UNIT 01: STATES OF MATTER

Matter???
Matter is every thing around us that:
+ Has mass
+ Occupies space
Matter is made up of tiny particles
There are 3 states of matter: Solids, liquids and gases
1. KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY
The kinetic particle theory of matter describes the three different states, and
the changes between them, in terms of the movement of particles. The major
points of the theory are:

 All matter is made up of very small particles calles atoms or

molecules.
 Particles are moving all the time (the higher the temperature, the
higher the average energy and the speed of the particles).
 There are forces between particle called forces of attraction
2. STATES OF MATTER
3. CHANGING STATE

Evaporation:
+ Take place from the suface of the liquid at various temperature ranges
+ Depend on two factors: surface area and liquid temperature

Boiling:
+ Take place within the liquid with bubbles of gas appear inside the liquid, at specific temperature called boiling point

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Question 1: What is the name of the physical change: water liquid  water vapour, at 300C ?
A. Evaporation

B. Boiling
C. Freezing
D. Condensing

4. HEATING CURVES AND COOLING CURVES

=> Help to illustrate how temperature changes impact changes in a state of matter
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Question 2: The graph below shows the heating curve of a substance.

In which part(s) of the graph does the substance gain kinetic
energy?
A. BC only
B. CD only
C. AB and CD
D. AB, BC and CD
Question 3: The table below shows the boiling and melting points of substances A to D.

3.1 From the above table, write down the LETTER (A-D) that represents the substance which is a:
(a) Liquid at 100 °C
(b) Solid at 100 °C
(c) Gas at 25 °C
3.2 Which ONE of the following diagrams represents the PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT of substance A at-120 °C?

5. DIFFUSION

The effect of RMM on the diffusion of gas

The important points derived from the kinetic particle theory relevant here are:

 Heavier gas particles move more slowly than lighter particles at the same temperature
 Larger molecules diffuse more slowly than smaller ones
 The rate of diffusion is inversely related to the mass of the particles
 The average speed of the particles increases with an increase in temperature.
REVISION
Question 1: The melting and boiling points of three pure substances are given in Table 1.3.

a All three substances have negative values for their melting point. Which of them has the lowest melting point?
b Which two substances are liquids at room temperature? Explain your answer.
c What effect does the presence of an impurity have on the freezing point of a liquid?

Question 2: The Table below shows the melting and boiling points of four substances A-D. In which of these four
substances are the particles arranged in a lattice (a regular structure) at room temperature?

A. Substance A
B. Substance B
C. Substance C
D. Substance D

Question 3: Oxygen is the gas we breathe in. It can be separated from the air. It boils at -219°C and freezes at -183°C.
a In which state is oxygen, at:
A 0°C?
B -200°C?
b How would you turn oxygen gas into solid oxygen?

Question 4: A group of friends sit sharing a special meal together. When the food was put on the table, they could all smell
the appetising food. How did the smell reach them when the dishes were placed on the table?
A decomposition
B diffusion
C distillation
D decolourisation.
Question 5: The figure shows one of the changes of physical state.

Which change of state is shown?

A boiling
B condensation
C melting
D evaporation

Question 6: The figure shows ice cubes floating on the

surface in a glass of fizzy drink.
In which of A-D are the particles close together but free
to move past
each other?
A bubbles
B glass
C drink
D ice cubes

Question 7: An experiment on the diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases is carried out in a glass tube. The
gases are given off by solutions held at each end of the tube.
When the two gases meet, they react to produce a white solid, ammonium chloride.
Which line (A-D) shows where the white solid is formed?
Question 8: The figure shows the arrangement of particles in each state of matter.

a In a gas, the particles are moving rapidly and randomly. Describe the movement of the particles in a liquid.
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b How does the movement of the particles in a solid change when it is heated?
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c What name is given to the process which happens when liquid water changes to water vapour at room temperature?
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d What is meant by the term freezing?
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Question 9:
A teacher opens a bottle of perfume at the front of her laboratory. She notices a smell of flowers. A few minutes later,
students at the front of the lab notice the smell too. Those students at the back do not notice it until later.
a What two processes must take place for the smell from the perfume to reach the back of the lab?
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Later in the day, when the room had cooled, the teacher tries the same experiment with a different class. The smell is the
same but it takes longer to reach the back of the lab.
b Explain this observation by reference to the particles of perfume.
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Question 10: The figure shows the change in temperature as a substance cools down.

a What is happening to the substance between C and D?

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b What is happening to the particles of the substance between A and B?
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c Why does the temperature not change between B and C?
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9 Ammonia gas (M, = 17) is a base that changes universal indicator to purple. Hydrogen chloride gas (M = 36.5) is an acid
that changes universal indicator to red.

The figure shows an experiment done with these two gases. After two minutes, the universal indicator paper changed to
purple.
a Why did the universal indicator change to purple and not red?
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b A further experiment is shown in the figure, measuring the rates of diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride.

In the ammonia tube, the colour changed in 34s. Estimate approximately how long it took for the indicator paper in the
HCI tube to change colour. Choose your answer (A-D) and give a reason.
A 34s B 100s C 50s D 25s
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Question 11: Below is a heating curve for a pure substance. It shows how the temperature rises over time, when the
substance is heated until it melts, then boils.

a What is the melting point of the substance?

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b What happens to the temperature while the substance changes state?

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c The graph shows that the substance takes longer to boil than to melt. Suggest a reason for this.
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d How can you tell that the substance is not water? Sketch a rough heating curve for pure water.
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Question 12: A cooling curve is the opposite of a heating curve. It shows how the temperature of a substance changes with
time, as it is cooled from a gas to a solid. Here is the cooling curve for one substance:
What is the state of the substance at roomtemperature (20°C)?