CPU
and chipset.

ix.) System management: The motherboard may include features for

system management, such as temperature monitoring, fan control, and
power management.

x.) Data transfer: The motherboard facilitates data transfer between

components through interfaces such as SATA, and USB, enabling high-
speed communication between devices.

2. Monitor:
Displays images, text, video, and graphics information generated by a
connected computer. It is an output device that receives signals from a
 computer’s graphics card or integrated graphic, interprets the data, and
then shows the image or video on the screen.
DSL modem:
A Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem connects a computer or router to
a telephone line to provide internet access. DSL modems send digital
signals over telephone lines to convert signals digitally and transfer data
wirelessly or via an Ethernet cable.
The main functions of a DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) include:

- Providing high-speed internet access over existing telephone lines.

- Allowing simultaneous use of the phone line for voice calls and internet
access because uses different frequencies and is designed to carry data.
- Enabling faster data transmission rates compared to traditional dial-up
connections.
-Facilitating the delivery of digital TV and video-on-demand services.-
Supporting remote access to corporate networks for telecommuting and
virtual private networking
- Offering a more stable and reliable connection compared to dial-up
internet.
System Unit:
A system unit of a computer holds all the other components together and
protects the sensitive electronic parts from the outside elements. A typical
computer case is also large enough to allow for upgrades, such as adding a
second hard drive or a higher-quality video card.
Keyboard:
The main function of a keyboard are to input text, numbers, and symbols.
Speaker: This is used for audio output of a computer

6. RAM:

The Random Access Memory (RAM) in a computer performs several crucial

functions, including:

- Temporary Data Storage: RAM stores data and instructions that the CPU
needs to access quickly during operation. This includes the operating system,
applications, and data being actively used.

- Faster Access to Data: Compared to storage devices like hard drives or

SSDs, RAM provides much faster access to data, allowing the CPU to retrieve
and manipulate information quickly.

- Multitasking Support: RAM enables the system to run multiple programs

simultaneously. Each program being used requires a certain amount of RAM to
function, and having more RAM allows for smoother multitasking.
- Cache Management: RAM also acts as a cache for frequently accessed data,
reducing the need to retrieve information from slower storage devices.

- Virtual Memory: When physical RAM is insufficient for the current workload,
the operating system uses a portion of the storage device as virtual memory,
temporarily storing data that would normally be kept in RAM.

- Data Transfer Buffer: RAM serves as a buffer for data transfer between the
CPU and other components, helping to smooth out variations in data transfer
rates.

- System Performance: Adequate RAM capacity and speed contribute

significantly to overall system performance, affecting tasks such as gaming,
video editing, and other resource-intensive applications.

In summary, RAM plays a critical role in providing quick, temporary storage for
data and instructions that are actively being processed by the CPU, enabling
efficient and responsive operation of the computer system.

7. Power supply:

The power supply unit (PSU) in a computer performs several essential

functions, including:

- Converting AC to DC: The power supply converts the alternating current

(AC) from the electrical outlet into direct current (DC) that the computer
components require to operate.

- Providing Stable Power: The power supply regulates and stabilizes the
voltage and current supplied to the computer's components, ensuring they
receive consistent and reliable power.

- Power Distribution: It distributes power to various components within the

computer, including the motherboard, CPU, GPU, storage drives, and other
peripherals.

- Connectivity: The power supply provides connectors and cables to supply

power to different components, such as SATA power connectors for storage
drives, PCIe connectors for graphics cards, and 24-pin or 20+4-pin connectors
for the motherboard.

- Over-current and Over-voltage Protection: A good power supply includes

protection mechanisms to prevent damage from power surges, over-current, or
over-voltage situations, safeguarding the computer's components.

- Cooling System: Many modern power supplies include cooling fans to

dissipate heat generated by the PSU itself and maintain optimal operating
temperatures.

- Efficiency: A high-quality power supply operates efficiently, converting AC

power to DC power with minimal waste heat and maximizing energy
conservation.

In summary, the power supply is a critical component of a computer system,

responsible for converting and regulating electrical power from the outlet to
provide stable and reliable power to all the internal components, ensuring the
proper functioning of the computer.

2. b. The main function of computer software components:

Operating system:
It acts as a communication bridge between the user and the computer
hardware. The logical level OS includes components such as:
Process management which manages the execution of processes or
programs such as creating, scheduling, and terminating process.
Memory management is responsible for allocating and managing the
computer’s memory resources which involves keeping track of which
parts of memory are in use, allocating memory to process, and handling
memory deallocation when processes no longer need it.
File system provides a way to store and organize files on a storage device
such as a hard disk.
Device management manages the interaction between the computer
system and its peripheral devices such as printers, disk drives, and
network interface.
Hardware level OS includes:
Bootloader which is responsible for starting up the computer system and
it also initializes the hardware, loads the OS into the memory.
Device drivers are software components that enable the OS to
communicate with specific hardware devices.
Interrupt handlers are routines that handles hardware interrupts, which
are signals generated by hardware devices to request attention from the
OS
Kernel directly interacts with hardware and provides essential services
such as memory management, process scheduling and device control. At
the hardware level, the operating system (OS) performs several essential
functions to manage and facilitate the interaction between the
computer's hardware components. Some of the key functions of the
hardware-level operating system include:

i. Booting: The hardware-level OS is responsible for the initial

bootstrapping process, which involves loading the BIOS or UEFI
firmware, initializing hardware components, and loading the kernel to
start the operating system.

ii. Device Management: The OS interacts directly with hardware

devices, including storage drives, input/output devices, network
interfaces, and other peripherals. It manages device drivers, allocates
resources, and facilitates communication between software applications
and hardware components.

iii. Memory Management: The OS at the hardware level manages

physical memory (RAM) by allocating memory space to running
processes, handling memory paging and swapping, and coordinating
access to memory resources for efficient operation.

iv. Processor Management: It oversees the scheduling and execution of

processes on the CPU, managing task prioritization, context switching,
and resource allocation to ensure efficient utilization of the processor.

v. Interrupt Handling: The OS handles hardware interrupts generated

by devices or components, ensuring timely response to events such as
input/output operations, timer expirations, and error conditions.

vi. File System Management: It interacts with storage devices at a low

level, managing file systems, disk I/O operations, and maintaining data
integrity on storage media.

vii. Security and Access Control: The hardware-level OS enforces

security policies, controls access to hardware resources, and provides a
secure execution environment for applications and user data.

viii. Power Management: It oversees power-related functions such as

sleep modes, power-saving features, and system shutdown procedures to
optimize energy consumption and extend battery life in portable devices.

ix. System Initialization and Shutdown: The OS coordinates the

initialization of hardware components during system startup and
manages the orderly shutdown of hardware devices and processes when
the system is powered off.

x. Error Handling and Recovery: It provides mechanisms for detecting

hardware errors, recovering from system failures, and logging diagnostic
information to assist in troubleshooting hardware-related issues.

Overall, the hardware-level operating system plays a crucial role in

managing and coordinating the interactions between software
applications and the underlying hardware components, ensuring efficient
operation and resource utilization within the computer system.
Logical level OS:
At the logical level, the operating system (OS) performs a wide range of
functions that are more closely related to managing software, user
interactions, and higher-level system operations. Some of the key
functions of the logical-level operating system include:

i. Process Management: The OS at the logical level is responsible for

managing processes and threads, including scheduling,
synchronization, and communication between concurrent tasks
running on the system.

ii. Memory Protection and Virtual Memory: It provides memory

protection mechanisms to isolate processes and prevent unauthorized
access to memory areas. It also manages virtual memory, allowing
efficient use of physical memory and providing a larger, virtualized
address space for processes.

iii. File System and I/O Management: The OS interacts with file
systems to manage files, directories, and storage devices, as well as
handling input/output operations for efficient data transfer between
software applications and storage or peripheral devices.

iv. User Interface Management: It provides user interfaces, such as

command-line interfaces, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), or other
interaction methods for users to interact with the system and
applications.

v. Security and Access Control: It enforces security policies at the

logical level, controlling access to files, resources, and system
functions to ensure data privacy and system integrity.

vi. Network Communication: The OS facilitates network

communication by providing networking protocols, socket
 management, and other mechanisms for applications to communicate
over networks.

vii. Device Abstraction: It abstracts hardware devices into higher-

level interfaces, allowing software applications to interact with devices
without needing detailed knowledge of the underlying hardware.

viii. Error Handling and Logging: It handles errors at the logical

level, providing error reporting, logging, and recovery mechanisms to
help diagnose and recover from software-related issues.

ix. System Configuration and Maintenance: The OS assists in

system configuration tasks, software installation, updates, and
maintenance operations to ensure the system is properly configured
and up-to-date.

x. Resource Allocation and Management: It manages system

resources such as CPU time, memory, and I/O bandwidth, allocating
these resources to processes based on priority and demand.

Overall, the logical-level operating system focuses on managing

software components, user interactions, and higher-level system
operations to provide a stable and efficient computing environment for
users and applications.
Program

There are three main function of programs in a computer:

Input: this is when the program receives data from the user or another
program
Processing: this is when the program analyzes, manipulates and acts on the
data received.
Output: this is when the program produces a result based on the input and
processing.
System utilities:
These are programs that help to maintain and optimize the operation of a
computer system.
The main functions of system utilities are:
File management: this allow users to create, move, delete and organize files.
Resources management: they allow users to view and control the resources
being used by the different programs.
Diagnostics: they check and diagnose the system for any issues
Security: it is used to allow users to protect their system from virus threats
and hackers.
5. Here are the main functions of the command shell in point form:

- Enter commands to control the operating system.

- Manage files and folders.

- Change system settings.

- Launch programs and utilities.

- Run diagnostic tests.

- Write scripts and batch files.

The command shell provides a wide range of functions for interacting with the
operating system.

6. System services perform various background tasks to keep a computer

running smoothly. Some of the main functions of system services include:

- Device management: Services like the print spooler and disk defragmenter
help to manage and optimize the use of devices like printers and hard drives.

- Security: Services like the firewall and virus scanner provide protection
against malicious software and unauthorized access to the system.

- Resource management: Services like the memory manager and task

scheduler help to optimize the use of system resources like memory and CPU.

- Software installation and updates: Services like the Windows Update

service and the Windows Installer service handle the installation

7. The main function of the user interface (UI) is to allow users to interact
with a computer in an intuitive and efficient way. The UI typically
consists of a combination of graphical elements like menus, windows,
buttons, and icons. These elements provide a consistent way for users to
interact with the computer, regardless of the specific operating system or
software being used. Some other functions of the UI include:

- Navigation: The UI helps users navigate around the operating system and
applications by providing a consistent set of tools and controls.

- Feedback: The UI provides feedback to the user through visual and auditory
cues, such as progress bars and system sounds

2. c. Recognizing the function of networking and network system

connection components, taking account of network technologies.
d. The relationship between different components.
 1 a. Main Parts of a Computer
Computer – an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in
binary form according to instructions given to it in a variable program.

A computer is an electronic device that inputs, process, stores and outputs

data under certain commands to produce desired outputs

CPU – is a complex set of electronic circuitries that runs the machine’s

operating system and applications. It interprets, processes, and executes
instructions, most often from the hardware and software programs running
on a device.

Input and Output Devices – these are devices that are used by humans to
communicate with the computer. Input devices examples include a mouse,
microphone, keyboard whilst output devices include printers, monitors etc.

Inputs- these are device that are used to enter data into the computer
system.eg mouse, keyboard, microphone, and touchpad.

OUTPUT DEVICE-these are devices that are used to bring out

information/data from the computer.eg. Printer, scanner, monitors,
speaker.

OS – is a program that acts as an interface between the computer user and

computer hardware, and it controls the execution of programs examples
include Microsoft Windows, Linux, MacOS, Linux, UNIX, and Android.

OS-it is a program that manages all softwares and hardwares of the

computer system.

Hard Drive – a hardware component that stores all the digital components.
Hardware Components are physical components of a computer which include a
mouse, CPU, monitor, motherboard, RAM, Hard Drives, Speakers, and
Soundcard etc.

Software systems – programs that have a set of instructions in programming

languages to execute specific task.eg Microsoft word, visual basic, notepad++.
Softwares are grouped into two mainly known as (systems software and
applications software)

Systems software- Refers to programs that control and manages the

performance of all computer systems.eg. OS
 Applications software- This refers to programs and their
documentation, designed to perform a specific task like payroll
processing, word processing. eg .Microsoft word

System Utilities - are used to list or change information that is related

to data sets and volumes such as data set names, catalog entries and
volume labels. Utility softwares include antivirus programs, disk
management tools, disk clean up tool, compression tools etc.

Command shell – is a computer program that presents a command line

interface which allows you to control your computer using commands
entered with a keyboard instead of controlling graphical user interface

User Interface UI – is the point of human computer interaction and

communication in a device

Logical level operating system – the level of abstraction above the

digital logic level but below the operating system. The logical address is
rendered by CPU while a program is executed, whereas the physical
address directs to a location in the memory unit.

Network System Connection

Network Interface Card – is a hardware component, typically a circuit
board or chip installed on a computer so it can connect to a network.

A modem - a network device that both modulates and demodulates

analog carrier signals (called sine waves) for encoding and decoding
digital information for processing. It is used in homes for example to
connect to their internet service providers for example Econet.

Telephone line – is a single user circuit on a telephone communication

system Internet Service Provider – a company that provides its
subscribers access to the internet e.g. Econet, NetOne, MTN

e. How to organize your desktop

1. Consider sorting files automatically.

2. Identify your important files

3. Remove unused applications

4. Consolidate applications into various folders.

5. Sort the folders.

6. Schedule routine organization sessions

7. Organize new files immediately’

3a. HOW INTERNAL COMPUTER COMPONENTS COMMUNICATE WITH

EXTERNAL PERIPHERALS

Definition of an external peripheral

An external peripheral is any device that is connected to a computer but is not

part of the main computer itself. These devices can be things like printers,
scanners, mice, keyboards, joysticks, and other input/output devices. They
can also be things like external hard drives and USB flash drives. External
peripherals are connected to the computer through ports on the computer's
case or via a wireless connection. The computer's operating system controls the
communication between the computer and the external peripherals.

1 .ALU (ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT)

This unit of processor takes care of mathematical calculations and issues that
the computer system faces while functioning. It is also useful for data
comparison and actions including decision making. It has features to facilitate
different mathematical solutions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.

ALU gets the data from the memory in the form of registers. These registers are
for a memory address, data manipulation, and processing. They may have
distinctive features sometimes. The ALU performs the calculation only when
needed and then sends it to the output devices.

Functions of ALU in Computer

Responsible for all calculations and mathematical issues.

Allows the computer to compare data easily.

Enables the data transfer between primary and secondary memory by decoding
it.

Acts as a decision-maker in case of any trouble.

How the ALU communicates with external peripherals

The ALU typically uses a bus or data path to communicate with other parts of
the computer, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and
input/output (I/O) devices. The bus is a group of electrical signals that carry
data between different parts of the computer. The ALU receives data from the
bus and performs operations on that data, such as addition, subtraction, and
comparison. The results of these operations are then sent back to the bus for
use by other parts of the computer.

2. CU (CONTROL UNIT)

This unit is to manage the computer device functioning and is the central
component of the processor unit. Once the data is in the memory, it processes
it for further execution. It is where the data conversion from human language
to machine language takes place. It interprets the signal and sends it over to
the output unit. Once the result is out, it retrieves the data again and presents
it to the user.

Functions of Control Unit in Computer

Converts the instruction into machine language.

It decodes the instruction and sends it to the correct device.

Prepare a data sequence making it easier for processing.

Maintains a flow of data inside the system.

Transfer the commands/issues to the arithmetic and logic unit.

How the control unit communicates with external peripherals

The control unit of a computer usually communicates with external peripherals

through the use of a system bus. The system bus is a collection of wires or
electrical signals that connect the different components of the computer. The
control unit sends commands to the system bus, which are then received by
the external peripherals. These commands tell the external peripherals what to
do. For example, the control unit might send a command to the printer to print
a document. The printer would then receive this command and begin printing
the document.
3. MEMORY UNIT

This component of the CPU deals with strong data. When the data reaches the
processor from the input devices, the memory unit saves it immediately. It has
some pre-existing programs which help in transmitting the data to the other
parts of the CPU. Similarly, the completion of a task by output device is also
saved here before it reaches the user. The processor cannot process the data
unless the memory unit saves it.

This is where all the information becomes accessible for the user. It uses bits
and bytes to measure data size. The memory unit further divides into primary
and secondary storage units.

The primary memory is internal and temporary. RAM is the primary memory in
this case. It stores the commands for a short time and is volatile in nature.

The secondary storage is non-volatile and permanent. But not directly

accessible. The data needs to transfer to the primary unit and then the
processor can access it.

Functions of Memory Unit in Computer

Responsible for storing data coming from input devices.

Storing the result data coming from output devices.

Storing all the steps that the system goes through while task execution.

How the memory unit communicates with external peripherals

The memory unit communicates with external peripherals through the use of a
system bus. The memory unit is connected to the system bus, which is a group
of wires or electrical signals that connect all of the different components of a
computer. The memory unit uses the system bus to receive and send data to
the external peripherals. For example, when the computer needs to load a
program from a storage device, the memory unit will send a request to the
storage device over the system bus. The storage device will then send the
requested data back to the memory unit over the system bus. This data can
then be used by the computer to run the program

4. INPUT UNIT
The computer system responds to the instruction it receives from the users.
And to get those instructions, a computer needs an input unit. This includes
all the input devices responsible for reading the data entered by the user.

The system doesn’t respond unless it receives a command from the user using
the input unit or the input devices. The users use numbers, letters, images,
etc. to enter the command, the input devices are the ones accepting them. For
example – we use a keyboard to enter a text, the keyboard here becomes the
input unit.

Functions of Input Unit of a Computer System

Takes in user commands in the form of data.

Converts data in a digital language format.

Sends over the data to the processing unit for the next step.

Examples of Input Unit

Keyboard

Mouse

Joystick

Light pen

Track Ball

Scanner

Graphic Tablet

How the input unit communicates with external peripherals

The input unit communicates with external peripherals through the use of data
lines and control lines. The data lines are used to send and receive information
between the input unit and the external peripherals. The control lines are used
to send commands from the input unit to the external peripherals. For
example, when a user presses a key on a keyboard, the input unit sends a
command to the keyboard via the control lines. The keyboard then sends data
to the input unit via the data lines, indicating which key was pressed. The
input unit can then use this information to perform the appropriate action.
5. OUTPUT UNIT

The user, when sending a set of instructions to the computer, reaches the
output device in the end. The execution of command takes place here and the
users get their results.

The processor sends the transcript instructions to the output devices for
execution. These devices always have a connection to the system and thus the
coordination is quite easy.

The monitor is one of the main output devices which displays the results to the
user. Everything that the input devices receive, reaches the output devices
eventually. All the execution activities take place inside the mechanism of a
device.

Functions of Output Unit of Computer

- Receives the instructions in machine language to execute a task.

- Coordinates with the processor to get the instruction on time.
- Converts the machine language back into a user-friendly one by
completing tasks.
- It is the medium by which users understand that their demands are met
by the system.

Examples of Output Unit of a Computer

- Monitor – variants
- Printers – all types
- Plotters
- Projector
- Speaker
- Headphones
- Ear Plugs

How the output unit communicates with external peripherals

The output unit communicates with external peripherals using a variety of

methods, depending on the type of device being used. For example, a monitor
communicates with the output unit using a video signal, while a printer
communicates using a printer command language. The output unit translates
the data coming from the central processing unit into a format that the
external peripheral can understand. This process is called formatting. Once the
data has been formatted, the output unit can then send it to the external
peripheral using the appropriate communication method.

3B. General definition

- A peripheral is any external device that connects to a computer for either
input or output. A peripheral device connects either physically or physically or
Wirelessly and it is controlled by the computer when connected.
- NB- Peripheral devices however are not essential for the computer to
perform
its basic tasks, they are an enhancement to the user’s experience

Examples of peripheral devices

- Digital camera and digital camcorder
- Docking station
- Gamepad and joysticks
- Headphones and headphone amplifiers
- Keyboard and MIDI keyboards
- Microphone
- Mouse
- Projector
- Printer
- Yokes and soundcards etc

The roots of peripheral devices

Peripheral devices can be connected via the following:-
- USB port
- Serial port
- Parallel port
- Specialized network card
- Ethernet network
- Lightning
- eSATA
- Fire wire
- Thunderbolt
- Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Roots
- Some peripheral devices are designed to use wireless connection to use a
Wireless connection to a computer. The most common wireless protocols used
By peripherals are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
NB- unlike a computer a peripheral device cannot operate itself but it relies
On a computer to work
NB- newer peripherals like Wi-Fi printers can now operate without being
Directly connected to a computer. However they often require a smartphone
Or tablet connected to the same network

3c

*Communication between Internal Components and External Peripherals*

When it comes to the communication between internal components and

external peripherals, it's essential to understand the role of buses, ports, and
cables in facilitating this interaction.

*Buses*:

- A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components

inside a computer or between computers. It can logically connect several
peripherals over the same set of wires, defining its set of connectors to
physically plug devices, cards, or cables together [𝟏𝟏].

*Internal and External Buses*:

- Internal buses are connections to various internal components, while external

buses are connections to various external components. These buses allow for
the transfer of data between internal components and external peripherals [𝟏𝟏].

*Types of Ports*:

- Computer ports serve as interfaces or points of connection between the

computer and its peripheral devices. They allow data to flow to and from the
device and are responsible for communication between the computer and its
peripheral device [𝟐𝟐].

*Cables and Connections*:

- External peripherals can be connected via various types of cables and
connections, with the USB connection being the most common due to its plug-
and-play feature. Internal storage devices such as hard disks are usually
connected with a SATA cable, while display port and HDMI are popular
connections for displays and monitors [𝟑𝟑].

In conclusion, the communication between internal components and external

peripherals is facilitated by buses, ports, and cables, which enable the transfer
of data and the connection of various devices to the computer.