ESGEE D’Oran 2024-2025

Analysis2 Work sheet 8 : ODE

Exercise 1. Solve the following differential equations :

1)y ′ + x ln(x) = 0. 2)y ′ + 2y = x2 . 3)y ′ + y = 2 sin x.

4)y ′ − y = (x + 1)ex . 5)y ′ + y = 3x − ex .

Exercise 2. Solve the following Bernoulli differential equations :
2
1)xy ′ + y = x2 y 2 . 2) − y ′ + y 2 = ex y.
x
Exercise 3. Verify that y1 is a particular solution of the indicated Riccati
equation. Then solve this equation in all the following cases :

1)y ′ − 2xy + y 2 = 2 − x2 , (y1 = x + 1 is a particular solution).

1
2)x2 y ′ + xy + x2 y = 1, (y1 = is a particular solution),
x
.
Exercise 4. Solve the following differential equations on appropriate intervals :

1)xy ′ − y = 2x2 , y(1) = 5. 2)xy ′ + y = ex , y(1) = 2.

3)y ′ + y tan x = cos2 x, y(0) = −1. 4)(x + 1)y ′ + y = ln x, y(1) = 10.

Exercise 5. Solve the following differential equations :

1)y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = 0. 2)y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 0. 3)y ′′ − y ′ = 0. 4)y ′′ − 2y ′ + 5y = 0.

5)y ′′ − 6y ′ + 9y = 0. 6)y ′′ + 4y ′ + 4y = 0. 7)y ′′ + 4y ′ + 13y = 0.

Exercise 6. 1. Solve the following differential equations :

a)y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = 4x2 . b)y ′′ + 2y ′ + y = 4xex . c)y ′′ + y ′ − 2y = sin x.

d)y ′′ = sinh x. e)y ′′ + y = x + e−3x .

f )y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = sinh x − 2 sech x. g)y ′′ − 2y = cosh 2x.
2. For the equations a) and c) , find the solution that satisfies the conditions
y(0) = 1 and y ′ (0) = 2.
Hint : For equation a) , look for a particular solution in the form y0 (x) = ax2 +
bx + c, a ̸= 0.

1
 Additional Exercise 1 Find the set of solutions to the following differential
equations :
1)y ′ − 4y = 3, (x ∈ R).
h π πi
2)y ′ − y tan x = sin x, (x ∈ − , ).
2 2
y
3)y ′ = + x, (x ∈ R∗+ ).
x
4)(x + 1)y ′ + xy = 0, (x ∈ R).
2

Additional Exercise 2 Solve the following separable differential equations :

√
1. 1 − x2 y ′ − y = 0.

2.y ′ = y(y − 1) cos x.

3.y ′ − xy 2 = x.
x+1
4.y ′ = .
y2
5.y ′ = ex+y .
Additional Exercise 3 Solve the following differential equations :
1. y ′′ + y ′ + y = 0.
2. y ′′ + y = ex .
Additional Exercise 4 Solve the following differential equation :

y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = 0.

Find the solution to this equation such that y(0) = 0 and y ′ (0) = −3.

2
 Work sheet 8 Answers

Exercise 1
1) Consider the differential equation (E1 ) : y ′ + x ln(x) = 0.
This is a first-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE), defined on R∗+ .
dy
Rewriting y ′ as dx , we have :
dy
(E1 ) ⇐⇒ = −x ln(x) ⇐⇒ dy = −x ln(x) dx
dx
Integrate both sides :
Z Z
dy = − x ln(x) dx (Ẽ1 ).
R
To solve x ln(x) dx, we use integration by parts. Let :
( (
u′ (x) = x, u(x) = 12 x2 ,
=⇒
v(x) = ln(x), v ′ (x) = x1 .
Applying integration by parts u′ v dx = uv − uv ′ dx :
R R

Z Z
1 2 1 2 1
x ln(x) dx = x ln(x) − x · dx
2 2 x
Z
1 1
= x2 ln(x) − x dx
2 2
1 1
= x2 ln(x) − x2 + C.
2 4
Substituting back into (Ẽ1 ) :
 
1 2 1 2
y=− x ln(x) − x + C,
2 4
1 1
y = − x2 ln(x) + x2 + C, C ∈ R.
2 4
Thus, the general solution to (E1 ) is :
1 1
y(x) = − x2 ln(x) + x2 + C.
2 4
2) Consider the differential equation (E2 ) : y ′ + 2y = x2
is a first-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE), defined on R.
Homogeneous Solution
First, solve the homogeneous equation (EH ) : y ′ + 2y = 0. We have :

3
 dy dy
(EH ) ⇐⇒ = −2y ⇐⇒ = −2 dx, (y ̸= 0)
dx y
Z Z
dy
⇐⇒ = −2 dx ⇐⇒ ln |y| = −2x + C,
y
⇐⇒ y = Ke−2x , (K = ±eC ∈ R).
Particular Solution
We look for a particular solution yp of the form yp = ax2 + bx + c. Then,
′
yp = 2ax + b. Substituting into (E2 ) :

2ax + b + 2(ax2 + bx + c) = x2 ,
We get
2ax2 + (2a + 2b)x + (b + 2c) = x2 .
Equating coefficients :
 
1
2a = 1,
 a = 2 ,

2a + 2b = 0, =⇒ b = − 12 ,
 
b + 2c = 0, c = 14 .
 

Thus, the particular solution is :

1 1 1
y p = x2 − x + .
2 2 4
The general solution of (E2 ) is :
1 1 1
yG = yH + yp = Ke−2x + x2 − x + .
2 2 4
′
3) Consider the differential equation (E3 ) : y +y = 2 sin x is a first-order linear
ODE, defined on R.
Homogeneous Solution
Solve (EH ) : y ′ + y = 0 :
dy dy
(EH ) ⇐⇒ = −y ⇐⇒ = −dx, (y ̸= 0)
dx y
Z Z
dy
⇐⇒ = − dx ⇐⇒ ln |y| = −x + C
y
⇐⇒ y = Ke−x , (K = ±eC ∈ R).
Particular Solution

4
 We look for a particular solution yp of the form yp = λ sin x + µ cos x. Then,
yp′ = λ cos x − µ sin x. Substituting into (E3 ) :

(λ cos x − µ sin x) + (λ sin x + µ cos x) = 2 sin x,

=⇒ (λ − µ) cos x + (λ + µ) sin x = 2 sin x.

Equating coefficients :
( (
λ − µ = 0, λ = 1,
=⇒
λ + µ = 2, µ = 1.

Thus, the particular solution is :

yp = sin x + cos x.

The general solution of (E3 ) is :

yG = yH + yp = Ke−x + sin x + cos x.

4) Solution to y ′ − y = (x + 1)ex .
Homogeneous Solution

yH = Kex , K ∈ R,

Particular Solution Using variation of constants (yp = k(x)ex ) :

1
k ′ (x) = x + 1 ⇒ k(x) = x2 + x + C,
2
 
1 2
yp = x + x ex (taking C = 0 for particular solution).
2
General Solution
 
1 2
y= x +x+M ex , M ∈ R.
2

5) Solution to y ′ + y = 3x − ex .
Homogeneous Solution

yH = Ke−x , K ∈ R.

Particular Solution In this case, yp = yp1 + yp2 , where yp1 is of the form
yp = ax + b, and yp2 is of the form yp = aex .
For yp1 , we have yp′ = a. Substituting into (E5 ), we get :

5
 (
a = 3,
yp′ 1 + yp1 = 3x ⇒ ax + a + b = 3x ⇒
b = −a = −3,
Thus, yp1 = 3x − 3.
For yp2 , we have yp′ 2 = aex . Substituting into (E5 ), we get :
1
yp′ 2 + yp2 = −ex ⇒ 2a = −1 ⇒ a = − .
2
1 x
Therefore, yp2 = − 2 e . Hence, the particular solution is :
1
yp = 3x − 3 − ex .
2
General Solution of (E5 )
1
yG = Ke−x + 3x − 3 − ex , where K ∈ R.
2
Exercise 2 : Consider the Bernoulli equation :

(EBr ) : xy ′ + y = x2 y 2 .

We observe that y = 0 is a solution of (EBr ). For y ̸= 0, we divide the Bernoulli

equation (EBr ) by y 2 (with y ̸= 0), and then by x (with x ̸= 0). This yields :
1
(EBr ) =⇒ xy ′ y −2 + y −1 = x2 =⇒ y ′ y −2 + y −1 = x. (EBr )
x
−1 ′ ′ −2
Let z = y . Then, z = −y y . Substituting into the equation (EBr ), we
obtain :
1
−z ′ + z = x. (1)
x
We observe that (1) is a first-order linear differential equation.
Homogeneous solution zH The homogeneous equation (EH ) is :
Z Z
′ 1 dz dx
−z + z = 0 =⇒ = =⇒ ln |z| = ln |cx|, (c ∈ R∗+ ).
x z x
Thus, z = ±c|x| =⇒ z = k|x|, k ∈ R∗ . This gives :
1
yH = .
k|x|
Particular Solution zp
Using the method of variation of constants, we seek a particular solution zp of the
form zp = k(x)|x|, where k is a function to be determined. We consider two cases :

6
 Case 1 : x > 0
Here, zp = k(x)x and zp′ = k ′ (x)x + k(x). Substituting into (1) :

1
−zp′ + zp = x =⇒ k ′ (x) = −1 =⇒ k(x) = −x + α, α ∈ R.
x
Thus :
zp = k(x)x = x(−x + α) =⇒ zp = −x2 + αx.
Case 2 : x < 0
Here, zp = −k(x)x. Similarly, we find :

zp = −x2 + αx.

Therefore :
1 1
yp = = 2
, where x ̸= 0.
zp −x + αx
The general solution of (EBr ) is given by :
1 1
yG = yH + yp =⇒ yG = + 2
, where k, α ∈ R∗ .
k|x| −x + αx

2. Consider the equation : −y ′ + x2 y 2 = y cos x. So

2
y ′ y −2 + y −1 cos x = , (y ̸= 0).
x
Using the substitution z = y −1 , we have z ′ = −y ′ y −2 . Substituting into (EBr )
gives :
2
z ′ + z cos x = .
x
This is another first-order linear differential equation.
Homogeneous Solution zH
The homogeneous equation (EH ) is :
Z Z
′ dz
z + z cos x = 0 =⇒ = − cos x dx =⇒ ln |z| = − sin x + c, (c ∈ R).
z
Thus :
|z| = ec e− sin x =⇒ z = ke− sin x , k = ±ec ∈ R∗ .
This gives :
1
yH = .
ke− sin x

7
 Particular Solution zp
Using the method of variation of constants, we seek a particular solution zp of the
form zp = k(x)e− sin x , where k is a function to be determined.
We consider the particular solution in the form zp = k(x)e− sin x , where k is a
function to be determined. Thus, we have :

zp′ = k ′ (x)e− sin x − k(x) cos xe− sin x .

Substituting into the equation :

Z
2 2 2 sin x
zp′ + zp cos x = =⇒ k ′ (x)e− sin x = =⇒ k(x) = e dx + c, c ∈ R.
x x x
Therefore : Z 
− sin x 2 sin x
zp = e e dx + c .
x
The particular solution for y is :
1 1
yp = = − sin x R 2 sin x
.
zp e x
e dx + c

The general solution of (EBr ) is then given by :

1 1
yG = yH + yp =⇒ yG = + R 2 sin x

, where k ∈ R∗ .
ke− sin x e− sin x x
e dx +c
Exercise 3
1) We solve the equation (ER) : y ′ − 2xy + y 2 = 2 − x2 . Given that y1 = x + 1 is
a particular solution, we set :
1
y = y1 + .
z
Then, we find :
z′
y′ = 1 − 2 .
z
Substituting into (ER), we obtain :
2
z′
  
1 1
(ER) ⇐⇒ 1− 2 −2x x + 1 + + x+1+ = 2−x2 ⇐⇒ −z ′ +2z = −1.
z z z
This is a linear differential equation.
Homogeneous Solution zH
The homogeneous equation (EH) is :
Z Z
′ dz
−z + 2z = 0 =⇒ = 2 dx =⇒ ln |z| = 2x + c, c ∈ R.
z

8
Thus :
z = ke2x , k = ±ec ∈ R∗ .
This gives :
1
yH = x + 1 + e−2x .
k
Particular Solution zp
We observe that zp = − 12 is a particular solution of (ER). Therefore, the general
solution for z is :
1
z = zH + zp =⇒ z = − + ke2x .
2
1
Since yG = y1 + z , the final solution is :
1
yG = x + 1 + , k ∈ R∗ ,
− 12 + ke2x

where x ̸= − 21 ln(2k) if k > 0.

2) Consider the equation :

x2 y ′ + xy + x2 y 2 = 1.

It is clear that y1 = x1 is a particular solution of (ER). To solve (ER) generally,

we make the substitution :
1
y = y1 + , (z ̸= 0).
z
Then, we find :
1 z′
y′ = − − .
x2 z 2
Substituting into (ER), we obtain :
2
z′
    
1 1 1 1 1
2
(ER) ⇔ x − 2 − 2 +x + +x 2
+ = 1 ⇔ −x2 z ′ +(x2 −1)z 2 +xz = 0, (ER).
x z x z x z

This differential equation (ER) is of Bernoulli type. Dividing (ER) by z 2 and

setting t = z −1 , we obtain :

(ER) ⇔ x2 z ′ z −2 − xz −1 = x2 − 1 ⇔ x2 t′ + xt = −x2 − 1.

Homogeneous Solution tH
The homogeneous equation (EH) is :
Z Z
2 ′ dt dx 1
x t + xt = 0 ⇒ =− ⇒ ln |t| = − ln |cx| = ln , (c ∈ R∗+ ).
t x cx

9
Thus :
k 1
tH = , k = ± ∈ R∗ .
|x| c
Particular Solution tp
We consider the particular solution in the form tp = k(x)|x|
and distinguish two cases :
Case 1 : x > 0 ′
Here, tp = k(x)
x
and t′p = k (x)x−k(x)
x2
. Substituting into the equation :

1 1
x2 t′p + xtp = −x2 − 1 ⇔ k ′ (x) = −x − ⇔ k(x) = − x2 − ln x + α, α ∈ R.
x 2
Thus :
k(x) 1 1 α
tp = = − x − ln x + , α ∈ R.
x 2 x x
Case 2 : x < 0
Similarly, we obtain :

k(x) 1 1 α
tp = = − x − ln |x| + , α ∈ R.
|x| 2 x |x|

The general solution for t is :

k 1 1 α β 1 1
t = tH + tp = − x − ln |x| + = − x − ln |x|, β = k + α ∈ R.
|x| 2 x |x| |x| 2 x

Since t = z1 , we have :

1
z= β 1
.
|x|
− 2
x − x1 ln |x|

Finally, the general solution for y is :

1 1 β 1 1 1 β 1
yG = y1 + = + − x − ln |x| = (1 − ln |x|) + − x.
z x |x| 2 x x |x| 2

Exercise 4.
1) Consider the differential equation xy ′ − y = 2x2 with initial condition y(1) = 5.
We begin by finding the general solution, then apply the initial conditions.
Homogeneous Solution yH
The homogeneous equation (EH ) is :
Z Z
′ dy dx
xy − y = 0 =⇒ = =⇒ ln |y| = ln |cx|, (c ∈ R∗+ ).
y x

10
Thus :
yH = kx, k = ±c ∈ R∗ .
Particular Solution yp
We assume a particular solution of the form yp = k(x)x. Then :

yp′ = k ′ (x)x + k(x).

Substituting into the original equation :

xyp′ − yp = 2x2 =⇒ k ′ (x) = 2 =⇒ k(x) = 2x + α, α ∈ R.

Therefore :
yp = (2x + α)x, α ∈ R.
The general solution is :

y = yH + yp = kx + (2x + α)x = 2x2 + λx, where λ = k + α ∈ R.

Applying the initial condition y(1) = 5 :

2(1)2 + λ(1) = 5 =⇒ λ = 3.

Thus, the solution is :

y = 2x2 + 3x.
2) Consider the equation xy ′ +y = ex with initial condition y(1) = 2 for x ∈ R∗ .

Homogeneous Solution yH
The homogeneous equation (EH ) is :
Z Z
′ dy dx 1
xy + y = 0 =⇒ =− =⇒ ln |y| = − ln |cx| = ln , (c ∈ R∗+ ).
y x cx
Thus :
k 1
yH = , k = ± ∈ R∗ .
x c
Particular Solution yp
k(x)
We assume a particular solution of the form yp = x
. Then :

k ′ (x)x − k(x)
yp′ = .
x2
Substituting into the original equation :

xyp′ + yp = ex =⇒ k ′ (x) = ex =⇒ k(x) = ex + α, α ∈ R.

11
Therefore :
ex + α
yp = , α ∈ R.
x
The general solution is :
k ex + α ex + λ
y = yH + yp = + = , where λ = k + α ∈ R.
x x x
Applying the initial condition y(1) = 2 :

e1 + λ
= 2 =⇒ λ = 2 − e.
1
Thus, the solution is :
ex + (2 − e)
y= .
x
3) Consider the differential equation :
nπ o
y ′ + y tan x = cos2 x, y(0) = −1, on D = R \ + kπ | k ∈ Z .
2
Homogeneous Solution yH
The homogeneous equation (EH) is :
Z Z Z
′ dy sin x
y + y tan x = 0 =⇒ = − tan x dx = − dx.
y cos x
Let t = cos x, then dt = − sin x dx, so :
Z Z
dy dt
= =⇒ ln |y| = ln |ct| =⇒ y = k cos x.
y t
Thus :
yH = k cos x, k = ±c ∈ R∗ .
Particular Solution yp
Assume a particular solution of the form yp = k(x) cos x. Then :

yp′ = k ′ (x) cos x − k(x) sin x.

Substituting into the original equation :

k ′ (x) cos x = cos2 x =⇒ k ′ (x) = cos x =⇒ k(x) = sin x + α, α ∈ R.

Therefore :
yp = (sin x + α) cos x.

12
The general solution is :
1
y = yH + yp = λ cos x + sin x cos x = λ cos x + sin 2x, λ = k + α ∈ R.
2
Applying the initial condition y(0) = −1 :
1
λ cos 0 + sin 0 = −1 =⇒ λ = −1.
2
Thus, the solution is :
1
y = − cos x + sin 2x.
2
Exercise 5.
1) Solve the second-order linear homogeneous equation :

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 0. (2)

The characteristic equation is :

r2 − 5r + 6 = 0.

The discriminant is :

∆ = b2 − 4ac = 25 − 24 = 1 > 0.

The roots are :

5−1 5+1
r1 = = 2, r2 = = 3.
2 2
Thus, the fundamental solutions are :

y1 = e2x , y2 = e3x .

The Wronskian is :
e2x e3x
W (x) = = e5x ̸= 0 ∀x ∈ R.
2e2x 3e3x

The general solution is :

yH = λe2x + µe3x , λ, µ ∈ R.

2) Solve the equation :

y ′′ − y ′ = 0. (3)

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The characteristic equation is :

r2 − r = 0 =⇒ r = 0 ∨ r = 1.

The general solution is :

yH = λ + µex , λ, µ ∈ R.

3) Solve the equation :

y ′′ − 2y ′ + 5y = 0. (4)

The characteristic equation is :

r2 − 2r + 5 = 0 with ∆ = −16 < 0.

The complex roots are :

2 ± 4i
r= = 1 ± 2i.
2
The general solution is :

yH = ex (λ cos 2x + µ sin 2x), λ, µ ∈ R.

4) Solve the equation :

y ′′ − 6y ′ + 9y = 0. (5)

The characteristic equation is :

r2 − 6r + 9 = 0 with ∆ = 0.

The double root is :

r = 3.
The general solution is :

yH = (λ + µx)e3x , λ, µ ∈ R.

Exercise 6.

1) Solve the differential equation :

y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = 4x2 (1)

The homogeneous solution from Exercise 5 is :

yH = λex + µe2x , λ, µ ∈ R

14
 We seek a particular solution of the form :

yp = ax2 + bx + c, a ̸= 0

Computing derivatives :
yp′ = 2ax + b
yp′′ = 2a
Substituting into (1) :

2a − 3(2ax + b) + 2(ax2 + bx + c) = 4x2

This yields the system :

 
2a = 4
 a = 2

2(b − 3a) = 0 ⇒ b=6
 
2a − 3b + 2c = 0 c=7
 

Thus, the general solution is :

y = λex + µe2x + 2x2 + 6x + 7, λ, µ ∈ R

2) Solve the equation :

y ′′ + 2y ′ + y = 4xex (2)

The characteristic equation is :

r2 + 2r + 1 = 0

with double root r = −1.

The homogeneous solution is :

yH = (λ + µx)e−x , λ, µ ∈ R

For a particular solution, assume :

yp = (ax + b)ex

Computing derivatives :

yp′ = (ax + b + a)ex

yp′′ = (ax + b + 2a)ex

15
 Substituting into (2) :

(4ax + 4b + 4a)ex = 4xex

( (
4a = 4 a=1
⇒ ⇒
4b + 4a = 0 b = −1
The general solution is :

y = (λ + µx)e−x + (x − 1)ex , λ, µ ∈ R

3) Solve the equation :

y ′′ + y ′ − 2y = sin x (3)

The characteristic equation is :

r2 + r − 2 = 0

with roots r1 = 1, r2 = −2.

The homogeneous solution is :

yH = λex + µe−2x , λ, µ ∈ R

For the particular solution yp , we assume :

yp = α cos x + β sin x, α, β ∈ R

Computing derivatives :

yp′ = −α sin x + β cos x

yp′′ = −α cos x − β sin x

Substituting into the equation :

(−α cos x − β sin x) + (−α sin x + β cos x) − 2(α cos x + β sin x) = sin x

(−3α + β) cos x + (−α − 3β) sin x = sin x

This yields the system :
( (
1
−3α + β = 0 α = − 10
⇒ 3
−α − 3β = 1 β = − 10

16
 Thus, the general solution is :
1 3
y = λex + µe−2x − cos x − sin x, λ, µ ∈ R.
10 10
4) Solve the differential equation with initial conditions :
(
y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = 4x2 ,
y(0) = 1 and y ′ (0) = 2.

From the previous solution :

y = λex + µe2x + 2x2 + 6x + 7.

Applying initial conditions :

( (
y(0) = λ + µ + 7 = 1 λ = −8
⇒
y ′ (0) = λ + 2µ + 6 = 2 µ=2

The solution is :
y = −8ex + 2e2x + 2x2 + 6x + 7.
5) Solve the equation :
y ′′ − 2y = cosh 2x.
The homogeneous solution is :
√ √
yH = λe 2x
+ µe− 2x
.

For the particular solution, assume :

yp = α cosh 2x.

Computing derivatives :
yp′′ = 4α cosh 2x.
Substituting into the equation :
1
4α cosh 2x − 2α cosh 2x = cosh 2x ⇒ 2α = 1 ⇒ α = .
2
Thus, the general solution is :
√ √ 1
y = λe 2x
+ µe− 2x
+ cosh 2x, λ, µ ∈ R.
2

17
II) For the particular solution yp , we assume :

yp = α cos x + β sin x, α, β ∈ R

Substituting into the differential equation :

yp′′ + yp′ − 2yp = sin x

(−3α + β) cos x + (−α − 3β) sin x = sin x

This yields the system :
( (
1
−3α + β = 0 α = − 10
⇒ 3
−α − 3β = 1 β = − 10

Thus, the general solution is :

1 3
y = λex + µe−2x − cos x − sin x, λ, µ ∈ R
10 10
6)For the equation y ′′ = sinh x, we integrate twice :

y ′ = cosh x + C1

y = sinh x + C1 x + C2 , C1 , C2 ∈ R
7)For y ′′ − 2y = cosh 2x :
Homogeneous solution :
√ √
yH = λe 2x
+ µe− 2x

Particular solution (using yp = A cosh 2x) :

yp′′ − 2yp = (4A − 2A) cosh 2x = 2A cosh 2x = cosh 2x

1
⇒A=
2
General solution :
√ √ 1
y = λe 2x
+ µe− 2x
+ cosh 2x
2
2)Solve with initial conditions y(0) = 1 and y ′ (0) = 2 :

y = −8ex + 2e2x + 2x2 + 6x + 7

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 Verification :
y(0) = −8 + 2 + 7 = 1
y ′ (0) = −8 + 4 + 6 = 2
y
Additional Exercise 1 . 3)Solve y ′ = x
+ x for x ∈ R∗+ .
Homogeneous solution :
′ yH
yH − = 0 ⇒ yH = kx, k∈R
x
Particular solution using variation of parameters (yp = k(x)x) :
yp
yp′ = k ′ (x)x + k(x) = + x ⇒ k ′ (x) = 1 ⇒ k(x) = x + C
x
yp = x2 + Cx
General solution :

y = yH + yp = kx + x2 + Cx = x2 + λx, λ∈R

4) Solve (x2 + 1)y ′ + xy = 0.

Separable equation :
dy x
=− 2 dx
y x +1
1
ln |y| = − ln(x2 + 1) + C
2
k
y=√ , k∈R
2
x +1
Additional Exercise 2 .
1)Solve the differential equation :
√
1 − x2 y ′ − y = 0

Separating variables :
dy dx
=√
y 1 − x2
ln |y| = arcsin x + C
y = kearcsin x , k = ±eC ∈ R
2) Solve the nonlinear equation :

y ′ = y(y − 1) cos x

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For y ̸= 0 and y ̸= 1, separate variables :
Z   Z
1 1
− dy = cos x dx
y−1 y

y−1
ln = sin x + C
y
y−1
= Kesin x , K = ±eC ∈ R
y
4) Solve by separation of variables (y ̸= 0) :
x+1
y′ =
y2
Z Z
2
y dy = (x + 1)dx

y3 x2
= +x+C
3 2
r
3 3 2
y= x + 3x + D, D = 3C
2
Additional Exercise 3
Solve the following differential equation : y ′′ + y ′ + y = 0.
The characteristic equation is given by r2 + r + 1 = 0.
√ √
−1 3 −1 3
∆ = −3, r1 = +i , r2 = −i
2 2 2 2
Thus, the general solution is :
√ ! √ !!
3 3 1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x e− 2 x , c1 , c2 ∈ R
2 2
Solve the following differential equation : y ′′ + y = ex .
The homogeneous equation is y ′′ + y = 0.
The characteristic equation is given by r2 + 1 = 0.

∆ = −4, r1 = i, r2 = −i.
The general solution to the homogeneous equation is :

yh = c1 cos x + c2 sin x, c1 , c2 ∈ R.
We look for a particular solution of the form yp = q(x)ex .

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Since α = 1 is not a root of the characteristic equation, the degree of q(x) is 0.
Thus,

yp = Aex .
Substituting yp into the differential equation :
1
Aex + Aex = ex =⇒ 2Aex = ex =⇒ A = .
2
Therefore, the particular solution is :
1
yp = ex .
2
The general solution to the non-homogeneous equation is :
1
y = yh + yp = ex + c1 cos x + c2 sin x, c1 , c2 ∈ R.
2
Additional Exercise 4
Solve the following differential equation :

y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = 0 (∗)
The characteristic equation is given by r2 − 2r + 1 = 0.

∆ = 0, r = 1 (double root).
Thus, the general solution is :

y = (ax + b)ex , a, b ∈ R
Find the solution of (*) such that y(0) = 0 and y ′ (0) = −3.
First, compute the derivative of y :

y ′ = (ax + b)ex + aex = (ax + b + a)ex .

Apply the initial conditions :
1. y(0) = 0 :

0 = (a · 0 + b)e0 = b =⇒ b = 0.
2. y ′ (0) = −3 :

−3 = (a · 0 + 0 + a)e0 = a =⇒ a = −3.
Thus, the solution satisfying the initial conditions is :

y = −3xex .

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