PROBABILITY

AND

COUNTING
RULES
Domingo, Angel M.
AC3A-STATSOFT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

OUTCOMES IN A SEQUENCE COMBINATION

PROCESS OF PROBABILITY TYPES

COUNTING RULES DIFFERENCES

PERMUTATION EXAMPLES

Presentation by Angel Domingo 01

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
> Determine the number of outcomes in a sequence of events using
fundamental counting rules.

> Identify the process of probability and counting rules.

> Define permutation and combination.

> Enumerate the types of permutation and combination with

examples.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 02

 NUMBER OF OUTCOMES IN A
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

To determine the number of outcomes in a sequence of events using

the fundamental counting rule, multiply the number of outcomes for
each individual event together. For example, if event A has 2 outcomes,
event B has 3 outcomes, and event C has 2 outcomes, the total number
of outcomes in the sequence is 2 * 3 * 2 = 12.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 03

 NUMBER OF OUTCOMES IN A
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

If you have a series of choices, and each choice has a certain

number of options, you multiply the number of options for each
choice to find the total number of possible combinations.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 04

 NUMBER OF OUTCOMES IN A
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
The fundamental counting rule only applies to independent events,
meaning the outcome of one event doesn't affect the outcome of the
other.
The order in which the events occur matters when using this rule, as
different orders will be considered distinct outcomes.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 05

 COUNTING RULES

Probability is primarily concerned with predicting

chances especially the occurrence of an event, before
the predictions can be made, you should first know,
how to determine

Presentation by Angel Domingo 06

 COUNTING TECHNIQUE

In some cases, the number of outcomes is very small

that you can determine it by systematic listening.
However, there are also cases when the situation
becomes complex and you need to employ more
organized strategy to determine the number of possible
outcomes

Presentation by Angel Domingo 07

 COUNTING RULES

Any probability activity is called an EXPERIMENT

that gives result which are known as OUTCOMES.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 08

 TREE DIAGRAM

It is a graphic organizer that makes use of branching

connecting lines to represent a certain relationship
between events.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 09

 TREE DIAGRAM

Presentation by Angel Domingo 10

 FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

While the tree diagram could be a helpful way to

organize the counting of the possible outcomes in an
experiment, it might prove to inconvenient especially
when many variables are considered in the process.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 11

 FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

Connectives provide clues in determining the operation

utilized in solving word problems involving counting
techniques. The connective “ and “ indicates a
multiplication operation while the connective “ or “
indicates an addition operation.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 12

 MULTIPLICATION RULE

If an action can be done in m ways, and for each

way, a second action can be done in n ways,
then the two ways can be done in mn ways. It
can be extended to cover actions performed in
more than two ways

Presentation by Angel Domingo 13

 EXAMPLE
Multiplication Rule

When three dices are thrown, how many

different outcomes are possible?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 14

 EXAMPLES
Multiplication Rule

Solution:

Since there 6 possible outcomes for each

dice, then thrown 3 dice the total number
of outcomes, as given by the general
counting principle is 6 x 6 x 6 =216
Presentation by Angel Domingo 15
 PROBLEM
Multiplication Rule

A four-digit number can be formed using the

digits 2, 4, 5, 6, and 9 such that no digit can be
used more than once. How many distinct four-
digit numbers can be formed?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 16

 PROBLEM
Multiplication Rule

Lovely tossed a coin three times, how many

outcomes are possible?

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 PROBLEM
Multiplication Rule

Emily plans to have pasta and pizza for a main

course. If there are 7 different pizzas available
and 5 different pastas available, how many
meal choices does Emily have?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 18

 ADDITION RULE
The addition rule in probability is used to
calculate the probability of two or more
events happening, either individually or
in combination.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 19

 ADDITION RULE

If you are drawing a card from a

standard deck of 52 cards, what is the
probability of drawing either a heart or
a queen?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 20

 ADDITION RULE

P(Heart): 13/52 = 1/4 (13 hearts in a

deck)
P(Queen): 4/52 = 1/13 (4 queens in a
deck)
P(Heart and Queen): 1/52 (one card is
both a heart and a queen, the Queen
of Hearts)
Presentation by Angel Domingo 21
 ADDITION RULE

Applying the addition rule:

P(Heart or Queen) = P(Heart) + P(Queen)
- P(Heart and Queen)
P(Heart or Queen) = 1/4 + 1/13 - 1/52
P(Heart or Queen) = 13/52 + 4/52 - 1/52 =
16/52 = 4/13

Presentation by Angel Domingo 22

 EXAMPLE
Addition Rule

At a local language school, 40% of the students

are learning Spanish, 20% of the students are
learning German, and 8% of the students are
learning both Spanish and German. What is the
probability that a randomly selected student is
learning Spanish or German?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 23

 EXAMPLES
Addition Rule

P(Spanish or German) = P(S) + P(G) - P(S and G)

= 0.4 + 0.2 - 0.08

= 0.52

Presentation by Angel Domingo 24

 PROBLEM
Addition Rule

There are 50 students enrolled in the second year of a

business degree program. During this semester, the students
have to take some elective courses. 18 students decide to take
an elective in psychology, 27 students decide to take an
elective in philosophy, and 10 students decide to take an
elective in both psychology and philosophy. What is the
probability that a student takes an elective in psychology or
philosophy?
Presentation by Angel Domingo 25
 PROBLEM
Addition Rule

At a local basketball game, 70% of the fans are cheering for the
home team, 25% of the fans are wearing blue, and 12% of the
fans are cheering for the home team and wearing blue. What
is the probability that a randomly selected fan is cheering for
the home team or wearing blue?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 26

 PROBABILITY

Probability is a numerical expression of the

likelihood of an event occurring, ranging from 0
(impossible) to 1 (certain). It's calculated by
dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the
total number of possible outcomes.

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 PROBABILITY

The process of calculating probability involves

identifying the sample space (all possible
outcomes), defining the event of interest, and
then determining the probability based on the
number of outcomes within that event.

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 PROBABILITY

Sample Space:

This involves listing all possible outcomes of an

event or experiment. For example, when flipping a
coin, the sample space is {Heads, Tails}.

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 PROBABILITY

Event of Interest:

Identify the specific outcome or set of outcomes

you're interested in. For instance, when flipping a
coin, the event of interest could be getting
"Heads".

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 PROBABILITY

Basic Probability:

Probability is calculated as the ratio of the number

of favorable outcomes to the total number of
possible outcomes. For the coin flip example, the
probability of getting Heads is 1 (favorable
outcome) / 2 (total outcomes) = 0.5.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 31

 PROBABILITY

Conditional Probability:

If the outcome of one event influences the

outcome of another, conditional probability
accounts for that influence. The probability of
event A given that event B has occurred is
denoted as P(A|B).

Presentation by Angel Domingo 32

 PROBABILITY

Interpret the Result:

A probability value of 0 indicates the event is

impossible, while a value of 1 indicates the event is
certain. Values between 0 and 1 represent the
likelihood of the event occurring.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 33

 PERMUTATION

A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a

definite order. The members or elements of sets
are arranged here in a sequence or linear order.
For example, the permutation of set A={1,6} is 2,
such as {1,6}, {6,1}. As you can see, there are no
other ways to arrange the elements of set A.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 34

 PERMUTATION

Permutations with Repetition:

In this type, elements can be repeated in the

arrangement. For example, in the word "AAAB," the
letter "A" can appear multiple times.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 35

 PERMUTATION

Permutations without Repetition:

Here, each element can appear only once in the

arrangement. For instance, arranging the letters
"ABC" without repetition would result in
arrangements like "ABC", "BAC", etc., but not "AAB".

Presentation by Angel Domingo 36

 PERMUTATION
Permutations of Multisets:

These involve arrangements where elements are

not necessarily distinct, and some elements may
appear more than once. For example, arranging
the letters in "MISSISSIPPI" would involve dealing
with the repeated occurrences of "I", "S", and "P".

Presentation by Angel Domingo 37

 PERMUTATION

Circular Permutations:

These involve arranging elements in a circular

order, where the starting point is not fixed. For
example, arranging people around a circular table.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 38

 PERMUTATION

Alternating Permutations:

These are permutations where the elements are

arranged in an alternating sequence of increasing
and decreasing order. For example, 132 and 231 are
alternating permutations of {1, 2, 3}.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 39

 PERMUTATION
FORMULA:

nPr = n!
( n - r)!

or

P(n,r) = n! ÷ (n-r)!
Presentation by Angel Domingo 40
 PERMUTATION
Examples:

1.)In how many ways can seven books be arranged

on a shelf?
2.)In how many different ways can the letters of
the word THOUGHTS be arranged so that the
vowels always come together?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 41

 PERMUTATION
Solution:
Number of ways in which the first book can be
placed = 7
Number of ways in which the second book can be
placed = 6
Similarly,
The total number of ways in which seven books
can be arranged on a shelf = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
(i.e., 7!)
= 5040
Presentation by Angel Domingo 42
 PERMUTATION
Solution: 2
Given word: THOUGHTS
Number of letters = 8
T’s = 2
H’s = 2
Number of vowels = 2 (O, U)
Vowels should come together.
So, the number of letters for arrangement = 7
i.e., (OU)THGHTS

Presentation by Angel Domingo 43

 PERMUTATION

Number of arrangements = 7!
And two vowels can be arranged in 2! ways.
Therefore, the total number of ways of
arrangements = (7! × 2!)/(2! 2!)
= 7!/2!
= (7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2!)/2!

= 2520

Presentation by Angel Domingo 44

 COMBINATION

In mathematics, a combination is a way of

selecting items from a set where the order of
selection does not matter. It's a selection or
grouping of objects without regard to the order in
which they are chosen.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 45

 COMBINATION
Combinations With Repetition:

This type allows an object to be chosen multiple

times within a selection. For instance, choosing 3
balls from a bag containing 1 red, 1 blue, and 1
green ball, where you can choose the same color
multiple times (e.g., 2 red balls and 1 green ball).
Presentation by Angel Domingo 46
 COMBINATION
Combinations Without Repetition:

This type involves selecting objects from a set

where each object can be chosen only once. For
example, choosing 3 students from a class of 10 to
form a team, where the order of selection doesn't
matter (student A, B, and C is the same as student
B, A, and C).
Presentation by Angel Domingo 47
 COMBINATION

Selection, not Arrangement:

Combinations focus on the selection of a certain

number of items from a set, without considering
the order in which those items are selected.

Presentation by Angel Domingo 48

 COMBINATION

Formula:

The number of combinations of choosing r items

from a set of n items is often denoted as "nCr" or
"n choose r" and can be calculated using the
formula: nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!).
Presentation by Angel Domingo 49
 COMBINATION

Examples:

If there are 10 multiple-choice questions on an

exam, each having 3 possible answers, how many
different possibilities are there for sequences
ofcorrect answers?
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 COMBINATION

Solution:

3 to the 10 power or
th

3x3x3x3x3x3x3x3x3x3
= 59, 049

Presentation by Angel Domingo 51

 COMBINATION

Problem:

A brand of women’s jeans can be ordered in seven different

sizes, 3 different colors and 3 different styles. How many jeans
have to be ordered ifthe store wants to have one pair of each
type?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 52

 COMBINATION

Problem:

A gardener has 6 rows in his garden available for 6 different

vegetables.If each vegetable gets one row, how many different
ways are there to position the vegetables in the garden?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 53

 COMBINATION

Problem:

The Quinella consists of picking the horses that will place first
or secondregardless of order. If 8 horses are entered in a race,
how many winningcombinations are there?

Presentation by Angel Domingo 54

THANK YOU
PROBABILITY AND COUNTING RULES

Angel Domingo
domingoangelmea@icloud.com