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Fundamentals of Programming Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on the fundamentals of programming languages, focusing on C programming. It covers program design tools, C tokens, operators, control flow, arrays, strings, user-defined functions, and structures, along with case studies for practical understanding. Each unit includes syntax, examples, and explanations to facilitate learning.

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2 views

Fundamentals of Programming Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on the fundamentals of programming languages, focusing on C programming. It covers program design tools, C tokens, operators, control flow, arrays, strings, user-defined functions, and structures, along with case studies for practical understanding. Each unit includes syntax, examples, and explanations to facilitate learning.

Uploaded by

rathodashwini325
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Programming Language - Detailed Notes

Unit 1: Program Planning and C Programming

**Program Design Tools:**

- **Algorithms:** Step-by-step instructions for solving problems. Example:

1. Start.

2. Input two numbers.

3. Add the numbers and store the result.

4. Display the result.

5. Stop.

- **Flowcharts:** Diagrammatic representation of algorithms using symbols like ovals, rectangles,

and arrows.

**Overview of C Programming:**

- **History and Importance:** C is a general-purpose programming language developed in 1972 by

Dennis Ritchie. It is widely used for system programming, embedded systems, and application

development.

- **Character Set:** Includes letters (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), and special symbols (!, @, #, etc.).

**C Tokens:**

- Keywords: Reserved words (e.g., int, float, if, else).

- Identifiers: Names given to variables, functions, etc.

- Constants: Fixed values (e.g., 10, 'A', 3.14).

- Variables: Named memory locations for storing data.

- Data Types: int, float, char, double, etc.


**Variable Declaration and Storage Class:**

- Syntax: `data_type variable_name;`

- Storage classes: auto, static, extern, register.

**Symbolic Constants and Volatile Variables:**

- Use `#define` for symbolic constants.

- `volatile` ensures the value of a variable is updated directly in memory.

**Case Studies:** Compilation process, debugging techniques, and examples.

Unit 2: Operators and Expressions

**Operators in C:**

1. **Arithmetic Operators:** +, -, *, /, %.

2. **Relational Operators:** >, <, >=, <=, ==, !=.

3. **Logical Operators:** &&, ||, !.

4. **Assignment Operators:** =, +=, -=, *=, /=.

5. **Increment/Decrement Operators:** ++, --.

6. **Bitwise Operators:** &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>.

**Special Operators:**

- sizeof: Returns the size of a variable.

- Pointer operators: *, &.

**Expressions and Precedence:**

- Expression evaluation follows precedence and associativity rules.

- Example: `int result = a + b * c;`


**Mathematical Functions:**

- Examples: sqrt(), pow(), abs().

**Case Studies:** Infix, prefix, and postfix expressions.

Unit 3: Control Flow

**Decision Making and Branching:**

- `if`, `if-else`, `nested if`, `switch` statements for conditional execution.

**Decision Making and Looping:**

- Loops: `while`, `do-while`, `for`.

- Jump statements: `break`, `continue`.

**Case Studies:**

- Design a calculator.

- Generate a calendar.

Unit 4: Arrays and Strings

**Arrays:**

- **One-Dimensional Arrays:** Syntax: `data_type array_name[size];`.

- **Two-Dimensional Arrays:** Syntax: `data_type array_name[rows][columns];`.

**Character Arrays and Strings:**

- Reading and writing strings using `scanf()` and `printf()`.

- Common operations: concatenation, comparison, length calculation.

**String Handling Functions:**


- Examples: `strlen()`, `strcat()`, `strcmp()`.

**Case Studies:** Examples of array and string operations.

Unit 5: User-Defined Functions and Structures

**User-Defined Functions:**

- Function Declaration: `return_type function_name(parameters);`

- Function Definition: Contains the actual code block.

- Function Categories:

- No arguments, no return values.

- Arguments with return values.

- Recursion: A function calling itself.

**Structures:**

- Declaration: `struct structure_name { data_type member1; data_type member2; };`

- Initialization and Accessing Members.

**Case Studies:**

- Tower of Hanoi.

- Monthly balance sheet generation.

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