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Chapter 1 ODE Tutorial

This document covers first-order differential equations, including their definitions, methods for solving them, and various application problems. It provides examples and exercises for different types of first-order equations such as separable, homogeneous, linear, and Bernoulli's equations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of integration techniques and encourages practice with real-life problems that can be modeled using differential equations.

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Mani Mal
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3 views

Chapter 1 ODE Tutorial

This document covers first-order differential equations, including their definitions, methods for solving them, and various application problems. It provides examples and exercises for different types of first-order equations such as separable, homogeneous, linear, and Bernoulli's equations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of integration techniques and encourages practice with real-life problems that can be modeled using differential equations.

Uploaded by

Mani Mal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1 : FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Learning Objectives
CLO3: Use mathematical methods to solve application problems. [C3, PL02]

Notes on Differential Equations

A differential equation is an equation involving one or more derivatives of an unknown function.


The order of a differential equation is determined by the highest derivative present.

Examples:

Solving a differential equation means finding a relationship between the unknowns. The solution of
an nth order differential equation has n arbitrary constants.

Notes on First-Order Differential Equations

Solution of first-order differential equations.

6.1 Separating the Variables

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 1


Examples:

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 2


Exercise 6A

Solve the following equations:

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 3


6.2 Homogeneous Equations - by substituting y = vx

Examples:

Exercise 6B

Solve the following equations:

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 4


6.3 Linear Equations - use of integrating factor

Examples:

Exercise 6C

Solve the following equations:

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 5


6.4 Bernoulli’s Equations

Examples:

Exercise 6D

Solve the following equations:

A Short Review
Solve the following equations using the appropriate method:

6.5 Applications of First Order Differential Equations

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 6


Exercise 6E

1. The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is proportional to the amount y remaining at any
instant. The half-life of C14 is 5730 years. If a fossilised bone contains 25% of the original
amount of radioactive carbon, what is its age?

2. A copper ball is heated to a temperature of 100 oC. Then, at time t = 0 it is placed in water that is
maintained at a temperature of 300C. At the end of 3 minutes the temperature of the ball is
reduced to 70oC. Find the time at which the temperature of the ball is 31 oC. Experiments show
that the rate of change of temperature T of the ball is proportional to the difference between T
and the temperature of the surrounding medium (Newton’s Law of Cooling).

3. The rate of increase in the population of a country is directly proportional to the number of its
inhabitants. The population of a certain country is known to double every 30 years. If its
population in the year 1990 was 8 million, in what year will the population be 10 million?

4. One model for the way diseases spread assumes that the rate at which the number of infected
people changes is proportional to the number of infected people. Suppose that in the course of
any given year the number of cases of a disease is reduced by 20%. If there are 10,000 cases this
year, how many years will it take to reduce the number to 1000?

5. The intensity L(x) of light x feet beneath the surface of the ocean satisfies the differential
equation

As a diver, you know from experience that diving to 18 feet in the Carribbean Sea cuts the
intensity in half. You cannot work without artificial light when the intensity falls below one-tenth of
the surface value. How deep can you expect to work without artificial light?

Note: There are many problems in real-life which can be solved by forming first-order differential
equations. Do look up various reference books for them!

Summing Up

• Be very proficient in identifying the various types of differential equations so that you
know which technique to use
• You would have noticed that integration is important in this chapter, so use this
opportunity to revise your integration techniques!!
• The word problems in this chapter are very challenging as you need to form your own
differential equation. You need practice and exposure in this area. Look up for more
examples in other books.

Tutorial 6

Solve the following equations.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 7


ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 8
(OPTIONAL QUESTIONS)

23. When a bullet is fired into a pool of sand, its velocity decreases at a rate equal to the square
root of its velocity upon entering. How long will it travel before it comes to rest if its velocity
immediately upon entering the sand is 144 cm/s?

24. The rate of increase in the population of a country is directly proportional to the number of
inhabitants. If the population of a country doubles in 50 years, how long would it take to
treble?

25. The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is proportional to the amount A remaining at any
instant. If A = Ao at t = 0, prove that, if the time taken for the amount to become 1/2 Ao is 600
years, then

A = Aoe-(t ln2)/600

Find the time taken for the amount remaining to be 5% of the original amount.

Answers

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 9


Exercise 6A

Exercise 6B

Exercise 6C

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE


10
Exercise 6D

Exercise 6E

1. 11460 years 2. 22.8 mins 3. Around August 1999

4. 10.32 years 5. 59.8 feet

Tutorial 6

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II PAGE 11

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