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OS Module 1 Study Material

The document provides an overview of operating systems (OS), detailing their role as a bridge between users and computer hardware, and categorizing them into types such as mainframe, desktop, multiprocessor, distributed, clustered, and real-time systems. It outlines key OS components and services, including process management, memory management, and system calls, as well as the concept of processes and threads, including their scheduling and communication. Additionally, it discusses multithreading models and associated challenges like synchronization and deadlock.

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8 views2 pages

OS Module 1 Study Material

The document provides an overview of operating systems (OS), detailing their role as a bridge between users and computer hardware, and categorizing them into types such as mainframe, desktop, multiprocessor, distributed, clustered, and real-time systems. It outlines key OS components and services, including process management, memory management, and system calls, as well as the concept of processes and threads, including their scheduling and communication. Additionally, it discusses multithreading models and associated challenges like synchronization and deadlock.

Uploaded by

dusra morr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction to Operating Systems


1.1 What is an Operating System?
An operating system (OS) is software that acts as a bridge between the user and the computer
hardware. It manages hardware resources and provides services to application programs. Think of it
like a manager that keeps everything running smoothly inside your computer.
1.2 Mainframe Systems
These are large and powerful computers used mainly by big organizations. Multiple users can work at
once on different terminals. The OS here manages many tasks and users simultaneously.
1.3 Desktop Systems
These are the typical computers we use at home or office. The OS is designed for one user at a time
and focuses on user-friendliness, responsiveness, and support for multimedia, games, and
productivity apps.
1.4 Multiprocessor Systems
These systems have two or more CPUs (processors) sharing memory and resources. The OS
coordinates them to perform tasks faster and more reliably. It’s like having multiple brains working
together.
1.5 Distributed Systems
In these systems, computers are connected through a network but work together as a single unit.
The OS ensures resource sharing, fault tolerance, and coordination between the systems.
1.6 Clustered Systems
Similar to distributed systems, but here the computers (or nodes) are tightly connected and often
share storage. The OS handles failover (backup in case one system fails) and load balancing.
1.7 Real-Time Systems
These systems respond to inputs instantly. They're used in situations where timing is crucial, like in
airbags, medical devices, or flight control systems. The OS guarantees a response within a fixed time.

2. Operating System Structures


2.1 System Components
These are the basic parts of an OS:
• Process management: Handles programs in execution.
• Memory management: Allocates and tracks RAM.
• File system: Manages storage of data in files.
• I/O system: Manages input and output devices.
• Networking: Enables data exchange over networks.
• Protection and Security: Prevents unauthorized access.
2.2 OS Services
Services provided by OS include:
• Program execution
• I/O operations
• File-system manipulation
• Communication (between processes)
• Error detection
• Resource allocation
• Security
2.3 System Calls
These are ways for programs to interact with the OS. For example, when you open a file, the program
sends a system call to the OS to handle it.
2.4 System Programs
These are utility programs provided by the OS, such as:
• File management tools
• Editors
• Compilers
• Debuggers
2.5 System Structure
OS structure varies. Some common types:
• Monolithic: All components in one layer (simple but hard to maintain).
• Layered: Divided into layers, each built on the one below.
• Microkernel: Minimal core with extra features in user space.
• Modular: Uses loadable modules for flexibility.

3. Processes
3.1 Process Concept
A process is a program in execution. It includes the program code, data, and state (like what's
currently happening in the program).
3.2 Process Scheduling
The OS decides which process runs and when using a scheduler. Common types:
• FCFS (First Come First Serve)
• SJF (Shortest Job First)
• Round Robin
• Priority Scheduling
3.3 Operations on Processes
Processes can:
• Be created (forked)
• Run
• Wait
• Be terminated
The OS manages all these transitions.
3.4 Interprocess Communication (IPC)
Processes often need to communicate. IPC allows data to be exchanged between processes using:
• Shared memory
• Message passing
3.5 Communication in Client–Server Systems
In a client-server model:
• The client sends a request.
• The server processes it and responds.
This is common in web browsing, email, etc. IPC is used here too, over network sockets.

4. Threads
4.1 Overview
A thread is a smaller unit of a process. A single process can have multiple threads that run parts of
the program simultaneously. They share memory but run independently.
4.2 Multithreading Models
• Many-to-One: Many user threads mapped to one kernel thread.
• One-to-One: One user thread per kernel thread.
• Many-to-Many: Many user threads mapped to a smaller or equal number of kernel threads.
4.3 Threading Issues
Multithreading brings challenges:
• Synchronization: Threads need to be coordinated to avoid data conflicts.
• Deadlock: Threads waiting forever for each other’s resources.
• Scalability: System should efficiently manage many threads.

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