Power Electronics

Semester : V
Branch : Electrical Engineering

Prof. Omprakash Kumar, Electrical Engineering

Government Engineering College

K Kishanganj, Bihar
Syllabus

Unit 1: Power Switching Devices

Unit 2: Thyristors Rectifiers

Unit 3: DC-DC Converters

Unit 4: Power Circuit of BOOST Converter

Unit 5: Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter

Unit 6: Three phase Voltage Source Inverter

 Unit 3

DC-DC Converters
 CONTENT

Elementary Chopper with an active switch & Diode

Concept of Duty Ratio and Average Voltage

Power Circuit of a Buck Converter

Analysis & Waveforms at Steady State

Duty Ratio Control of Output Voltage

DC-DC Converters / DC Converters/ DC Chopper
• Problem: We have 100 V fixed DC source and we need 50 V at
load.

• Solution 1: We can insert an external resistor where voltage drop

will be 50 V.

• This solution is not preferrable as heat loss will be there.

 DC-DC Converters / DC Converters/ DC Chopper
• Solution 2: We take a switch with negligible losses and keep that
in ON state i.e. closed such that we get only 50 V at load.
 DC-DC Converters / DC Converters/ DC Chopper
• Solution 2: We take a switch with negligible losses and keep that
in ON state i.e. closed such that we get only 50 V at load.

• Average output voltage, 𝑉𝑂 can also

Be calculated as:-
𝑉𝑆 𝑋𝑡𝑂𝑁 𝑡𝑂𝑁
𝑉𝑂 = = 𝑉𝑆 ( )
𝑇 𝑇
𝑡𝑂𝑁
=D=Duty Ratio or Duty Cycle
𝑇

𝑉𝑂 = 𝐷𝑉𝑆
𝑇 = 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑟
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
Off time, 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 𝑇 − 𝑡𝑂𝑁 = 𝑇 − 𝐷𝑇 = 𝑇(1 − 𝐷)
 DC-DC Converters / DC Converters/ DC Chopper
• Definition: A chopper is a high speed on/off semiconductor
switch. It connects source to load and disconnects the load from
source at a fast speed. In this manner, a chopped load voltage is
obtained from a constant DC supply.
 DC-DC Converters / DC Converters/ DC Chopper
• Voltage ripple:
Voltage ripple refers to the unwanted
fluctuating AC component that appears on
the DC output voltage.
This ripple is a result of the switching action
of the chopper.
Voltage ripple= max volt - min volt=100-0

• Current Ripple:
Current ripple refers to the fluctuating AC
component superimposed on the steady-state
DC current output.
This ripple is a result of the switching nature
of the chopper.
Current ripple= max current - min current
 DC-DC Converters / DC Converters/ DC Chopper
• To reduce the ripple in output voltage, capacitor is added in
parallel to the load.

• To reduce the ripple in output current, inductor is added in series

with the load.
 Principle of Operation of Step-Down/Buck Converter
• SW: BJT, PMOSFET, GTO, IGBT

• SW – Closed for time 𝑡𝑂𝑁

 Principle of Operation of Step-Down/Buck Converter
• After 𝑡𝑂𝑁 , SW is open for time 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹
 Principle of Operation of Step-Down/Buck Converter
• Average Output Voltage, 𝑉𝑎 :

• Average Output Current, 𝐼𝑎 :

𝑉𝑎
𝐼𝑎 =
𝑅
• T=Chopping Period or Switching Period
• D= Duty Ratio or Duty Cycle
• f=1/T= Chopping or Switching Frequency.
 Principle of Operation of Step-Down/Buck Converter
• RMS Output Voltage, 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑆 :
 Principle of Operation of Step-Down/Buck Converter
• Output Power of Converter, 𝑃𝑂 :
 Principle of Operation of Step-Down/Buck Converter
• The effective input resistance seen by the source, 𝑹𝒊 :
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺 𝑹
𝑹𝒊 = = = = =
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝑺 𝑰𝒂 𝑫𝑽𝑺ൗ 𝑫
𝑹
 Control Strategies
• 𝑉𝑎 = 𝐷𝑉𝑆 :- Average output voltage depends on duty ratio, D.
𝑡𝑂𝑁 1
• 𝐷= ; = 𝑓 = Switching frequency
𝑇 𝑇

1. Constant – frequency operation:

𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑂𝑁 is varied.
 Control Strategies
• 𝑉𝑎 = 𝐷𝑉𝑆 :- Average output voltage depends on duty ratio, D.
𝑡𝑂𝑁 1
• 𝐷= ; = 𝑓 = Switching frequency
𝑇 𝑇

2. Variable – frequency operation:

𝑡𝑂𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑂𝑅 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; Frequency 𝑓 is varied.
This is called frequency modulation.
 Question
𝑅 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝑉𝑆 = 220 Volt
When the converter switch remains ON, its
voltage drop is 𝑉𝐶𝐻 = 2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡.
Chopping Frequency 𝑓=1kHz
Duty cycle, D=50%
Determine:
1. Average output voltage
2. RMS output voltage
3. Converter Efficiency
4. Effective input resistance of the converter
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
 Step – Down Chopper: RL Load

For RL load, we have two possible

modes of operation:-
1. Continuous load current
2. Discontinuous load current
 Step – Down Chopper: RL Load
Continuous Load Current:
When the load inductance is very high, then the continuous load current
is obtained.
Switch, SW – closed for time 𝑡𝑂𝑁 :-
 Step – Down Chopper: RL Load
Switch, SW – Open for time 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 :-

• Once the switch is open, current through inductor does not fall
suddenly. It starts acting as source and stored energy/current in it
freewheels through diode and load current decreases gradually.

• As the inductance is high, before inductor releases its energy fully,

switch is closed and current starts to rise.
 Step – Down Chopper: RL Load
Average Output Voltage, 𝑽𝒂
 Step – Down Chopper: RL Load
Discontinuous Load Current:
When the load inductance is very low, then the discontinuous load
current is obtained.

As inductance is low, inductor

Releases its energy before the
switch is closed.
 Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load
When Switch SW is ON:
 Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load

• Current waveform should increase

exponentially according to above equation.
𝐿
• But, the time constant, 𝜏= is taken
𝑅
larger than switching period T. So, it is
considered that current rises linearly.
• R=5ohm, L= 7.5 mH,
7.5 𝑚𝐻
𝜏= = 1.5 𝑚𝑆𝑒𝑐;
5
𝑡
−( )
e 1.5 𝑚𝑆𝑒𝑐 =0
Exponential term is 0, so equation can be
considered linear.
 Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load
• When Switch SW is OFF:
 Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load
• 𝐼1 : Current at start of Mode – I
• 𝐼2 : Current at start of Mode – II
• Let 𝐼3 : Current at end of Mode – II
Under steady state condition
𝐼1 = 𝐼3
Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load
 Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load
The peak – to – peak ripple current is
∆𝐼 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1
Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load
Step – Down Chopper: RLE Load
 Question
A converter is feeding an RL load as shown in figure below:
Calculate:
a. minimum instantaneous current, 𝐼1
b. peak instantaneous current, 𝐼2
c. maximum peak – to – peak load
ripple current
d. average value of load current, 𝐼𝑎
e. effective input resistance 𝑅𝑖 seen
by the source.
Solution
 Step – Up Chopper / BOOST Converter
Principle of Step-up operation:-

• Large inductance.
• Mode – I: When switch SW is ON
for 𝑡𝑂𝑁 period.
 Step – Up Chopper / BOOST Converter
• Mode – II: When switch SW is OFF for 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 period.

• The energy stored in the inductor will be released through the

load. And inductor current will fall from 𝐼2 to 𝐼1 .

• KVL:
𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑂 ; 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝐿 𝑆
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑆
Output voltage exceeds the source voltage, 𝑉𝑆 by 𝐿 , the circuit
𝑑𝑡
acts as step up chopper
 Step – Up Chopper / BOOST Converter
• Energy stored by the inductor from
source during the period 𝑡𝑂𝑁 :
𝑊𝑖𝑛
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐿
∗ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡𝑂𝑁
𝐼 +𝐼
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑆 ( 1 2) 𝑡𝑂𝑁
2

• Energy released by the inductor to the

load during the period 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 :
𝑊𝑂𝐹𝐹
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐿
∗ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝐼 +𝐼
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = (𝑉𝑂 −𝑉𝑆 )( 1 2 ) 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹
2
If the system is lossless, 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝐼 +𝐼 𝐼 +𝐼
𝑉𝑆 ( 1 2) 𝑡𝑂𝑁 = (𝑉𝑂 −𝑉𝑆 )( 1 2) 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹
2 2
𝑉𝑆 𝑡𝑂𝑁 = (𝑉𝑂 −𝑉𝑆 )𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹
 Step – Up Chopper / BOOST Converter
𝑉𝑆 𝑡𝑂𝑁 = 𝑉𝑂 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 − 𝑉𝑆 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝑉𝑂 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑆 𝑡𝑂𝑁 + 𝑉𝑆 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝑉𝑂 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑆 (𝑡𝑂𝑁 + 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 )
𝑉𝑂 𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑆 (T)
𝑇
𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑆 ( )
𝑡𝑂𝐹𝐹

𝑇
𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑆 ( )
𝑇−𝑡𝑂𝑁

𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑂 = ( 𝑡 )
1− 𝑂𝑁
𝑇

𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑂 = ( )
1−𝐷
 Step – Up Chopper / BOOST Converter
𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑂 = ( )
1−𝐷

𝑡𝑂𝑁
If D=0; = 0; 𝑡𝑂𝑁 = 0; 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑆
𝑇
4
If D=0.25; 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑆
3
If D=0.5; 𝑉𝑂 = 2𝑉𝑆
If D=0.75; 𝑉𝑂 = 4𝑉𝑆
If D=1; 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒
 Types of Chopper Circuit
Depending on the value of average output voltage and average
output current choppers are classified as:-
Class A chopper
Class B chopper
Class C chopper
Class D chopper
Class E chopper
Class A / Type A / 1st Quadrant Chopper
When switch is ON:-
 Class A / Type A / 1st Quadrant Chopper
When switch is OFF:-
 Class B / Type B / 2nd Quadrant Chopper

When switch is ON:-

 Class B / Type B / 2nd Quadrant Chopper
When switch is OFF:-
• The output voltage becomes Vo = (E
+ Ldi/dt) due to stored energy in the
inductor. This voltage is greater than
the source voltage due to which the
diode gets forward biased and
begins to conduct.

• Thus, allowing power flow from load

to source. Energy stored in inductor is
returned to supply.

• As the output voltage Vo = (E +

Ldi/dt) is more than the source
voltage Vdc, a class-B chopper is also
called step-up chopper.
Class B / Type B / 2nd Quadrant Chopper
 Class C / Type C / Two Quadrant Type- A Chopper
This type of chopper is obtained When CH1 is OFF:
by connecting Class A and Class B
chopper in parallel.

When CH1 is ON:

 Class C / Type C / Two Quadrant Type- A Chopper
When CH2 is ON: Energy stored in inductor is
returned to the source.

When CH2 is OFF:

Output voltage (𝑉𝑂 =E + Ldi/dt) is
larger than input voltage, So diode
𝐷2 will be forward biased and
starts to conduct. Thus, allowing
power to flow from load to source.
Class C / Type C / Two Quadrant Type- A Chopper