Section-A

 Reading Comprehension
Reading Comprehension

Short Notes

Definition
Reading comprehension is the ability to read, understand, process, and recall what was just read. It involves deriving
meaning from written text and engaging with it on various levels.

Components of Reading Comprehension:

1. Decoding: Recognising and processing written words.
2. Fluency: Reading text accurately, quickly, and with expression.
3. Vocabulary: Understanding the meanings of words in context.
4. Sentence Structure: Grasping how words are put together to form meaningful sentences.
5. Reasoning and Background Knowledge: Using prior knowledge to make inferences and understand the text.
6. Working Memory: Holding information while processing new information.

Types of Reading Comprehension:

1. Literal Comprehension: Understanding the basic facts directly stated in the passage.
Example:
Passage: "The red car stopped at the traffic light."
Question: What colour was the car?
Answer: The car was red.
2. Inferential Comprehension: Drawing conclusions and making predictions based on information in the text.
Example:
Passage: "Sarah frowned as she looked at her test paper, then sighed deeply."
Question: How did Sarah likely perform on her test?
Answer: Sarah probably didn't do well on her test.
3. Critical Comprehension: Analysing, evaluating, and forming opinions about the text.
Example:
Passage: "The government has decided to ban single-use plastic bags."
Question: Do you think this decision will be effective in reducing plastic waste? Why or why not?
4. Creative Comprehension: Using information from the text to create new ideas or solve problems.
Example:
Passage: "The city's public transportation system is overcrowded during peak hours."

2 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Question: Suggest three ways to alleviate this problem.
● Strategies for Effective Reading Comprehension:
‰ Preview the text before reading (title, headings, images).
‰ Set a purpose for reading.
‰ Make predictions about the content.
‰ Use context clues to understand unfamiliar words.
‰ Visualise the content while reading.
‰ Ask questions about the text.
‰ Summarise key points after reading.
‰ Reflect on how the text relates to your own experiences or knowledge.
● Tips for Answering Comprehension Questions:
‰ Read the questions before reading the passage to know what to look for.
‰ Skim the passage to get a general idea before reading in detail.
‰ Underline or highlight key information while reading.
‰ Refer back to the text when answering questions.
‰ Use the process of elimination for multiple choice questions.
‰ Provide evidence from the text to support your answers.
● Common Types of Comprehension Questions:
‰ Multiple Choice Questions
‰ Short Answer Questions
‰ True/False Statements
‰ Matching
‰ Fill in the Blanks
‰ Sequencing Events
‰ Character Analysis
‰ Main Idea and Supporting Details
‰ Cause and Effect
‰ Compare and Contrast
Remember: Regular practice with various types of texts and question formats is key to improving reading
comprehension skills.

Reading Comprehension 3
 Previous Year Questions

(5) At the same time, acceptance and recognition of

Discursive Passage cultural diversity in particular through innovative
use of media and Information and Communications
CBSE 2024 Technologies (ICTs) are conducive to dialogue
among civilizations and cultures, respect and
Passage 1 mutual understanding.
Read the text given below: (6) In 2001, UNESCO adopted the Universal
(1) Held every year on 21 May, UNESCO leads the Declaration on Cultural Diversity. Next, in
celebration of World Day for Cultural Diversity December 2002, the UN General Assembly, in
for Dialogue and Development highlighting not its resolution 57/249, declared May 21 to be the
World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and
only the richness of the world's cultures, but also
Development, and in 2015, the Second Committee
the essential role of intercultural dialogue for
of the UN General Assembly unanimously
achieving peace and sustainable development.
adopted the resolution on Culture and Sustainable
(2) A recent international emergency has proved the Development, affirming culture’s contribution to
intrinsic value of the cultural and creative sector the three dimensions of sustainable development,
at generating social cohesion, educational resource acknowledging further the natural and cultural
or personal well-being in times of crisis. It has diversity of the world, and recognizing that
also underscored the sector's potential to generate cultures and civilizations can contribute to, and
economic growth, something which is too often are crucial enablers of, sustainable development.
underestimated. (7) The day provides us with an opportunity to
(3) With the adoption in September 2015 of the 2030 deepen our understanding of the values of cultural
Agenda for Sustainable Development by the diversity and to achieve the goals of the UNESCO
United Nations, and the re Answer on Culture Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the
and Sustainable Development adopted by the Diversity of Cultural Expressions adopted on 20
UN General Assembly in December 2015, the October, 2005.
message of the World Day for Cultural Diversity Answer the following questions, based on the above
for Dialogue and Development is more important passage:
than ever. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals 1. Based on the reading and understanding of the above
(SDGs) can best be achieved by drawing upon the passage, list 2 points to describe the purpose of
creative potential of the world's diverse cultures UNESCO leading the celebration of World Day for
and engaging in continuous dialogue to ensure that Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.
all members of society benefit from sustainable 2. Select the option that corresponds to the meaning
development. of the following sentence from para (2). The recent
(4) Bridging the gap between cultures is urgent and international emergency has proved the intrinsic
necessary for peace, stability and development. value of the cultural and creative sector at generating
Cultural diversity is a driving force of development, social cohesion, educational resource or personal
not only with respect to economic growth, but well-being in times of crisis.
also as a means of leading a more fulfilling (a) the real worth of cultural sector at generating social
intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual life. cohesion during pandemics
This is captured in the culture conventions, which (b) the real worth of creative sector at undermining the
provide a solid basis for the promotion of cultural social cohesion during an international emergency
diversity. Cultural diversity is thus an asset that (c) questioning the real worth of creative sector
is indispensable for poverty reduction and the at generating education resource during an
achievement of sustainable development. international emergency

4 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 (d) highlighting the real worth of cultural and naturally occurring continual renewal makes them
creative sector at generating social cohesion inexhaustible. However, alternative energy sources
and educational resource during an international are exhaustible, and therefore not renewable. That's
emergency the difference!
3. Based on your reading of the passage, examine (4) The equipment necessary to harness energy from
in about 40 words how Sustainable Development alternative sources used to be so expensive that it
Goals can be achieved. wasn't practical for consumer use. However, thanks
to increased demand, more experienced energy
4. What is the tone of the writer in the given line from
developers, competitive supply chains, improved
paragraph (4)? Rationalise your response in about
renewable technologies, and enhanced energy
40 words: "Cultural diversity is an asset."
efficiency capabilities, that's no longer the case.
5. The phrase 'bridging the gap' in paragraph (4) refers (5) When it comes to energy efficiency, the leader of
to: the renewable energy pack is wind energy. Behind
(a) widening the differences wind comes geothermal energy, hydropower,
(b) connecting two desperate ideas nuclear energy, and then solar power. Wind power
(c) supporting the bridging serves both individuals and entire communities.
(d) filling in the space between two connected things It is versatile, and can be produced from small-
scale windmills or wind turbines on residential
6. In sets below, identify two sets of synonyms. properties. It can also be produced from large-scale
(i) richness and poverty offshore wind farms in the ocean.
(ii) intellectual and moral (6) We generate geothermal power by tapping into
(iii) reduction and promotion underground reservoirs of hot water and steam.
(iv) essential and intrinsic Geothermal electricity can directly heat and
(v) urgent and crucial Options: cool buildings. Generated from the energy of
(a) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (v) moving water, hydroelectricity (also known as
hydropower) is produced when water behind a
(c) (vi) and (v) (d) (ii) and (iv) dam causes turbine blades to move as it flows
through an intake. The turbine blades then rotate
Passage 2 a generator to produce electricity that is sent to
Read the text given below power homes.
(1) Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) are our (7) Nuclear energy is created in the form of heat
most traditional sources for power generation. through the fission process of atoms. The initial
fission process creates energy and triggers a chain
The energy that's produced from any source other
reaction that repeats the process and generates
than fossil fuels is termed as alternative energy.
more energy. In nuclear power plants, the heat that
Between the two sources, using alternative energy
fission produces creates steam. The steam then
has a lower environmental impact.
rotates a turbine, which leads to the production of
(2) We now know that alternative energy sources electricity.
are the sources we use to supplement or even
(8) Solar power most commonly refers to the use of
replace traditional energy sources used for power solar cells to create energy. On a small scale, you
generation. You could almost say the same may see a few solar panels on a house roof used to
thing about renewable energy sources. But there produce energy for just that one home. On a larger
is one subtle difference between the two. All scale, you may see a solar farm used as a power
renewable energy sources fall under the category plant to produce electricity for its consumers.
of alternative energy sources, but it doesn't work
Answer the following questions, based on the above
the other way around. passage:
(3) That's because renewable energy sources are
1. Which of the following statements best describes
derived from naturally replenished sources or
the difference between renewable energy sources
processes of Earth, such as the sun, wind, and
and alternate energy sources?
water. We refer to these resources as renewable
or sustainable since, unlike fossil fuels, this (a) Alternative energy sources are more expensive
than renewable energy sources.

Reading Comprehension 5
 (b) Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible Passage 3
whereas alternate energy sources could be
(1) Plastic pollution has become one of the most
exhaustible.
pressing environmental issues, as rapidly
(c) Alternative energy sources are as renewable as
increasing production of disposable plastic
renewable energy sources.
products overwhelms the world’s ability to deal
(d) Renewable energy sources are exhaustible but with them. Plastic pollution is most visible in
alternative energy sources are inexhaustible. developing Asian and African nations, where
2. What is the tone of the writer in the given lines garbage collection systems are often inefficient or
from para (4)? Rationalise your response in about non-existent. But the developed world, especially
40 words. in countries with low recycling rates, also has
trouble properly collecting discarded plastics.
"However, thanks to increased demand, more
Plastic trash has become so ubiquitous that it has
experienced energy developers, competitive supply
prompted efforts to write a global treaty negotiated
chains, improved renewable technologies, and
by the United Nations.
enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, that's no
(2) Plastics made from fossil fuels are just over a
longer the case".
century old. Production and development of
3. Complete the sentence appropriately: In the past, thousands of new plastic products accelerated after
alternative energy sources were not used much by the World War II. It transformed the modern age so
consumers because ________________. much that life without plastics is unrecognizable
4. The passage includes some words that are opposites today. Plastics revolutionized medicine with
of each other. life-saving devices, made space travel possible,
lightened cars and jets – saving fuel and pollution
From the sets (a) to (e) below, identify two sets of – and saved lives with helmets, incubators, and
antonyms: equipment for clean drinking water.
(a) generate and produce (3) The conveniences plastics offer, however, led to
(b) exhaustible and inexhaustible a throw-away culture that reveals the material’s
(c) subtle and versatile dark side: today, single-use plastics account for
(d) power and energy 40 percent of the plastic produced every year.
Many of these products, such as plastic bags and
(e) sustainable and exhaustible
food wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to
5. Who is the leader of renewable energy pack and why? hours, yet they may persist in the environment for
6. Based on the reading of the passage, examine, in about hundreds of years.
40 words, the difference between geothermal electricity (4) Most of the plastic trash in the oceans, Earth’s
and hydroelectricity. last sink, flows from land. Trash is also carried to
sea by major rivers, which act as conveyor belts,
7. What is the message conveyed by the passage? picking up more and more trash as they move
(a) Only those energy sources should be used which downstream. Once at sea, much of the plastic trash
are renewable. remains in coastal waters. But once caught up in
(b) Wind energy is a renewable as well as inexhaustible ocean currents, it can be transported around the
source of energy. world.
(c) There are plenty of renewable energy sources that (5) Millions of animals are killed by plastics every
can be used to replace traditional energy sources. year, from birds to fish to other marine organisms.
(d) Alternative energy sources are the emerging energy Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are
trends and are still evolving. known to have been affected by plastics. Nearly
every species of seabirds eats plastics. Most of
8. State whether the following statement is True or False the deaths of animals are caused by entanglement
with reference to the given extract. Hydroelectricity or starvation. Seals, whales, turtles, and other
as a renewable energy source is used for residential animals are strangled by abandoned fishing gear
as well as commercial purposes. or discarded six-pack rings.

6 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 (6) The solution is to prevent plastic waste from Passage 4
entering rivers and seas in the first place, many
Read the following passage carefully:
scientists and conservationists including the
(1) The words probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics
National Geographic Society say. This could be
may sound like variations of the same thing, but
accomplished with improved waste management
what a difference a prefix makes. The first is a
systems and recycling, better product design that
category of health-promoting microbes. The latter
takes into account the short life of disposable
two groups are types of beneficial molecules.
packaging, and reduction in manufacturing of
But all three biotics are critical for supporting
unnecessary single-use plastics.
the community of microscopic organisms that
Answer the following questions, based on the above live in the gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut
passage: microbiome. With both beneficial and harmful
1. Which of the following statements best describes the bacteria living in the human body, these diet-
reason why plastic pollution has become one of the related factors the biotics help tip the balance in
most pressing environmental issues? the positive direction. It is important to understand
their differences, as you'll see, because each of
2. What is the tone of the writer in the given lines from
these factors serves a distinct purpose, even as
paragraph 2? Rationalise your response in about 40
they work together.
words.
(2) Despite their importance for the gut microbiome,
3. The passage includes some words that are opposites the health benefits of these 'biotics', which are
of each other. From the sets (i)-(v) below, identify two present in certain foods or result from their
sets of synonyms. metabolism, extend beyond the digestive tract.
(i) garbage and trash A growing body of scientific evidence has linked
(ii) starvation and strangled prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics, with
(iii) disposable and reduction improvements in metabolic diseases including
(iv) persist and downstream obesity and cholesterol abnormalities depressive
symptoms and poor sleep quality, among many
(v) transformed and revolutionized
other conditions.
4. Complete the sentence appropriately: (3) Besides promoting general gut health, consuming

The writer says that most of the plastic trash is food rich in probiotics can improve irritable
found in the Earth’s last sink and the reason it is bowel syndrome and antibiotic-related diarrhea,
transported around the world is ______________. prevent traveller's diarrhea, produce vitamins and
increase nutrient absorption, and decrease the risk
5. Based on the reading of the passage, examine, in about
of common infections. In fact, when consumed
40 words, the downside of the convenience that plastic
regularly, probiotics have been found to reduce
offers.
the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections
6. Complete the sentence appropriately: (like the common cold),

According to conservationists, the two ways in (4) Many different types of beneficial bacteria are
which most of the deaths of animals are caused are considered probiotics. The most common ones
____________. include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, of
which there are dozens of strains. "You have to
7. Based on the passage, how can we contribute to the match what it is you're concerned about with the
reduction of plastic waste? probiotic you should use," says Gregor Reid. Many
(a) by internationalising the waste management system different types of beneficial bacteria are considered
(b) by minimizing the use of single-use plastics probiotics.
(c) by not abandoning fishing gear (5) Some foods, such as yogurt, kefir, kimchee, and
(d) by not using helmets made for plastic fermented soybeans and kombucha naturally
contain probiotics. But here's where things get
8. State one reason why plastic pollution is most visible
complicated: not all fermented foods or yogurts
in developing Asian and African nations.
contain probiotics, Reid says. As a consumer,
a good starting point is to look for the phrase

Reading Comprehension 7
 "contains live and active cultures" on the label; it's 5. Complete the sentence appropriately.
even better if specific strains of bacteria are listed,
The author wants to stress the fact that there is not just
because then you'll know you're getting the right one type of beneficial bacteria considered as probiotic,
stuff. in fact, some probiotics have___________.
(6) Simply put, prebiotics are sources of food for
6. Based on the reading of the passage, examine in about
those beneficial microbes the probiotics. They are
40 words, the importance of prebiotics for the human
typically a form of carbohydrate or fiber that we
gut and how they are related to probiotics.
don't have the enzymes to digest. As a result, they
move through the digestive tract to the intestine, 7. As a consumer, if you want to pick a probiotic product,
where beneficial bacteria (probiotics) can feast on what is the most important thing to keep in mind? Pick
them. the best answer.
(7) When you consume foods that are rich in probiotics (a) Any fermented product that contains probiotics.
and prebiotics, the microbes in your gut consume (b) Checking the label for specific strains of bacteria.
the undigestible prebiotic fiber and produce (c) All products under "probiotics" section in a grocery
bioactive compounds called postbiotics. They are store are safe to pick.
ultimately the endgame that we want they affect (d) Checking the label which clearly says "probiotics"
how our gut operates and keeps the good bacteria is sufficient.
there and the bad bacteria out. 8. "Despite their importance for the gut microbiome, the
Answer the following questions, based on the above health benefits of these 'biotics', which are present in
passage: certain foods or result from their metabolism, extend
beyond the digestive tract."
1. Which of the following statements best describes the
author's attitude towards probiotics?
As per this statement from the passage, how relevant
(a) Probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics are variations are the 'biotics' for humans? Pick the best answer.
of the same thing, with just a difference of a prefix. (a) Their relevance has been proven by scientific
(b) All fermented foods or yogurts naturally contain evidence.
probiotics. (b) Not very relevant as more study is needed.
(c) All three biotics are equally important to support (c) Their relevance cannot be generalised for everyone.
microscopic organisms that live in the gut (d) Only probiotics are relevant for humans.
microbiome.
(d) Only probiotics are important as they can improve
irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic-related
diarrhea.
2. According to the writer, health benefits of all
the 'biotics' extend beyond the digestive tract.
Rationalise your response in about 40 words.
3. Complete the sentence appropriately. To get the right
probiotic and to match it with your body's requirement,
it is important to see the label for ________.
4. The passage includes some words that are opposites
of each other. From the sets (i)-(v) below, identify two
sets of antonyms.
(i) increase and decrease
(ii) probiotic and postbiotic
(iii) beneficial and harmful
(iv) feast and fermented
(v) consuming and digestive

8 Class-X ENGLISH PW
Discursive Passage 2. The writer’s tone is reflective, highlighting cricket’s
unpredictability. Unlike other sports, cricket
Passage 1 incorporates luck, making it less dependent on pure
1. (i) Discipline is loving firmness and guidance. skill and preparation, creating a unique dynamic.
(ii) It is the prevention of problems by channelling 3. In cricket, external conditions like weather and pitch
energy towards positive outcomes. can create unequal playing conditions for the teams,
influencing the outcome of the match.
2. (c)
4. (a) convivial and xenophobia,
3. Discipline is compared to medicine or surgery (e) built and destroyed
because, like them, it may seem harsh or unpleasant
at first but is ultimately necessary for long-term 5. Cricket is most appealing to South Asians, as they
well-being and growth. embrace the role of destiny in the game. Their
cultural acceptance of unpredictability aligns with
4. The tone is compassionate and nurturing, as the
the inherent uncertainties of cricket.
writer views discipline as a form of love that aims
to protect and guide, even if it requires momentary 6. Cricket is called a 'subversive game' because it defies
discomfort. the productivity principles of global capitalism.
Unlike other sports, hard training and preparation
5. (b)
don’t guarantee success, as luck and external factors
6. (a) often determine the outcome.
7. It learns to stand and move, ensuring its survival in 7. (b) Cricket’s unpredictability is its charm and sets it
the jungle. apart from other sports.
8. Discipline in a loving yet firm environment. 8. False
Passage 2
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a)
4. The authors of the cookbook may have been men as
only they knew how to read and write in the earlier
times.
5. The ingredients used in cookbooks reveal the
availability of resources for the community through
trade.
6. Step by step
7. (c)
8. (1) the rise in the number of shows and documentaries
about food.
(2) following a video is easier than understanding-
texts in a cookbook
9. (d)
10. Importance of Cookbooks
Passage 3
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
Passage 4
1. (b) Cricket is a festival-like event tied to cultural and
social gatherings.

Reading Comprehension 9
 Section-B
 Grammar
 Writing Skills
Grammar
 1
CHAPTER
Tenses

Short Notes

Tense refers to the form of a verb that indicates the time of an action, event, or condition. It helps in identifying when
something happens—whether in the past, present, or future.
There are three main types of tenses:
1. Present Tense: Describes an action that is currently happening or a state that is true now.
‰ Example:
 Simple Present: "She writes every day."
 Present Continuous: "She is writing a letter."
2. Past Tense: Refers to an action that has already happened.
‰ Example:
 Simple Past: "She wrote a letter."
 Past Continuous: "She was writing when I called."
3. Future Tense: Describes an action that will happen at a later time.
‰ Example:
 Simple Future: "She will write a letter."
 Future Continuous: "She will be writing a letter tomorrow."
Each of these tenses can be further divided into simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms to express
the precise timing of the action.
Let’s understand them in sequence:
Present Tense refers to actions or states that are currently happening or are generally true. It describes situations that
occur in the present, habitual actions, or universal truths.
There are four kinds of Present Tense:
1. Simple Present Tense:
‰ Used to express habitual actions, general truths, or facts.
‰ Structure: Subject + base form of the verb (s/es for third-person singular) + Object
‰ Examples:
 "He reads books every day." (habitual action)
 "The sun rises in the east." (universal truth)
 2. Present Continuous Tense:
‰ Used to describe actions that are happening at the moment of speaking or temporary actions.
‰ Structure: Subject + is/am/are + verb + ing + Object.
‰ Examples:
 "She is reading a book right now." (action in progress)
 "They are playing football." (temporary action)
3. Present Perfect Tense:
‰ Used to indicate actions that occurred at an unspecified time before now or actions that started in the past and
continue into the present.
‰ Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle of the verb + Object
‰ Examples:
 "He has finished his homework." (action completed at some point)
 "We have lived here for five years." (action continuing from the past)
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
‰ Used to describe actions that began in the past and are still continuing or have just stopped, emphasizing the
duration of the action.
‰ Structure: Subject + has/have + been + verb + ing + Object + since/for
‰ Examples:
 "She has been studying for three hours." (action started in the past and continues)
 "I have been working here since morning." (ongoing action)
Past Tense refers to actions or events that happened at a specific time in the past. It is used to describe something that
has already taken place.
There are four kinds of Past Tense:
1. Simple Past Tense:
‰ Used to express actions that occurred and were completed at a specific time in the past.
‰ Structure: Subject + past form of the verb (regular verbs add “-ed”; irregular verbs change form) + Object
‰ Examples:
 "She played soccer yesterday." (completed action)
 "He wrote a letter last week." (specific past action)
2. Past Continuous Tense:
‰ Used to describe an action that was happening at a particular moment in the past, often interrupted by another
action.
‰ Structure: Subject + was/were + verb + ing + Object
‰ Examples:
 "They were watching TV when the power went out." (ongoing action in the past)
 "I was reading a book at 8 PM last night." (action happening at a specific time)
3. Past Perfect Tense:
‰ Used to express an action that was completed before another action or event in the past.
‰ Structure: Subject + had + past participle of the verb + Object
‰ Examples:
 "She had finished her homework before the movie started." (completed action before another past action)
 "By the time he arrived, they had left." (action completed before another past event)
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

4 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 ‰ Used to describe an action that started in the past and continued up until another point in the past.
‰ Structure: Subject + had + been + verb + ing + Object + since/for
‰ Examples:
 "He had been working at the company for five years before he resigned." (action continuing until a past point)
 "They had been playing for an hour when it started raining." (emphasizes the duration before the interruption)
Future Tense refers to actions or events that are expected to happen in the future. It is used to express actions that have
not yet occurred but will happen at a later time.
There are four kinds of Future Tense:
1. Simple Future Tense:
‰ Used to describe an action that will take place at a later time.
‰ Structure: Subject + will/shall + base form of the verb + Object.
‰ Examples:
 "She will visit her grandparents tomorrow." (action in the future)
 "We shall go to the park later." (future plan)
2. Future Continuous Tense:
‰ Used to express an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
‰ Structure: Subject + will be/shall be + verb + ing + Object.
‰ Examples:
 "I will be studying at 8 PM tonight." (ongoing action at a specific future time)
 "They will be traveling to London next week." (future action in progress)
3. Future Perfect Tense:
‰ Used to express an action that will be completed before a certain time or event in the future.
‰ Structure: Subject + will have/shall have + past participle of the verb + Object.
‰ Examples:
 "By the end of this year, she will have graduated from college." (action completed before a future time)
 "They will have finished their work by noon." (action completed before a specific future event)
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
‰ Used to describe an action that will have been happening for a duration of time before a certain point in the future.
‰ Structure: Subject + will have been/shall have been + verb + ing + Object + since/for
‰ Examples:
 "By next month, she will have been working here for five years." (action continuing up to a future point)
 "He will have been studying for three hours by the time you arrive." (emphasizes the duration of an action in
the future)

Tenses 5
 Previous Year Questions
(a) has waited (b) has been waiting
CBSE, 2024
(c) were waiting (d) waited
1. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word 7. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word
in the bracket, for the given portion of a letter. in the bracket:
Sir You will find in this email a brochure that________
This is in relation to the earlier discussion where (present) the various tourist attractions in our city,
it was decided that the school would ______ aimed at boosting local tourism.
(organize) a summer camp for the students of grade 8. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option:
6 and 7. In a miraculous turn of events, the Sunview School
2. Read the given sentence from a recipe review article. hockey team ________ the championship trophy.
Identify the error and supply the correction in the (a) has been lifting (b) had lifted
sentence. (c) lifted (d) will lift
The salad, prepare with fresh and crisp ingredients, 9. Complete any ten of the following twelve tasks, as
is truly a summer delight. directed:
Use the given format for your response. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the
Error Correction word in the bracket, for the given portion of a letter:
Therefore, I request you to please consider this
request of ______ (construct) a park in our society
3. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option from so that each and every person can benefit and we
the ones given below: can enjoy a healthy environment amidst the concrete
Great News! jungle.
Our school's basketball team _______ the district 10. Read the given sentence from an article on Yoga.
championship. Identify the error and supply the correction in the
(a) clinching (b) was clinched sentence:
(c) clinched (d) had clinched Yoga should help lower blood pressure, cholesterol,
and blood sugar, all of which are not good for your
4. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word heart and blood vessels.
in the bracket: Use the given format for your response.
Dear Sir,
Error Correction
It was agreed that the teacher would organise the
science fair for the students of grade 8.
5. Identify the error and supply the correction in the 11. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies
sentence: the correction for a line from a Research Report:
The soup recipe didn't turned out as expected, it In many low and middle income countries, health
was lacking in flavour. coverage has improved dramatically in the last two
decades, but health outcomes may not.
Error Correction
Option No. Error Correction
A has have
6. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence: B improved improve
The residents _______ eagerly for the young ones C may have
to visit them every Sunday and bring cheer to their
D but thus
lonely lives.
12. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank

6 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 with the correct option: doctor spent months on……………… her until she
Excited about his newly earned powers, Midas was finally cured.
started touching all kinds of things, ______ each (a) treats (b) treated
item into pure gold. (c) to treating (d) treating
(a) to turning (b) turning
19. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word
(c) turned (d) turns
in the brackets, for the given portion of a letter.
13. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option I am also enclosing documents ________ (mention)
to complete the part of the disclaimer given in a
our terms and conditions with this letter. Please
textbook:
go through the same and if you have any doubts
The authors of the book _____ all reasonable care to regarding that, please feel free to call or meet me
ensure that the contents of the book do not violate personally.
any copyright or other intellectual property rights of
any person in any manner. 20. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word
(a) has been taking (b) have taken in the brackets, for the given portion of a letter.
(c) has taken (d) have been took Please keep me……………. (apprise) of your next
step to address this matter. Thanks for your time.
14. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word
in the bracket, for the given portion of a letter: 21. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
Since you have been found guilty of……………… with the correct option.
(deliver) poor results for six months at a stretch, we I ………….. watching that programme every week
are issuing this warning letter to warn you. since it started.
15. Identify the error and supply correction for the given (a) has been (b) had
sentence from a speech by an employee (c) have been (d) was been
We live in an ever changed world and in order 22. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
to keep up and become successful, continuous complete the weather warning given by the IMD.
education is a must.
IMD on Sunday………………a 'thunderstorm' alert
Use the given format for your response. for some districts in coastal Maharashtra in view
Error Correction of the extremely severe cyclonic storm Biparjoy
gushing over the Arabian Sea.
(a) will issue (b) will be issuing
16. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
with the correct option: (c) issued (d) is issuing
One scorching summer, the desert became dry, and 23. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word
there was no water left for the plants. The rose in the brackets, for the given portion of a letter.
quickly……………….to wilt. Dear Sir,
(a) beginning (b) begin I am an account holder in your branch at Jayanagar.
(c) began (d) begins My current ATM card is ________ (damage) and I
am unable to use it for any POS transaction.
17. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word
in the bracket, for the given portion of a letter: 24. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
with the correct option.
We hope that you continue to work with the same
zeal and keep ……….. (surprise) us with such I _______ watching that programme every week
since it started.
remarkable performances. We thank you and wish
you good luck for your upcoming projects. (a) has been (b) have been
Regards. (c) were (d) was been

18. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank, 25. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
complete the Disclaimer given by a news channel.
with the correct option:
Except for the headline, this story _______ edited
Finally, she went to the best doctor in town. The
by YTV staff and is published from a syndicated

Tenses 7
 feed. given sentence from a comment posted by an admirer
(a) will be (b) has not been of a reporter.
(c) has not (d) have not been The report was well document, so no one could
claim that it was just one person's opinion.
26. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
with the correct option. Use the given format for your response.
My visit to the historical museum left me ______ Error Correction
deeply appreciative of our ancestors' struggles and
achievements.
31. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
(a) being (b) was with the correct option.
(c) been (d) to be Now that many employees have shown high
27. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to productivity working from home, will their
complete the sentence to share the latest update on bosses hereafter _________ them to take working
the school art competition. Our talented young artists vacations?
have done us proud once again as our school's art team (a) expecting (b) expected
_______ the top spot in the state-level competition. (c) have expected (d) expect
(a) won (b) win
32. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
(c) is winning (d) has win complete the part of the grievance posted by a citizen
28. Complete any ten of the following twelve tasks, as on a social media platform.
directed. Crossing this stretch at any time of the day is a
(i) Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the challenge. Even during afternoons, there __________
word in the brackets, for the given portion of a ice cream vendors on the road with people crowding
letter. around their carts.
Thank you for exceeding company expectations and (a) were (b) are
________ (c) have been (d) would be
(inspire) your team with your spectacular work 33. Complete the line from a 'Save the Planet' song, by
ethic. filling in the blank with the correct option.
29. Read the given sentence from a movie review article. Let's see what we can do
Identify the error and supply the correction in the To save the planet for me and you
sentence. E is for environment, keep it clean
The movie doesn't let you rest and is packed with If we ________ together, we'll make the best team.
engaged action sequences.
(a) will be standing (b) stand
Use the given format for your response.
(c) had stood (d) are standing
Error Correction

30. Identify the error and supply the correction for the

8 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 CBSE, 2024 Changed changing
16. (c) began
1. organizing
17. surprising
2.
18. (d) treating
Error Correction
Prepare prepared 19. mentioning
3. (d) had clinched 20. apprised
4. organise 21. (c) have been
5. 22. (c) issued
Error Correction 23. damaged
turned turn
24. (b) have been
6. (d) waited
25. (b) has not been
7. presents
26. (c) been
8. (c) lifted
27. (a) won
9. constructing
28. inspiring
10.
29.
Error Correction
are not good for are beneficial for Error Correction
engaged engaging
11.
30.
Option No. Error Correction
C may have Error Correction
document documented
12. (b) turning
13. (b) have taken 31. (b) expected

14. delivering 32. (b) are

15. 33. (b) stand

Error Correction

Tenses 9
 2
CHAPTER
Modals

Short Notes
Modals are auxiliary verbs i.e., helping verbs which express the modality of a statement or a main verb. Modality could
be anything starting from the request, likelihood, permission, ability, capacity, suggestions, orders, obligations to advice.
So, basically, the Modal verbs are used along with the main verb in order to give additional information regarding its
nature. For instance, consider the statement given below.
1. Don’t you dare to challenge his authority!
2. She can do it.
3. It might rain tonight.
In these three statements, “dare”, “can” and “may” are the modals. In the first statement, the Modal “dare” shows that it’s
an order. In the second statement, “can” signifies the ability of the subject “She” and in the third one, the word “might”
highlights some possibility. So, the Modals used in these sentences give us some additional information about the main
verb, noun or subject of the statement.

List of Common Modals with Examples

In the English language, there are many modals. Let’s look at the ones which are used the most frequently.
Shall
The Modal “shall” is used to denote a suggestion or a promise. It can also be used to give an order. So, this particular
modal can be used in many senses but what we need to remember is that it’s always used in the present or future sense.
Suggestion Shall I do it for nation?
Order You shall not enter the kitchen.
Promise You shall get your backpacks back by tomorrow.

Should
The modal “should” can be used to express a suggestion or advice and duty or moral obligation.
Advice or suggestion He should do his homework on time.
Duty or Moral obligation We should respect our teachers, elders
and parents.
Will
The modal “will” expresses potential. It can be used to denote determination, intention, willingness, to make a demand
or even a promise.
Determination We will win this match.

10 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Intention/Willingness We will go to Kedarnath next summer.
She will donate as much as she can.

Prediction/Assumption I think she will come tomorrow.

Promise I will buy you a smartwatch for your

birthday.

Demand Will you turn on the bulb?

Would
The modal “would” is used to make a polite request in the present moment and can be used to talk about a habit or
happening of the past.
Polite Request Would you hold this for them?
Habit Earlier, I would go to an amusement park on the weekends.
Can
The modal “can” is used to take permission, make an offer, request or a suggestion, express a possibility, reflect on your
ability and also can be used to reflect on one’s capacity or potential.
Permission/Request Can she come with us?
Ability/Capacity He can paint without using a paintbrush.
Offer I can lend you some money if it’s urgent.
Possibility She can be very rude at times.
Could
Could is usually used in the past tense to express ability. Also, it’s a politer version of the modal “can” and therefore can
be used to make polite requests, offers or suggestions.
Ability He could have done better.
Request Could he come with us?
Suggestion You could have bought a white dress.
Probability (Regarding a past event) You could have gotten lost in the fair.
May
The modal “may” can be used to take permission, express some possibility and can also be used to make a wish.
Permission May we come in?
Possibility Her employer may not grant her a leave.
Wish May he get better soon.
Might
Like the modal “may”, “might” can also be used to express possibility but only when the possibility is even lesser. It can
also be used to denote a permission which was given in the past or express possibility in the past tense.
Possibility She might be ill.
Permission The professor said that we might go home if we want.
Possibility I thought that she might back out from the tournament.
Must
The modal “must” is used to express necessity or obligation, an assumption or conclusion. It can also be used to express
prohibition.

Modals 11
 Necessity/Obligation She must be home by 9.
Assumption/Conclusion We must be in some grave danger.
Prohibition One must not tell lies.
Ought to
The modal “ought to” is used to denote a moral obligation which is objective in nature or express an objective belief.
Moral Obligation She ought to have completed the work diligently.
Belief By the looks of it, she ought to be an amazing professor.

Previous Year Questions

board.
CBSE, 2024
As per the given schedule, the Students Council
1. Read the given sentence from a research study. Identify election of the school for the current session ______
the error and supply the correction in the sentence: held on 23rd May at 2.30 pm.
Today, researchers are trying to establish whether (a) may be (b) should be
yoga must help relieve people from depression and (c) can be (d) will be
arthritis.
5. Read the given sentence from a science journal. Identify
Use the given format for your response. the error and supply the correction in the sentence.
Error Correction 'When nutrition therapy is provided by a qualified
professional, people could learn how to make better
2. Read the given sentence from a medical journal. food choices.'
Identify the error and supply the correction in the Use the given format for your response.
sentence: Error Correction
A flu vaccine's most common side effects are
soreness, redness and swelling at the injection
6. Complete the slogan, by filling in the blank with the
site. These ought begin six to twelve hours after
correct option.
vaccination and can last upto two days.
Use the given format for your response. When it gets really hot, rain ………… a blessing.
(a) should be (b) will be
Error Correction
(c) must be (d) ought to be

3. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option, to 7. Identify the error and supply the correction for the
complete the part of a notice on the school notice following advertisement of an antivirus software.
board. Best online courses A properly installed and maintained antivirus
Students who want to participate in the Annual Day program may wipe out any malware attack, be it a
_______ (could/may/should) report to the Auditorium bot, a virus, a Trojan or even ransomware.
Hall at 12.30 pm tomorrow. Use the given format for your response.
4. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to Error Correction
complete the part of a notice, posted on a school notice

12 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Use the given format for your response.

8. Read the given sentence from a sports journal. Identify Error Correction
the error and supply the correction in the sentence.
In present times, physiologists would travel the 12. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies
the correction for a line from a Research Report:
world to conferences and meetings to present their
findings to other scientists. In many low and middle income countries, health
coverage has improved dramatically in the last two
Use the given format for your response. decades, but health outcomes may not.
Error Correction Option No. Error Correction
A has have
9. Complete the slogan, by filling in the blank with the B improved improve
correct option. C may have
Your plastic contribution ________ causing ocean D but thus
pollution. 13. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence:
(a) should be (b) won't be The management felt that the company________
include corporate social responsibility as part of its
(c) is (d) ought to be
mission statement and work for the betterment of
10. Identify the error and supply the correction for the society.
following advertisement of a software. (a) must (b) ought
This product handles the basics and then goes beyond (c) need (d) might
that with a collection of additional security features 14. Identify the error and supply the correction for the
that must take on many security breaches and win. following note in a smart watch's instruction manual.
Use the given format for your response. When the watch is connected to the mobile phone, the
Error Correction watch may automatically calibrate and synchronize
with the time of the mobile phone.
Use the given format for your response.
11. Read the given sentence from a recipe review article.
Identify the error and supply the correction in the Error Correction
sentence.
The upma recipe was so delicious that I couldn't
barely stop myself from having a second helping.

CBSE, 2024 Error Correction

Ought begin Ought to begin
1.
3. should
Error Correction 4. (d) will be
must can
5.
2.

Modals 13
 Error Correction must can
could can 11.
6. (b) will be Error Correction
7. couldn't barely stop could barely stop
Error Correction 12.
may can Option No. Error Correction
8. C may have
Error Correction 13. (a) must
would travel travel 14.
9. (c) is Error Correction
10. may will
Error Correction

14 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 3
CHAPTER
Subject-verb Agreement

Short Notes
Subject must agree in Number and Person. Thus, if the subject is of the singular number, the verb must be of the singular
number.
If the subject has a plural number, the verb must be of the plural number.
The basic rule of subject-verb agreement is that a singular subject (the doer of an action being talked of in the sentence)
always takes a singular verb (the action being done in the sentence). In contrast, a plural subject always takes a plural
verb. For example:
‰ The boy goes out. The boys go out.

Remember:
‰ Doesn’t is a contraction of does not and should be used only with a singular subject.
‰ Two singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.
‰ Nouns like scissors and trousers always take plural verbs.
The subject and the verb must agree. If the subject is singular, the verb should also be singular. If the subject is plural,
the verb should also be plural. The verb agrees with the subject in number and person.
‰ The given words look like plurals (i.e. they end in ‘s”). But they are, in fact, singular nouns. For these nouns, we use a
singular verb. E.g. Maths, Physics, Civics, Economics, News, Measles etc.

Points to Ponder:
Words such as audience, congregation, crowd, group, and family take a singular or plural verb, depending upon the
sentence. But it is always safe to use plural verbs with these nouns.
Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning take a plural form. For example, compasses, scissors, tongs, goggles, jeans
etc. Everybody, somebody, nobody, anybody, each takes a singular verb. When two subjects (nouns) are joined by ‘and’,
they require a plural verb.
For example,
The cow and the goat are grazing.
We use a singular verb if two subjects (nouns) are separated by ‘and’ refer to the same person or thing.
For example. Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast. Mr. Sehgal, my friend, and philosopher, sits next to me.
If subjects are joined by or, nor, either, or neither the verb agrees with the subject.
For example, Neither he nor his pet was there.
Either the girl or her sisters have broken the tray.
He or his friends are to be blamed.
The title of a book, play, story, or musical composition takes a singular verb even though they are in the plural.
Words or phrases expressing periods, fractions, weights, measurements and amount of money is considered as singular
and takes a singular verb.

Subject-verb Agreement 15
When a plural noun comes between a singular subject and its verb, the verb agrees with the subject, not the nearest
plural. For example.
‰ Each of the muskmelons is sweet.
‰ Each one of their group is enthusiastic.
‰ Neither of the workers was busy

Previous Year Questions

These cookies are used to collect information about

CBSE, 2024 how you interact with our website and allows us to
1. Complete the slogan, by filling in the blank with the remember you.
correct option: Option No. Error Correction
Planting a tree is a very noble deed and ______ the (a) interact interacted
earth from global warming! (b) with to
(a) saves (b) saving (c) about for
(c) had saved (d) should save (d) allows allow
2. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word 6. Identify the error and supply the correction for the
in the bracket, for the given portion of a letter. given pop-up appearing on a website's home page.
Sir This site use cookies. By continuing to use our
Attached is the invoice that _______ (detail) the website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy.
expenses incurred during the team's business trip to Use the given format for your response.
Tribogh.
Error Correction
3. Complete the sentence from the song, by filling in the
blank with the correct option
The frosty winter mourns your absence, 7. Identify the error and supply correction for the
following sentence taken from a course's flyer:
The snow flakes and ice ______ your warmth.
Our courses offer you concise training on individual
The fireplace flickers in longing, growth and personal developments.
As the cold night awaits your returns.

Use the given format for your response.
(a) crave (b) craves
Error Correction
(c) craved (d) shall crave
4. Identify the error and supply the correction for the
given sentence from an Art Exhibition invitation. 8. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
complete the sentence.
Artisan Club invite you to 'Art and Soul' an art
exhibition featuring art work created by our budding
Enclosed are the updated project guidelines and
artists. ______ (this / these / they) need to be shared with the
entire project team to ensure compliance.
Use the given format for your response.
9. Identify the error and supply correction for the given
Error Correction
sentence from a restaurant's promotional material.

Our restaurant serves authentic Indian foods celebrating
5. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the diversity of Indian Cuisine.
the correction for a pop-up that appeared on a webpage.
Use the given format for your response.

16 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Error Correction 14. Identify the error in the newspaper headline.
Attractive packages for different Tourist destination -
Mizoram, Kashmir, Kerala, Goa.
10. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies
Use the given format for your response:
the correction.
My pet dog are very playful. Error Correction

Option No. Error Correction

15. Identify the error and supply the correction for the
(a) My Our sentence:
(b) pet pets The 2020 research study pay attention to the
relationship between high levels of stress and
(c) are is employee productivity.
(d) playful playing Error Correction

11. Identify the error and supply correction for the

16. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies
following note from a marketing report.
the correction:

The current marketing goal is focused on website She wants to learns how to play the piano.
traffics and conversions.
Error Correction
Error Correction

17. Identify the error and supply the correction for the
12. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply the sentence:
correction:
"We specializes in arranging bespoke tours to exotic
The stage performance put up by the students were locations around the world."
spectacular.
Error Correction
Use the given format for your response:
Error Correction
18. Complete the line from the song:
In the night, the stars ______ , your dreams,
13. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option.
The moonlight guides your course,

His brother along with his friends ______ leaving for The cool breeze whispers your name,
the stadium. Leading you towards a new dawn.
(a) are (b) has (a) shines (b) shine
(c) is (d) were (c) shone (d) shining

Subject-verb Agreement 17
 11.
CBSE, 2024
Error Correction
1. (a) saves 2. details traffics traffic
3. (a) crave
12.
4.
Error Correction
Error Correction were was
invite invites
13. (c) is
5.
14.
Option No. Error Correction
Error Correction
(d) allows allow
destination destinations
6.
15.
Error Correction
Error Correction
This site use cookies This site uses cookies
pay pays
7.
16.
Error Correction Error Correction
developments development learns learn
17.
8. these
Error Correction
9.
specializes specialize
Error Correction 18. (b) shine
foods food
10.
Option No. Error Correction
(c) are is

18 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 4
CHAPTER
Reported Speech

Short Notes
Reporting the words of a speaker either directly or indirectly is called Narration. Narration change is the change of mode
of speech either from Direct to Indirect or from Indirect to Direct.
When we quote the exact words of the speaker, it is called Direct Speech.
E.g. Ritwik says, “I play football.”
Here Ritwik’s speech is quoted in the actual words used by him. The speech which is quoted in actual words (“I play
football.”) called the Reported Speech and the verb (''says'') that introduces speech is called the Reporting Verb.
When someone reports the speaker’s words indirectly without changing the meaning, it is called Indirect Speech. Here
Ritwik’s speech is reported in the form of Narration.
E.g. Ritwik says that he plays football.
Direct Speech: She said, “I am writing a novel.”
Indirect Speech: She said that she was writing a novel.
Direct Speech: He says, “You are an intelligent boy.”
Indirect Speech: He says that I am an intelligent boy.
Direct Speech: She said to me, “My mother is reading a newspaper.”
Indirect Speech: She told me that her mother was reading a newspaper.
Direct Speech: She will say to him, “I am reciting a poem.”
Indirect Speech: She will tell him that she is reciting a poem.
Direct Speech: She said to you, “I did it carefully.”
Indirect Speech: She told you that she had done it carefully.
In the indirect speech ‘told' may be used for 'said to'. But ‘told' does not take 'to' after it and ‘told' takes an object.
Direct Speech: They say, “She is always busy.”
Indirect Speech: They say that she is always busy.
Direct Speech: The baby will say, “Dad knows everything.”
Indirect Speech: The baby will say that Dad knows everything.
Direct Speech: She said, “I need some cash.”
Indirect Speech: She said that she needed some cash,
Direct Speech: He said, “I am waiting for her.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was waiting for her.
Direct Speech: The girl said, “I have done my assignment.”
Indirect Speech: The girl said that she had done her assignment.
Direct Speech: He said, “The boy has been sleeping.”

Reported Speech 19
 Indirect Speech: He said that the boy had been sleeping.
Direct Speech: He said, “They did it.”
Indirect Speech: He said that they had done it.
Direct Speech: He said, “She was gossiping.”
Indirect Speech: He said that she had been gossiping.
Direct Speech: The sage said, “Man will die.”
Indirect Speech: The sage said that man will die.
Direct Speech: She said, “The sun gives us light.”
Indirect Speech: She said that the sun gives us light.
Rules of Tense
Reporting Reported Speech Verb in Reported Speech Verb in
Verb Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Tense She says, Present Tense “I eat chapatti.” Present Tense “I eat chapatti.”
Present Tense She says, Past Tense “I ate chapatti.” Past Tense
She says that she ate chapatti.
Present Tense She says, Future Tense “I shall eat chapatti.” Future Tense She says that she will
eat chapatti.

Future Tense She will say, Present Tense “I eat chapatti.” Present Tense She will say that she
eats chapatti.
Present Tense She will say that she Past Tense “I ate chapatti.” Past Tense She will say that she ate
eats chapatti. chapatti.
Future Tense She will say, Future Tense “I shall eat chapatti.” Future Tense She will say that she
will eat chapatti.
Past Tense Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
She said, “I eat chapatti.” She said that she ate chapatti.

Past Tense She said, Universal truth or regular Remains unchanged

Habit “The earth moves round the She said that the earth moves round
sun.” the sun.
Past Tense She said, Present Continuous “I am eating Past Continuous She said that she
chapatti.” was eating chapatti.

Past Tense She said, Present Perfect “I have eaten Past Perfect She said that she had
chapatti.” eaten chapatti.
Past Tense She said, Past Indefinite “I ate chapatti.” Past Perfect
She said that she had eaten chapatti.

Past Tense Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

She said, I was eating chapatti.” She said that she had been eating
chapatti.
Past Tense She said, Past Perfect “I had eaten chapatti.” Remains unchanged She said that
she had eaten chapatti.

20 Class-X ENGLISH PW
Rules of Modal Verbs
Past Tense Shall / will / can / may /should / Should / would /could /
would / must / ought to might/should / would / must / ought to
She said, “I shall eat chapatti.” She said that she would eat chapatti.
She said, “I can eat chapatti.” She said that she could eat chapatti.
She said, “I may eat chapatti.” She said that she might eat chapatti.
She said, “I should eat chapatti.” She said that she should eat chapatti.
She said, “I ought to eat chapatti.” She said that she ought to eat chapatti.
She said, “I would eat chapatti.” She said that she would eat chapatti.
She said, “I must eat chapatti.” She said that she must eat chapatti.
Examples of Narration Change of Changes of Pronouns
Observe the following Examples of change of Pronouns in the sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech.
Direct Speech: I said to her, “You are wrong.”
Indirect Speech: I told her that she was wrong.

Points to Ponder:
1. The first person (I, we, our, us) in the direct speech is changed into the person of the speaker.
2. The second person (you, yours) of the direct speech is changed into the person spoken to.
3. The third person (he, she, his, her, they, them, their) of the direct speech is not changed.
Examples of Time and Place reference
Observe the following Examples of Time and Place reference in the sentences from
Direct to Indirect Speech.
Direct Speech: The girl said, “I’ll do the work now.”
Indirect Speech: The girl said that she would do the work then.
The following words that express nearness of Time, Place are changed to words expressing remoteness.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
now then
here there
this that
these those
come go

ago before
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the previous day
last night the previous night
Narration Change Assertive Sentence

Reported Speech 21
Observe the following Examples of Statements / Assertive Sentences in the sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech.
Rules
(a) No comma and Inverted comma in Indirect Speech, only full stop at the end.
(b) Reporting Verbs changed from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech;
‘say – say’,
‘says – says’,
‘said – said’,
‘said to – told’,
‘say to – tell’,
‘says to – tells’.
(c) Connective ‘that’ added before Reported Speech in indirect speech.
Examples
Direct: He said to me, “I do the work every day.”
Indirect: He told me that he does the work every day.
Direct: I said to him, ‘I am ready for the journey.”
Indirect: I told him that I was ready for the journey.
Direct: You will say, “He is wrong.”
Indirect: You will say that he is wrong.
Direct: The boy said, “I shall go to bed now.”
Indirect: The boy said that he would go to bed now.
Direct: I said, “I shall buy a book today.”
Indirect: I said that I should buy a book that day.
Interrogative Sentence Narration Change Class 9.
Examples of Interrogative Sentence:
Rules
(a) ‘Tell’ and ‘say’ in Direct Narration are changed to ‘ask’, ‘enquire of’, ‘question’, ‘want to know’ etc. in Indirect
Narration.
(b) In place of introductory ‘that’. ‘if’ or ‘whether’ should be used.
(c) In Indirect Narration a full stop (.) must be put in place of a question mark(?) at the end of the sentence.
(d) In Direct Narration the Reported Speech begins with W-word or how, in Indirect Narration the same Wh-word or how
is retained.
Examples
Direct: Do you know the way to the station?” She said to Mahim.
Indirect: She asked Mahim if (whether) he knew the way to the station.
Direct: Have you brought a pen for me?” the girl said to her father.
Indirect: The girl asked her father if he had brought a pen for her.
Direct: I said to him, “Shall I reach the village before dawn?”
Indirect: I asked him if I would reach the village before dawn.
Direct: “Why are you weeping?” the Swallow asked the prince
Indirect: The Swallow enquired of the prince why he was weeping.
Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the stranger.
Indirect: The stranger asked him where he lived.

22 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Direct: He said to me, “You are going to the playground, aren’t you?”
Indirect: He asked me whether it was true that I was going to the playground.
Narration Change Imperative Sentences
Go through the following Examples of Command / Request / Imperative Sentences in the sentences from Direct to
Indirect Speech.
Rules
(a) Reporting verbs of Direct Speech changed into order or command, advise, or request according to sense in Indirect
Speech.
(b) ‘To’ is placed before Reported speech in Indirect Narration; for negative imperative sentence ‘not to’ is used.
(c) ‘not to’ can also be replaced by ‘forbid’, or ‘prohibit’.
(d) ‘Let’ implies ‘suggestion’ or ‘proposal’; Reporting verb will be ‘suggest’ or ‘propose’ in Indirect Speech. ‘that’ is used
before Reported speech in Indirect Narration
(e) ‘Let’ without ‘suggestion’ or ‘proposal’; Reporting verb will be ‘tell’, or ‘wish’ according to sense in Indirect Speech.
‘that’ is used before Reported speech in Indirect Narration.
Examples
Direct: She said to him, ‘Please lend me your pen.”
Indirect: She requested him to lend her his pen.
Direct: The mother said to her son, “Wait here for me.
Indirect: The mother told her son to wait there for her.
Direct: He said to me, ‘Go home at once.
Indirect: He advised me to go home at once.
Direct: He said, ‘Friends, lend me your ears.
Indirect: Addressing them as friends, he requested them to lend him their ears.
Direct: Mon said to Mohan, ‘Let us discuss the matter.’
Indirect: Mon suggested to Mohan that they should discuss the matter.
Direct: She said, ‘Let me come in.’
Indirect: She requested that she might be allowed to come in.
Optative Sentences Narration Change
Go through the following Examples of Wish/Pray/Optative Sentences in the sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech.
(a) Reporting verbs changed to ‘wish’, ‘pray’, and ‘bless’ in Indirect Speech.
(b) Linker, ‘that’ is placed before Reported speech in Indirect Narration.
Direct: He said to you, May God bless you.’
Indirect: He prayed that God might bless you.
Direct: She said, ‘Had I been there!
Indirect: She wished that she had been there.
Direct: He said to me, ‘May you succeed.’
Indirect: He wished that I might succeed.
Direct: They said, ‘Long live the leader.’
Indirect: They prayed that the leader might live long.
Direct: He said to me, ‘May your mother recover soon.
Indirect: He wished that my mother might recover soon.
Direct: The monk said, ‘May peace prevail.’
Indirect: The monk hoped that peace would prevail.
Exclamatory Sentences Narration Change
Check the following Examples of Exclamatory sentences in the sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech.

Reported Speech 23
(a) The reporting verb is changed into exclaim (in joy), exclaim (in grief), cried out (in sorrow), pray, wish, etc.
(b) Examinations are turned into statements.
(c) Interjections (Alas, Oh, Hurrah) are omitted.
(d) ‘What’, and ‘How’ used in exclamation should be replaced by great, great, very, very much, and big.
Direct Speech: The supporters said, “Hurrah! they have won!’
Indirect Speech: The supporter exclaimed in joy that they had won.
Direct Speech: The boy said, ‘How wonderful love is!’
Indirect Speech: The boy exclaimed in joy that love is wonderful.
Direct Speech: ‘Good God! I am saved’, said he.
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed in the name of merciful God that he was saved.
Direct Speech: ‘Alas! I am undone’, said the man.
Indirect Speech: The man cried out in sorrow that he was undone.
Direct Speech: She said, ‘Goodbye, my beloved friends!’
Indirect Speech: She bade her beloved friends goodbye.

Previous Year Questions

__________________.
CBSE, 2024
4. Complete the sentence by filling in the blank based
1. Complete the sentence by filling in the blank: on the conversation:
Receptionist: Good to see you again, sir! Hostess: Wonderful to see you again, sir!
Guest: Indeed, it's always nice to be back. Customer: Thanks, I couldn't resist your delicious
food.
The guest replied that___________
The customer responded that _______________.
2. Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
the dialogue: 5. Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
the dialogue:
Raashi asked Ratul about the most rewarding part of
volunteering. Raashi asked Ratul whether he had encouraged
others to volunteer. Ratul affirmed that he always
Ratul expressed that seeing the ___________ is the
encourages his friends and family to consider
most rewarding part.
volunteering.
(a) positive impact we can make in people's lives
(a) whether he is encouraging others to volunteer
(b) positive impact they can make in people’s lives
(b) whether he encouraged others to volunteer
(c) positive impact they could make in people’s lives
(c) whether he encourages others to volunteer
(d) positive impact they we could make in people’s
lives (d) whether he had encouraged others to volunteer
3. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his 6. Report the dialogue between the vendor and his
customer, by completing the sentence. customer:
Vendor: Have you been busy lately? Vendor: Are you feeling alright today?
Customer: Yes, I have been very occupied with work Customer: Yes, I am doing much better than before.
this week. The vendor asked his customer if he was feeling
okay. The customer responded positively, saying
The vendor asked his customer if he had been busy
that______________
of late. The customer confirmed this, stating that

24 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 7. Read the conversation between the coach and the (a) he was running out of money
student. (b) he has ran out of money
Complete the sentence by reporting the reply (c) he have run out of money
correctly:
(d) he had run out of money
Coach: You must attend morning practice regularly.
Student: Yes, I will as I am feeling stronger now. 12. Read the conversation between Meera and her father.
The coach reminded the student that he must attend Complete the sentence by reporting the reply
morning practice regularly, to which the student correctly.
replied ________. Meera: What did you buy?
8. Report the dialogue between two friends by Father: I bought a heater.
completing the sentence.
Meera asked her father what he had bought. The
Rahul: Saheb, what did you like most about your
father replied that he _______.
visit to the village?
13. Report the dialogue between Rashid and his father,
Saheb: The sense of joy in the simple things of life.
by completing the sentence.
In response to the question about what he liked about
his visit to the village, Saheb says ...... Father: How are you getting on with your studies?
9. Select the correct option to complete the narration of Rashid: Fine. I have got a certificate of improvement
the dialogue between Anil and Sanjeev: from the school.
Anil: Where are you going? Father asked Rashid how he was getting on with his
Sanjeev: To the airport. studies. Rashid replied that ________.
Anil: May I drop you there as I'm going in that 14. Raman shared some information with Seema. Report
direction? Seema's question.
Anil asked Sanjeev where he was going and offered Can you solve the sum?
to drop him as ________.
15. Read the conversation between the Chief Guest and
(a) he could be going in that direction the student. Complete the sentence by reporting the
(b) he would be going in the direction reply correctly.
(c) he is going in the direction Chief guest: Who inspired you to learn classical
(d) he was going in that direction dance.
10. Read the conversation between a coach and his Student: I was inspired by my grandfather who was
player. a renowned dancer.
Complete the sentence by reporting the player's reply
The Chief Guest asked the student who had inspired
correctly.
the student to learn classical dance. The student
Coach: Will you be able to report for morning replied ________.
practice during the summer break?
16. Report the dialogue between the receptionist and the
Player: Sir, I will report every morning at 7 a.m. customer by completing the sentence:
sharp.
Receptionist: When would you like to check into the
The coach while talking to the player asked him hotel.
whether he would be able to report for morning
Customer: I will send you an email and give the
practice. The player affirmed ________.
details.
11. Select the correct option to complete the narration of
In response to the question regarding when he would
the dialogue between Ajay and his friend.
like to move in, the customer replied ________.
Friend: Ajay, did you buy a zoom lens with your
17. Samiksha shared some information with Sameer
camera? regarding the annual blood donation camp. Report
Ajay: No, I did not. I ran out of money. Sameer's question:
Ajay's friend asked Ajay whether he had bought a How did you feel when you were donating blood?
zoom lens with his camera. Ajay replied that he had 18. Select the correct option to complete the narration of
not because ________.

Reported Speech 25
 a dialogue between a passerby and a farmer. his chess club.
Passerby: Can you tell me the way to Rampur. Karen: What led you to join the chess club?
Farmer: Drive for four kms and then turn right. Matt: Chess is not just a game, it's a mental battle
The passerby asked the farmer if he could tell him the which I enjoy.
way to Rampur. The farmer replied that ________. Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
(a) he may drive for four kms and then turn right. the above dialogue.
(b) he should drive for four kms and then turn right. Karen questioned Matt about _______ the chess
club. Matt reflected and commented that chess was
(c) he might drive for four kms and then turn right.
more than just a game to him, it was a mental battle
(d) he had to drive for four kms and then turn right. which he enjoyed.
19. Read the conversation between a teacher and a (a) what led to join him.
student.
(b) what led him to join
Complete the sentence by reporting the reply
(c) what is leading him to join
correctly:
(d) what led him joining
Teacher: Would you like to take like to take part in
a debate competition? 25. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his
customer, by completing the sentence:
Student: Yes, When is the competition?
Vendor: You seem quite refreshed today, sir?
The teacher asked whether the student would like
to participate in a debate competition to which the Customer: Yes, I just returned from a vacation.
student affirmed ________. The vendor, noticing a change in his customer's
20. Report the dialogue between the shopkeeper and demeanor, pointed out that he appeared refreshed.
customer, by completing the sentence: The customer confirmed this observation, mentioning
that he __________ .
Customer: Do you sell battery operated toys for
children? 26. Swati and Akshat had a conversation about the
opening of Swati's Art Exhibition.
Shop keeper: Yes, we have a wide range of toys.
Report Akshat's question.
The customer asked the shopkeeper if he sold
Did the organizers offer you any discount?
battery operated toys for children. In response, the
shopkeeper replied ________. 27. Read the dialogue between Manish and his father,
regarding Manish's cricket coaching.
21. Rohina shared some information with Ruchi
regarding her summer internship at the bank. Report Father: Did you get a new coach in the academy to
Ruchi's question. train you?
What was the duration of your internship? Manish: Yes, the new coach is very motivating and
pushes us to perform better.
22. Select the correct option to complete the narration of
a dialogue between Raj and his wife: Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
the above dialogue.
Raj I have invited my friends for dinner.
Manish's father asked him _________.
Wife: I'll invite my friends too.
Manish answered in the affirmative and added that
Raj told his wife that he had invited his friends for the new coach was very motivating and pushed them
dinner. The wife added that ________. to perform better.
(a) she will invite her friends too (a) if he got a new coach in the academy to train him.
(b) she would invite her friends too (b) if he is getting a new coada in the academy to train
(c) she can invite her friends too him.
(d) she could invite her friends too (c) whether he got a new coach to train him.
23. Marie and Peter had a conversation about volunteer (d) whether he gets a new coach in the academy to train
work. Report Marie's question. him.
How has this volunteer work impacted your life? 28. Report the dialogue between two friends, Deepika
24. Read the dialogue between Karen and Matt, regarding and Nida, by completing the sentence:

26 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Deepika: Are you excited about your sister's (d) who may do any unauthorized act
marriage? 33. Mihika and Nitesh had a conversation about a
Nida: Yes, indeed! My family has been busy with shopping mall they recently visited.
preparations for the past two months. Report Mihika's question.
Deepika asked Nida if she was excited about her Do you remember that cafe where we had a croissant?
sister's marriage. Nida answered in the affirmative
and explained that ________. 34. Read the dialogue between Sameer, a passenger and
the flight attendant regarding delay in flight landing.
29. Tanu and Amit had a conversation about the
execution of Tanu's travel plan. Sameer: At what time are we landing in Mumbai?
Report Amit's question. Flight Attendant: Sorry for the inconvenience, sir.
Will you be going with your family? The flight will be delayed by a few hours due to
heavy rain.
30. Read the dialogue between Karan and his friend,
Parvaiz regarding Karan's winter vacation plans: Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
the above dialogue.
Karan: How is your winter vacation plan shaping
up? Sameer asked the flight attendant about the time they
Parvaiz: Alas! There are no plans. We have extra would be landing in Mumbai. The flight attendant
classes during our winter vacation. apologized for the inconvenience and replied that
________ due to heavy rains.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
the above dialogue. (a) the flight would be delayed by a few hours
Karan asked Parvaiz how his winter vacation plan (b) there would be a delay in flight landing
was shaping up. Parvaiz sighed and said there were (c) there will be a delay by a few hours
no plans. He further added that __________. (d) the flight could be delayed by a few hours
(a) they had extra classes during our winter vacation 35. Report the following dialogue between a teacher and
(b) he has extra classes during their winter vacations her student, by completing the sentence.
(c) they had extra classes during their winter vacation Teacher: Why have you not completed your
(d) they have extra classes during their winter vacation homework?
31. Report the dialogue between two friends, Madhur Student: There was a long power cut in my locality
and Priyanka, by completing the sentence: and our inverter battery also ran out.
Madhur: Do you know the importance of water for The teacher asked the student why he had not
our body? completed his homework. The student answered that
Priyanka: Yes, indeed! Water is essential for digestion ______.
and regulates body temperature. 36. Read the dialogue between Vilakshna and her
Madhur asked Priyanka if she knew about the physician, Dr. Sharnani, regarding the effectiveness
importance of water for their body. Priyanka answered of her medication.
in the affirmative and explained that __________. Dr. Sharnani: How is your acid reflux problem now?
32. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to Vilakshna: I'd tried everything without success, but
complete the part of the "All Rights Reserved" note this new medicine is great.
given in a textbook. Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
No part of this publication may be reproduced, the above dialogue.
transcribed, transmitted, stored or translated into any Dr. Sharnani asked Vilakshna about her acid reflux
language. Any person _________ in relation to this problem to which Vilakshna replied that she'd tried
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution everything without success, _________ .
and civil claims for damages.
(a) but she found the new medicine to be great
(a) who will be doing any unauthorized act
(b) but she thought that this new medicine was great
(b) who is doing any unauthorized act (c) but the new medicine was great
(c) who does any unauthorized act (d) but that new medicine was great

Reported Speech 27
 37. Report the following dialogue between two friends and relaxation. Select the option to complete the
who are visiting a museum, by completing the reporting of the above dialogue. Rita asked Jeetu
sentence. why he had decided to take-up painting. Jeetu
Auronima: What are you staring at? calmly explained that _________ self-expression and
relaxation.
Soumitra: I am in awe of this beautiful painting! I
have not seen anything like this before. (a) he views painting as a form of
Auronima asked Soumitra what he was staring (b) he has viewed painting as a form of
at. Soumitra exclaimed that he was in awe of the (c) he viewed painting as a form of
beautiful painting and that _________ . (d) he is viewing painting as a form of
38. Kevin and Rohan had a conversation about their 43. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his
college admissions. Report Rohan's question. customer, by completing the sentence:
Would you be interested in studying arts or medicine? Vendor: It seems like you're in a hurry today!
39. Read the dialogue between Yogita and Nandini, Customer: Yes, I have to pick up my daughter at
regarding the progress of a task. school soon.
Yogita: How long have you been working on this The vendor noticed his customer's sense of urgency
task? and asked about it. The customer confirmed this and
Nandini: I've been working for two hours. explained that _______.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting of 44. Manthan and Sonalika had a conversation about
the above dialogue. Sonalika's job interview.
Yogita asked Nandini _________ . Report Manthan's question.
Nandini replied that she had been working for two How are you preparing for the interview?
hours. 45. Read the dialogue between Meher and her mother,
(a) for how long was she working on the task regarding
(b) how long she had been working on that task Meher's dance classes.
(c) for how long had she been working on this task Mother: Are you enjoying your dance classes?
(d) how long had she been working on this task Meher: Oh Yes! I am loving it. It is so refreshing to
attend them after a long day.
40. Report the following dialogue between a food
delivery executive and a customer, by completing Select the correct option to complete the reporting of
the sentence. the above dialogue.
Meher's mother asked her ______. In response,
Food delivery executive: Could you give me a
Meher exclaimed and said that she was loving it.
5 star rating? Customer: I can only tell after I finish
She added that it was very refreshing to attend them
eating the food.
after a long day.
The food delivery executive asked the customer if
(a) whether the dance classes were being enjoyed by
he/she could give him a 5 star rating. The customer
her
replied by saying that ___________ .
(b) whether she is enjoying her dance classes
41. Mahi and Pankaj had a conversation about volunteer
work. Report (c) whether she was enjoying her dance classes
Mahi's question. (d) whether the dance classes are being enjoyed by her
Mahi: How do you balance your volunteer work 46. Report the dialogue between two friends, Nidhi and
with your personal life? Neha, by completing the sentence:
Pankaj: I set a particular time for volunteering and Nidhi - Have you mastered the art of cooking
ensure I have enough time for my personal activities. Chinese food?
42. Read the dialogue between Rita and Jeetu about a Neha - Yes, indeed! I have been cooking Chinese
hobby course. food for a month.
Rita: Why did you decide to take up painting? Nidhi asked Neha if she had mastered the art of
cooking Chinese food.
Jeetu: I view painting as a form of self-expression

28 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Neha answered in the affirmative and explained that beforehand. The teacher advised him to take care of
______. his health.
47. Akshat and Niharika had a conversation about the (a) why did he remain absent the previous day
felicitation of Akshat's achievements. (b) why he had been absent the previous day
Report Niharika's question. (c) the reason he was absent
What will you be wearing for tomorrow's function? (d) why was he absent yesterday
48. Read the dialogue between Karan and his teacher 49. Report the following dialogue between a hawker and
regarding his absence from school. his customer, by completing the sentence.
Teacher: Karan, why were you absent yesterday? Hawker: Do you want any tomatoes?
Karan: Yesterday I had cold and fever, sir. I couldn't Customer: Yes, indeed! Although they are a bit
inform you beforehand. expensive, I like to add tomatoes to my diet.
Teacher: That's okay. Take care of your health. The hawker asked the customer whether she wanted
Select the correct option to complete the reporting of any tomatoes. The customer answered in the
the above dialogue. affirmative and explained that __________.
The teacher asked Karan ___________.
Karan replied that he had cold and fever the previous
day and added that he couldn't inform the teacher

renowned dancer.
CBSE, 2024
16. he would send an email and give the details.
1. The guest replied that it was always nice to be back. 17. Sameer asked Samiksha how she felt when she was
2. (a) positive impact we can make in people's lives donating blood.
3. he had been very occupied with work that week 18. (b) he should drive for four kms and then turn right.
4. he couldn't resist the delicious food 19. and inquired about the date of the competition.
5. (b) whether he had encouraged others to volunteer 20. replied that they had a wide range of toys.
6. he was doing much better than before. 21. Ruchi asked Rohina what the duration of her
7. that he would as he was feeling stronger now internship was.
8. Saheb says he liked the sense of joy in the simple 22. (b) she would invite her friends too
things of life. 23. Marie asked Peter how that volunteer work had
9. (d) he was going in that direction impacted his life.
10. (b) he will report every morning at 7 a.m. sharp 24. (b) what led him to join
11. (d) he had run out of money 25. had just returned from a vacation.
12. had bought a heater 26. Akshat asked Swati if the organizers had offered her
13. he was fine and that he had got a certificate of any discount for the Art Exhibition opening.
improvement from the school. 27. (c) whether he got a new coach to train him.
14. Seema asked Raman if he could solve the sum. 28. Deepika asked Nida if she was excited about her
15. he was inspired by his grandfather who was a sister's marriage. Nida answered in the affirmative

Reported Speech 29
 and explained that her family had been busy with studying arts or medicine.
preparations for the past two months. 39. (d) how long had she been working on this task
29. Amit asked Tanu if she would be going with her 40. he/she can only tell after finishing eating the food.
family. 41. Mahi asked Pankaj how he balances his volunteer
30. (c) they had extra classes during their winter vacation work with his personal life.
31. Madhur asked Priyanka if she knew about the 42. (c) he viewed painting as a form of
importance of water for their body. Priyanka
43. he had to pick up his daughter at school soon
answered in the affirmative and explained that
water is essential for digestion and regulates body 44. Manthan asked Sonalika how she was preparing for
temperature. the interview.
32. (c) who does any unauthorized act 45. (c) whether she was enjoying her dance classes
33. Mihika asked Nitesh if he remembered the cafe 46. Neha answered in the affirmative and explained that
where they had a croissant. she had been cooking Chinese food for a month.
34. (a) the flight would be delayed by a few hours 47. Niharika asked Akshat what he would be wearing
35. The teacher asked the student why he had not for the function the next day.
completed his homework. The student answered that 48. (d) why was he absent yesterday
there was a long power cut in his locality and their 49. although they were a bit expensive, she liked to add
inverter battery also ran out. tomatoes to her diet.
36. (a) but she found the new medicine to be great
37. he had not seen anything like that before.
38. Rohan asked Kevin if he would be interested in

30 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 5
CHAPTER
Determiners

Short Notes
Determiners are words that come before nouns. They contain several classes of words, including pronouns and adjectives.

Points to Ponder:
(i) They determine or limit the noun by giving some additional information about it.
(ii) Determiners show whether a noun refers to is a general or a specific object, person, or place.
(iii) They indicate which or how many things the noun refers to.
Note: Determiners define or limit a noun to the singular or plural. They indicate the amount or quantity. Determiners and
nouns together make noun phrases. They make noun phrases with adjectives too. Determiners may precede numerals too.
Determiners do not describe a noun; they determine or point it out. Look at these:
‰ the book
‰ every city
‰ some celebrities
‰ his pet
‰ my friends
‰ those cars
‰ no participants
‰ some candidates

Kinds of Determiners:
1. Articles (a, an, the)
2. Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
3. Possessives (my, our, your, his, her, its, their)
4. Distributives (either, neither, each, every
5. Determiners of quantity and number (some, any, much, several, minor, less, enough, no). Note: It also includes – first,
second, many, either, neither, few, fewer etc.
6. Interrogatives (what, which, whose, etc.)

Some examples:
1. Lonavala is a beautiful region.
2. Some students missed their piano class.
3. Our athletes are well-mannered.
4. All winners of the awards were absent.

Determiners 31
 5. This novel is too old.
Use of Articles: A, An
1. ‘A’ and ‘An’ are used before countable nouns in the singular number, e.g. ‘a question’ or ‘an answer.’ ‘A’ and ‘An’ are
used before a noun to show that it is not specific.
2. ‘A’ is used before consonant sounds, e.g. a car, a hat, a mat, a woman, etc.
3. ‘A’ is used if a word is spelled with a vowel but has a consonant sound, a unit, a university. Here ‘u’ has the consonant
sound of ‘y’.
4. ‘A’ is used in the following expressions: a pleasure, a toothache, a loud thud, a headache, a shame, a bad cold, a
nuisance, etc.
5. ‘An’ is used before a vowel sound, e.g. an eagle, an egg, etc.
6. ‘An’ is also used if the word is spelled with a consonant but has a vowel sound e.g. an hour, an honorable man etc.
The
1. ‘The’ can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
2. It is used to show that the noun is specific, e.g. The first railway line in India was laid in Thane, Maharashtra.
3. ‘The’ is used with a noun that has already been mentioned. e.g. He is looking for a book. (not specific)
This is the book he was looking for. (specific)
4. ‘The’ is also used when a noun is preceded by a superlative adjective - the longest day.
5. ‘The’ is used for common nouns, e.g. the earth, the sun, the moon, and the sky.
6. ‘The’ is used with uncountable nouns if indicating specifics, e.g.
The water is clean.
The curd has gone sour.
7. If an unspecific meaning is indicated, ‘the’ is not used, e.g. Water is an important component of our food.
8. ‘The’ is used when we refer to a whole group of people - the Indians, the good, the bad etc.
9. ‘The’ is used before mountain ranges, rivers, canals, oceans, deserts, holy books, etc. e.g. the Bible, the Himalayas, the
Ganges, the Pacific Ocean.
10. ‘The’ is used before the names of newspapers, government departments, museums, and libraries, e.g. the Ministry of
Education, The Hindu.
11. ‘The’ is not used before the names of persons, continents, cities, holidays, days of the week, months, subjects of study,
etc. We cannot say the Obama, the New Delhi etc.
12. No articles are needed with the names of diseases, meals, languages, days, etc. e.g. It is wrong to say the malaria, the
dinner, The Wednesday, etc.
Each, Every, All
‘Every’ indicates a single unit in a group. ‘Each’ refers to individual members of a small
group, while ‘every’ member of a large group. Sometimes, everyone can be used. E.g.
Each of her three brothers was educated.
Every Indian must cast his/her vote.
Every/Each one was given alms.
‘All’ are used to indicate the whole group rather than its components, e.g. All the
students of CBSE grade 10-A has passed the examination.
Use of Determiners of Quantity:
Many, Much, Some, Any
Many is used only with plural nouns and to show a large number.
Much is used with uncountable nouns indicating a large quantity.

32 Class-X ENGLISH PW
E.g. Shreya does not have many friends.
They had so much fun.
Few, A Few, The Few
‘Few’ means very small numbers, not enough, and below expectation. ‘A few’ indicate
some numbers. ‘The few’ indicates very small specific numbers, e.g.
Few students are interested in learning codings.
A few students are good at German.
The few good students usually come from literate families.
Little, A Little
Look at these two sentences.
They had little rain this year in their village.
They had a little rain this year in their village.
‘Little’ is used when the speaker wants to convey the meaning ‘not enough or below expectation’.
Note: Little expresses a negative meaning.
‘A little’ is used when the speaker wants to convey the meaning a small amount but not much.
Note: A little expresses a positive meaning.
Some, Any
‘Some’ and ‘Any’ show not a very large quantity. Some are used in affirmative sentences, e.g. There is some water in the
bucket. Any is used in interrogative or negative sentences, e.g. Is there any water in the bucket? There isn’t any water
in the bucket.
Now, look at these sentences.
‰ She hasn’t got any roses in her garden.
‰ There isn’t any milk left in the tetrapack.
‘Any’ is used in negative statements with countable plural nouns like roses and uncountable nouns like milk.
Use of Interrogatives
Determiners that are used for framing questions are called interrogatives.
‘What’, ‘which’, ‘whose,’ ‘how much, ‘how many’ are interrogative determiners. e.g.
‘whose house’, ‘which city’, ‘how many rulers’, ‘how much water’, ‘what money’ etc.

Previous Year Questions

__________ (these/that/it) requires immediate

CBSE, 2024 attention from the management team.
1. Identify the error and supply the correction: 3. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option:
The research explores the correlation of physical Attached are the departmental performance reports
activity and mental health. and __________ (it/these/them) should be reviewed
by each department head.
Error Correction
4. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
with the correct option:
2. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option:
The attendant _______ several guests at the same
The quarterly performance report is attached and time to ensure prompt service.

Determiners 33
 (a) waited on (b) waited in 12. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
(c) waited up (d) waited with the correct option:
5. Select the correct option to fill in the blank for the In times of trouble you can always _______ your
given line from a daily newspaper: parents for help.
The cars were stopped ______ going any further due (a) turn in (b) turn to
to a traffic diversion. (c) turn on (d) turn away
(a) to (b) from 13. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option:
(c) within (d) by After many months of research, the scientists
6. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank _______ the invisible barrier.
with the correct option: (a) break down (b) broke out
Not only did Mayank work hard to win the trophy, (c) broke in (d) broke through
______ helped the juniors to improve their skills. 14. Select the correct option to fill in the blanks for the
(a) he as well as (b) but he also given line:
(c) and he also (d) just as he Don't you have _______ friends in the school?
7. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank (a) much (b) few
with the correct option: (c) little (d) any
The residents promised to ______ the President of 15. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies
the association in his demand for proper garbage the correction for the following line from a sports
disposal systems. journal:
(a) stood by (b) stand by
The captain of the team was accused with not
(c) stand against (d) stood for encouraging the team members.
8. Fill in the blank with the correct option: Option No. Error Correction
The number of people attending this evening's annual A The a
function is ______ than that of the previous year's.
B With of
(a) fewer (b) few
C encouraging encouragement
(c) less (d) much
D members member
9. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option.
I appreciate even _______ help given to me. 16. Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank
(a) little (b) much with the correct option:
(c) the little (d) few The children, _______ better safety procedures after
the unexpected fire in the school.
10. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
complete a school advisory. (a) called for (b) called in
Parents must _______ their children's leisure (c) called by (d) called out
activities. 17. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
(a) look at (b) look into complete the sentence.
(c) look away (d) look up Enclosed are the updated project guidelines and
11. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies ______ (this / these / they) need to be shared with
the correction for the following line: the entire project team to ensure compliance.
Option Error Correction 18. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option,
(a) sounds sound to complete the line from a policy document of a
(b) laughter laughing company:
(c) was were It helps anyone _______ (whom/who/which) wants
(d) in of to enter into a contractual relationship with the

34 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 company to gain knowledge about the company. 22. Identify the error and supply the correction for this line
19. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies from a sociological research paper.
the correction for a privacy policy document. There's a significant correlation of low income and
high crime rates.
We process this data to supply the goods as well as
services you have purchased or to keep records of Use the given format for your response.
such transactions. Error Correction
Option No. Error Correction
(A) this these 23. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option, to
(B) or and complete the disclaimer given before a documentary
(C) keep keeping film.
(D) have has The film has been created by taking creative liberties
20. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to and dramatizing the events ________ (about/for/on)
complete an issued circular by an organization, to its cinematic expressions.
Managers. 24. Select the option that identifies the error and supplies
Attached is the new company policy on remote work the correction for the opening line, from a Terms and
and _______ (it / these them) should be distributed Conditions document.
to all employees as soon as possible. Though all efforts have been made to ensure the
21. Identify the error and supply correction for the given accuracy of the content on this website, the same
sentence from a technology company's product could not be construed as a statement of law or used
description. for any legal purposes.
Our latest software solution is designed for help Option No. Error Correction
businesses streamline their operations. (A) efforts effort
Error Correction (B) ensure ensuring
(C) could should
(D) of for

8. (a) fewer
CBSE, 2024
9. (c) the little
1. 10. (b) look into
Error Correction 11.
of between Option Error Correction
2. it (d) in of
3. these 12. (b) turn to
4. (a) waited on 13. (d) broke through
5. (b) from 14. (d) any
6. (b) but he also 15.
7. (b) stand by

Determiners 35
 Option Error Correction 22.
B With of Error Correction
16. (a) called for for help business to help business
17. 23.

Error Correction Error Correction

into in of between
18. these 24. for
19. Who 25.
20. Option No. Error Correction
Option No. Error Correction (D) of for
(B) or and
21. it

36 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Writing Skills

6
CHAPTER
Formal Letter

Short Notes
‰ Purpose: Formal letters are written for official, business, or professional communication.
‰ Format:
1. Sender’s Address: At the top left, no punctuation.
2. Date: Below the sender’s address, in the format 2nd October 2024.
3. Receiver’s Address: Below the date, includes name/designation and full address.
4. Subject: Brief and specific, indicates the purpose of the letter.
5. Salutation: Use formal greetings like Dear Sir/Madam.
6. Body:
o Introduction: State the purpose clearly.
o Main Content: Provide details or explanation.
o Conclusion: Request or suggest action.
7. Closing: Use Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely.
8. Signature: Sender’s name and designation (if applicable).
‰ Tone: Formal, polite, and respectful.
‰ Language: Concise, clear, and grammatically correct.

Types of Formal Letters

‰ Letter to the Editor:

Formal Letter 37
  Purpose: To express views, opinions, or raise awareness about a public issue.
 Tone: Formal but assertive.
 Structure: Introduction of the issue, elaboration of the problem, suggestions for improvement.
‰ Letter of Complaint:
 Purpose: To report issues regarding services, products, or other grievances.
 Tone: Courteous but firm.
 Structure: Clearly mention the complaint, provide necessary details (date, product, service), request resolution.
‰ Letter of Enquiry:
 Purpose: To seek information about products, services, or details.
 Tone: Polite and formal.
 Structure: State the enquiry, provide relevant background, and ask for necessary details.
‰ Letter for Placing an Order:
 Purpose: To place orders for goods or services.
 Tone: Clear and formal.
 Structure: List of items, quantity, payment, delivery details.
‰ Enquiry Letter
‰ Purpose: To request specific information about products, services, courses, or events.
‰ Tone: Polite and formal, ensuring clarity in the request.

Structure:
‰ Introduction: Clearly mention the purpose of the enquiry (e.g., interested in a course, product, or service).
‰ Body: Ask for specific details such as features, pricing, availability, terms, or deadlines. Provide any necessary
background information.
‰ Conclusion: Request a prompt reply and offer contact details for further communication.

Previous Year Questions

marathon to be held in your city.

CBSE, 2024
Write a letter to the editor of a national daily
1. There are daily reports in the newspaper of fatal emphasizing the participation of school children in
accidents due to reckless driving and road rage. Write such programmes as part of voluntary community
a letter to the Commissioner of Traffic Police in service. Highlight the benefits of participation in
about 120 words suggesting the need to take stricter such activities.
action against the offenders. Recommend the use of 3. You are Soumya/Soham, living at 43-B, Blue
social media to launch awareness campaigns about Apartments, Prashant Lok. You wish to take up a
the implications of irresponsible driving. You are three-week summer course in baking after finishing
Shantanu/Savita, living at B-108 Krishi Apartments. your class X board exams. Write a letter in about 120
2. A leading communication company 'Savera' is words, to the Principal of Excellent Cooking, Block-
sponsoring a half marathon run in your city to raise D, Mahesh Enclave, seeking information about the
funds for 'Koshish' an orphanage. You are Roshini/ course structure, course duration, fees, class timings,
Roshan, school captain of Adarsh Vidyalaya. You on job trainings etc.
are leading a batch of hundred students in the half

38 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 4. You are Punit/Punita of Eric India Pvt. Ltd., Saman promotion by civic authorities about segregation of
Chowk. You have received the reply to your letter waste into 'recyclable' and non recyclable' waste the
of inquiry from Lifeway India Company. You feel garbage collectors in your areas do not follow the
confident about the company's terms and conditions. rules.
Write a letter placing an order for the furniture for Write a letter to the MLA of your city, in about 120
your office, that you had mentioned in the previous words, apprising him of the situation, sharing the
communication. Include a reference to your previous importance of waste segregation and requesting him
letter. Remember to mention quantity, quality, mode of to take strict action against erring personnel.
payment, delivery date and discount.
10. As Anushri Jain, a resident of 52, Mount view
5. You are Aman/Amita, living at 45-B, Bellaview Nagar. Apartments, Abadpur, you are distressed with frequent
You want information about the French language course long power cuts in your society. Despite several request
at La-France institute, Mohan Circle. Write a letter in letters to the concerned authority, the problem still
about 120 words to the Director, Foreign Language persists. Write a letter to the editor of a local daily, in
enquiring about the details of the courses offered by the about 120 words highlighting the inconvenience faced
institution. In your letter include eligibility, duration of by the residents of the locality and offering solutions.
different courses, medium of instruction, examination
11. As Sharman Singh of 776, Hemkunt Apartments,
cycle etc.
Arampur, you believe that as a law abiding citizen who
6. The Residents of Sunshine Society had put up a pays regular taxes you deserve regular supply of clean
weekend carnival to raise funds for 'Apeksha' a home drinking water in your house. However, your locality
for physically challenged. All items on sale were made is facing acute shortage as supply is often disrupted
by the residents themselves. As President of the society, without notice causing problems to the residents. Write
Adil Kumar, write a letter in 120 words to the editor of a letter to the Director of Jal Board of your city area,
the local daily, about this experience, appreciating the in about 120 words, apprising him of the situation;
effort of the residents. Suggest how citizens must reach sharing the need for regular supply of clean water and
out to their communities, volunteer time and render requesting him to take necessary action to improve the
help in any way they can. situation.
7. As Nalini Sharda of 409, Surya Apartments, Gopalpur, 12. As Sonam Mehta, a resident of 14, Sunrise Apartment,
you believe that pedestrian safety is very important. Udaipur, you are distressed about the misuse and
Footpaths on both sides of the main roads of your city poor maintenance of the public park in your society.
need major repairs and on some stretches they need to Write a letter to the editor of a local daily, in about
be constructed. 120 words, highlighting the condition, mentioning the
Write a letter to the MLA of your city area, in about inconvenience faced by the residents of the locality.
120 words, stressing the need for footpaths for Share the importance of public parks and suggest
pedestrian safety. Share your concern for maintenance measures for its proper upkeep.
of existing footpaths and the need to construct new 13. You are Kapil/Kavita, sports secretary of Ajax World
ones where they are required. School, Gurugram. You want to place an order for
8. As Sohail Khan, the sports captain of Pinnacle Public sports articles for the school cricket team to Rotary
School, you believe that fitness as a lifestyle should Sports, Janakpuri, New Delhi. Write a letter in about
be promoted. Write a letter to the Editor of a national 120 words. Remember to include relevant information
daily, in about 120 words, suggesting the introduction about quality and quantity of products, specific details,
of "Cycle to School" campaign for school going school discount, delivery date and mode of payment.
students. The programme aims to develop the habit 14. You are Rahul / Rita, a student of DRK World School,
of exercising through cycling to maintain fitness and Preet Vihar, Prem Nagar. You have recently noticed
keeping children active. Share the importance and that the street in front of the school is being used as a
credibility of such a programme and suggest a feasible thoroughfare by vehicles because of the construction
way to execute it along with possible activities. work on the main street. This has led to a number of
9. As Komal Gupta of 987, Dev Apartments, Rajpur, you near fatal accidents involving school students who
believe that proper waste management is a must in have become vulnerable to road injuries and exposure
today's times when we need to promote 'Recycling' for to toxic air and noise pollution while going to school.
optimum utilization of things/products. Despite ample Write a letter to the Editor of a local daily in about 120

Formal Letter 39
 words highlighting the problem. You may also suggest and suggesting measures to resolve the problem and
possible solutions such as road safety signages, speed drawing attention of the concerned authorities.
breakers, traffic timings. You are Samyukta Khanna/Sanjay Khanna of 567,
15. As a concerned parent, you have observed rash Madhur Apartments, Amar Vihar, Aram Nagar.
driving of the school bus drivers. You have also noted 20. As Kaveri Mahajan, of 543, Narmada Apartments,
overcrowding of the buses, open doors and how the Jeev Nagar, you feel that during the monsoon season
drivers barely stop for the students to board safely. all the rain water goes down the drain without being
You are Nikita/ Nikhil. Write a letter to the Principal utilized.
of the Swacha School providing details of what you
have noticed over the past few weeks. Express your Write a letter to the RWA of your society, in about
concern and suggest recommendations to avoid any 120 words, suggesting measures to save and preserve
mishap. You may include recommendations such as a rain water emphasizing the importance of saving
security guard in the bus, speed limit, increase in the every drop of water.
number of buses. 21. The street lights of your locality are not functioning
16. Inspite of repeated promises made by the authorities, properly leaving stretches of dark/blind spots at night.
potholes on the roads both internal and main streets Due to this problem, chain and mobile snatching
have not been fixed. Poor, makeshift repair work was incidents have increased.
done which did not last beyond a week. This problem Write a letter to the editor of a local daily, in about
has led to many people having nasty falls and traffic 120 words, expressing your concern at the situation
congestion. and suggesting measures to resolve the problem
Write a letter to your MLA drawing his attention to and drawing attention of the concerned authorities.
the problem. Remind him of his promise to repair You are Tamay Saroha/Gauri Saroha of 709, Gold
the roads immediately to reduce inconvenience of Apartments, Prem Vihar, Amar Nagar.
the residents. You are Akshita / Aslam, Secretary
RWA, Jaunaspuri. 22. As Sarla Mehta/Santosh Mehta of 983, Sterling
Apartments, Vikas Nagar, you believe in the importance
17. The bursting of the sewage pipe in your colony has
of staying fit and exercising. Your society does not
led to an overflow of sewage making it impossible to
travel on A2 and A3 streets of your colony. The stench have an open gym in the premises. Write a letter to the
is unbearable and the colony gates have to be closed RWA of your society, in about 120 words, requesting
leading to traffic jams. In addition, the overflowing them to set up an open gym in the garden area where
sewage water has become a breeding ground for residents can exercise, emphasizing
mosquitoes. As secretary RWA, you have been upon the importance of staying fit and healthy.
repeatedly complaining to the civic authorities but to
no avail. 23. In your local market, you have noticed that young
children are working in a few restaurants. You were
You are Shanti / Shantam of Kanchan Vihar. Write
aghast to see a blatant violation of laws. Write a letter
a letter to your local MLA requesting immediate
action. to the editor of a national daily, in about 120 words,
expressing your concern at the situation and suggesting
18. As President of the Mountaineering Club of your
measures to resolve the problem and drawing attention
school, you wish to organize a weekend trek to
of the concerned authorities.
Kempty Falls. You are Pratibha / Prateek. Write a
letter to the Director, Outdoor Adventures mentioning You are Mauzam Haseeb/Nasifa Khan of 917,
your proposed travel dates, number of students and Platinum Apartments, Gomti Vihar, Kath Nagar.
teacher escorts. Find out about the mode of travel 24. As John Silva/Jane Pereira of 64, Sangam Apartments,
options, boarding, lodging, trekking gear, camping
Sunrise Hills, you feel very unhappy at the poor
facilities and cost.
maintenance of the public parks in your area. As a
19. The problem of speeding traffic on colony roads causing result children have no place to play and parents find
accidents is increasing day by day. As a young citizen, it difficult to walk on the tracks. Write a letter to the
who wants to minimize the accidents caused by them, CEO of Sunrise Hills, in about 120 words, expressing
write a letter to the editor of a national daily, in about your concern at the situation and suggesting measures
120 words, expressing your concern at the situation

40 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 to resolve the issue of poor maintenance. You are Somil / Soumya of 768, Silver Apartments,
25. The problem of open manholes and drains in your Ajitha Vihar, Karampeeth.
locality is posing a threat to the lives of people. 28. As Geetanjali Girish of 83, Star Apartments, Virbagh,
As a young citizen, who cares about the upkeep you have noticed that a lot of senior citizens in your
of the locality and safety of the residents, write a society are leading lonely lives. Write a letter in about
letter to the editor of a local daily, in about 120 120 words, to the President of RWA of your society,
words, expressing your concern at the situation and requesting him to organize more community get-
suggesting measures to resolve the problem and togethers and celebrations to bring cheer to their lonely
drawing attention of the concerned authorities. lives.
You are Sam/Karen of 67, Nagar. Mist Apartments, 29. The roads in your locality have developed big potholes
Gagan Vihar, Akash. after the rains and have not been repaired. Despite
26. As Rohini Monga / Rohan Monga, of 43 Jai Apartments, several complaint letters to the civic authorities, the
Neerbagh, you feel that there should be a dedicated problem is still unresolved. Write a letter to the editor
space in the community park for the senior citizens of of a local daily, in about 120 words, expressing your
the society, where they can gather. concern at the situation and suggesting measures to
Write a letter to the RWA of your society in about resolve the problem and drawing attention of the
120 words, suggesting spaces in the park and concerned authorities. You are Maasumi/Mausan of
emphasizing the importance of creating such a space. 17, Crown Apartments, Harsh Vihar, Akash Nagar.

27. The household water supply in your locality is muddy 30. As Jignesh Silva/Punkhuri Shukl of 648, Sec-19,
and not fit for drinking. Despite several complaint Sadar Nagar, you feel very unhappy and annoyed with
letters to the civic authorities, the problem is still the way bikes and cars are haphazardly parked in front
unresolved. of residential units causing inconvenience to residents.
Write a letter to the RWA of your society in about 120
Write a letter to the editor of a local daily, in about
words, expressing your concern at the situation and
120 words, expressing your concern at the situation
suggesting measures to remove the nuisance.
and suggesting measures to resolve the problem and
drawing attention of the concerned authorities.

day, resulting in fatal accidents. The roads of Delhi

CBSE, 2024 are not safe anyways. However, the situation is worse
in northern parts. During the light traffic hours after
1. B-108
10 p.m., it seems like some people choose the road
Krishi Apartments just to release their stress by driving recklessly
26 February 2024 and giving other riders a near death experience.
The Commissioner This eventually results into fights and even major
accidents.
Traffic Police
In the past one week, I’ve come across fifteen
New Delhi articles in the newspaper reporting more than 10
fatal accidents resulting in many casualties.
Subject: Regarding increasing road accidents
It has become vital that certain strict actions are
Sir, taken against these offenders. Either by confiscating
This is to bring in your kind notice that the cases of their vehicles or by cancelling their licenses, a
reckless driving and road rage are accelerating each lesson must be taught. In addition, publicizing this

Formal Letter 41
 issue on social media will certainly bring awareness I am Soumya, a student residing at the above address.
in this regard, resulting in a strong grip over these I am keen on joining a three-week summer course in
irresponsible drivers. baking after completing my Class X board exams. I
I request you to do something in this regard. I will would like to know the structure of the course, its
be highly grateful for your consideration. duration, fees, class timings, and whether there are
Yours sincerely any practical or on-job training sessions included.
Savita Additionally, please inform me about the registration
process and the materials required for the course.
2. Adarsh Vidyalaya
I would be grateful if you could provide this
Agartala
information at the earliest so I can plan accordingly.
Tripura 799001
Yours faithfully,
26 February 2024
Soumya
The Editor
The Indian Express 4. Eric India Pvt. Ltd.
8-A, Bahadurshah Zafar Marg Saman Chowk
New Delhi 5th October 2024
The Sales Manager
Subject: Conducting a half marathon for orphans Lifeway India Company
Dear Sir/Madam Subject: Order for Office Furniture
I am pleased to announce that a hundred students Sir/Madam,
from Adarsh Vidyalaya, under my leadership, will
partake in a marathon sponsored by Savera, a leading With reference to my previous letter dated 29th
communication company, in Agartala, to support September 2024, I am pleased to place an order for
Koshish orphanage. the following office furniture items for our company:
In an era marked by apathy and detachment, the • 10 executive chairs (high-back, cushioned)
voluntary participation by school children, in • 5 office desks (wooden, ergonomic design)
community service initiatives like this one, is crucial. • 2 large conference tables (seating 10-12 people)
As it is a fund-raising event, the amount collected Please ensure delivery by 15th October 2024.
through this will be used in the education, growth Payment will be made via bank transfer upon receipt
and development of these children. of goods. Kindly apply the agreed 10% discount as
I humbly request you to consider publishing this in per our earlier communication. We expect quality
your esteemed column, so that more individuals find and timely delivery, as mentioned in your terms.
the inspiration to actively participate and contribute
Yours faithfully,
towards building a more compassionate and inclusive
society. Punit
Sincerely 5. 45-B, Bellaview Nagar
Roshini 5th October 2024
3. 43-B, Blue Apartments The Director
Prashant Lok La-France Institute
5th October 2024 Mohan Circle
The Principal
Subject: Inquiry Regarding French Language Course

Excellent Cooking
Block-D, Mahesh Enclave Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inquire about the French language
Subject: Inquiry Regarding Summer Course in
courses offered by your esteemed institute. I
Baking would appreciate it if you could provide detailed
information regarding the various levels of courses
Sir/Madam,

42 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 available, their eligibility criteria, and the duration of Marry existing footpaths are severely damaged and
each course. Additionally, I would like to know the unsafe for use, while some areas lack footpaths
medium of instruction, the fees for each level, and altogether. This situation not only jeopardioes the
the schedule for examinations. Kindly also provide safety of pedestrians, especially children and they
details about class timings and any specific materials but abo-contributes traffic cognition as people are
required for enrolment. forced to walk on the mads
I urge you to allocate funds for the urgent repair and
I look forward to your response, as I am eager to
maintenance of existing footpaths and to constructs
pursue my language studies. where they are currently massage Ensuring safe and
Yours faithfully, well-maintained footpaths will significantly enhance
Aman pedestrians safety and improve the overall quality of
the in our city.
6. Sunshine Society
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
5th October 2024 Yours faithfully,
The Editor Nalini Sharda
The Daily Post 409. Surya Apartments
Gopalpur
Subject: Fundraising Carnival for 'Apeksha'

8. To the Editor,
Sir/Madam, National Daily,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, Date: [__________]
I wish to highlight a successful fundraising carnival
held at Sunshine Society last weekend. Organised to
Dear Sir/Madam,
raise funds for 'Apeksha', a home for the physically
challenged, the carnival showcased the tremendous As Sohail Khan, Sports Captain at Pinnacle Public
effort of the residents. All items on sale were School, I propose a “Cycle to School” campaign to
handmade by the residents, demonstrating a spirit of promote fitness among school students. Encouraging
unity and charity. children to cycle to school can still a lifelong habit
of regular exercise and help maintain their fitness
This event emphasised the importance of community levels while keeping them active.
engagement, and I urge fellow citizens to volunteer
Cycling not anty enhances cardiovascular health
their time for social causes. We can make a
but also reduces reliance on motorised transport,
significant difference by extending a helping hand
contributing to a greener environment. To implement
and contributing to the welfare of the less fortunate. this programme, schools can set designated cycling
Yours sincerely, days, organise safety workshops, and provide
Adil Kumar incentives for consistent participation. Additionally,
President, Sunshine Society collaboration with local authorities to ensure safe
cycling routes and infrastructure is crucial.
7. 409. Surya Apartments Such initiatives will foster thy healthy habits and
Gopalpur create a positive impact on students overall well-
[Date] being.
The Honourable MLA Yours sincerely.
[MLA's Office Address] Sohail Khan
[City] Sports Capta
Pinnacle Public School
Subject: Urgent Need for Footpath Repairs and
9. 987, Dev Apartments
Construction Rajpur
Dear Sir/Madam, 5th October 2024
I am writing too highlight a crucial issue concerning The MLA
pedestrian safety in our city. The footpaths on both Rajpur Constituency
sides of the main roads in Gopalpur are idea lestate

Formal Letter 43
 Subject: Irregular Waste Collection and Segregation
Subject: Irregular Water Supply in Our Locality

in Our Area
Sir/Madam,
Sir, I am writing to bring to your notice the irregular
I am writing to bring to your attention the issue of water supply in our locality. For the past few weeks,
improper waste management in our area. Despite the supply has been frequently disrupted without
the civic authorities’ campaigns promoting the prior notice, causing significant inconvenience. As
segregation of recyclable and non-recyclable waste, law-abiding citizens who regularly pay our taxes,
the garbage collectors in our locality are not adhering
we expect a continuous and clean supply of drinking
to the rules. This neglect is leading to improper
disposal, which defeats the purpose of recycling. water.
I request you to take strict action against the personnel I request you to take immediate action to ensure
involved and ensure that proper segregation is regular supply and provide prior notification in case
followed. Effective waste management is essential of maintenance work or disruption. Clean water is a
for a cleaner environment and sustainable living. basic necessity, and the current situation is creating
Your intervention in this matter would be greatly immense hardship for the residents. Your prompt
appreciated. attention to this matter would be highly appreciated.
Yours sincerely, Yours sincerely,
Komal Gupta Sharman Singh
10. 52, Mount View Apartments 12. 14, Sunrise Apartments
Abadpur Udaipur
5th October 2024 5th October 2024
The Editor The Editor
The Daily Voice The Udaipur Times

Subject: Frequent Power Cuts in Our Locality

Subject: Poor Maintenance of Public Park

Sir/Madam, Sir/Madam,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper,
I wish to highlight the distress caused by frequent I wish to highlight the poor condition of the public
long power cuts in our locality. Despite several park in our locality. The park is poorly maintained,
requests to the concerned authority, the issue remains with broken benches, uncut grass, and litter scattered
unresolved. These prolonged outages severely disrupt everywhere. This has caused inconvenience,
daily life, particularly for students, elderly residents, particularly for children and elderly residents, who
and those working from home. can no longer enjoy the park.
I urge the authorities to take immediate action by Public parks are essential for community well-being,
either upgrading the power infrastructure or ensuring providing a space for recreation and socialising.
better maintenance to avoid such interruptions. I suggest appointing a dedicated team to maintain
Installing an alternative backup power system could the park and ensure cleanliness. Adequate lighting
help manage sudden breakdowns. A timely solution and regular upkeep would enhance its usability and
would greatly ease the burden on the residents. restore its appeal to the residents.
Yours sincerely, Yours sincerely,
Anushri Jain Sonam Mehta
11. 776, Hemkunt Apartments 13. Ajax World School
Arampur Gurugram
5th October 2024 5th October 2024
The Director The Sales Manager
City Jal Board Rotary Sports
Janakpuri, New Delhi

44 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Subject: Order for Cricket Team Sports Articles
Subject: Concern Over Rash
Driving and
Overcrowding in School Buses
Sir/Madam,
As the sports secretary of Ajax World School, I Sir/Madam,
would like to place an order for sports articles for I am writing to express my concern regarding the
our school cricket team. We require 10 cricket bats, reckless driving by the school bus drivers. I have
12 pairs of gloves, 15 pairs of pads, and 20 cricket observed overcrowding, open doors during transit,
balls. Please ensure the products are of high quality, and the drivers barely stopping to allow students to
suitable for senior-level players. board safely. These issues pose serious risks to the
children’s safety.
Kindly confirm if a school discount is available. We
request delivery by 15th October, and payment will I recommend appointing a security guard on each
be made via bank transfer upon delivery. Please send bus, enforcing speed limits, and increasing the
the invoice and order confirmation at your earliest number of buses to reduce overcrowding. These
convenience. measures would help prevent potential accidents and
ensure the students' safety.
Yours sincerely,
I trust you will address this matter urgently.
Kapil
Yours sincerely,
(Sports Secretary)
Nikita
14. DRK World School
16. Akshita
Preet Vihar, Prem Nagar
Secretary, RWA
5th October 2024
Jaunapuri
The Editor
5th October 2024
The Daily Herald
The MLA
Subject: Hazardous Traffic Conditions in Front of
Jaunapuri Constituency
School
Subject: Urgent Need for Road Repairs

Sir/Madam,
I wish to draw attention to a pressing issue: the street Sir/Madam,
in front of our school is being used as a thoroughfare I am writing to bring your attention to the deteriorating
due to ongoing construction on the main road. This condition of the roads in Jaunapuri. Despite repeated
has resulted in several near accidents involving promises, the potholes on both the internal roads
students, making them vulnerable to injuries. The and the main streets remain unrepaired. A makeshift
heavy vehicular movement also exposes students to repair was carried out recently, but it did not last for
toxic air and noise pollution. more than a week. This has caused several accidents
I urge the authorities to install road safety signage, and created traffic congestion, causing immense
speed breakers, and restrict traffic during school inconvenience to the residents.
hours to prevent accidents. Immediate action is We kindly urge you to fulfil your promise of
necessary to ensure the safety of schoolchildren. permanent road repairs as soon as possible to
Yours sincerely, alleviate the situation and prevent further incidents.
Rahul We look forward to your prompt action on this
15. Nikita matter.
45, Green Park Colony Yours sincerely,
New Delhi Akshita
5th October 2024 Secretary, RWA Jaunapuri
The Principal 17. Shanti
Swacha School Secretary, RWA
New Delhi Kanchan Vihar

Formal Letter 45
 5th October 2024 Prateek
The MLA President, Mountaineering Club
Kanchan Vihar Constituency 19. Sanjay Khanna
New Delhi 567, Madhur Apartments
Amar Vihar, Aram Nagar
Subject: Immediate Action Required to Address

Sewage Overflow 5th October 2024
The Editor
Sir, The National Daily
I am writing to draw your attention to the bursting New Delhi
of the sewage pipe in our colony, which has led to
severe inconvenience. Streets A2 and A3 are flooded,
Subject: Concern Over Increasing Speeding Traffic

making them impassable. The stench is unbearable,
in Colony
and colony gates are closed, causing traffic jams.
Furthermore, the stagnant sewage has become a Sir,
breeding ground for mosquitoes, creating a health
I wish to draw attention to the growing problem of
hazard.
speeding vehicles in our colony, leading to frequent
Despite multiple complaints, no action has been accidents. This menace is particularly concerning as
taken. I request you to address this issue immediately children and elderly residents often use the roads.
and restore normalcy in our colony. I suggest the installation of speed breakers and clear
Yours sincerely, road safety signages. Additionally, assigning traffic
Shanti police during peak hours can control the situation.
Immediate action is necessary to prevent further
Secretary, RWA
accidents and ensure the safety of the residents.
18. Prateek I hope the concerned authorities will take swift
President, Mountaineering Club action.
XYZ School Yours sincerely,
5th October 2024 Sanjay Khanna
The Director 20. Kaveri Mahajan
Outdoor Adventures 543, Narmada Apartments
New Delhi Jeev Nagar
5th October 2024
Subject: Request for Information
Regarding The Secretary
Weekend Trek to Kempty Falls
RWA, Narmada Apartments
Sir, Jeev Nagar
As President of the Mountaineering Club, I am
planning a weekend trek to Kempty Falls. We Subject: Measures to Save Rainwater During

propose to travel on the weekend of 18th October Monsoon
2024 with a group of 25 students and 3 teacher Sir/Madam,
escorts.
As a resident of the society, I am concerned that
Could you kindly provide details about the mode during the monsoon season, a lot of rainwater is
of travel, boarding, lodging, trekking gear, camping wasted. It flows directly into the drains without
facilities, and the cost per participant? Your assistance being utilized.
will help us plan the trek smoothly. I suggest the installation of rainwater harvesting
Looking forward to your response. systems, especially on rooftops, to preserve water. We
Yours sincerely, could also direct the collected water to underground
storage tanks for later use in gardening and cleaning.

46 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Saving every drop of water is crucial, especially all age groups by encouraging regular exercise.
during water shortages. Many societies are already embracing this idea to
I hope you will consider these suggestions and take promote health and wellness, and I believe it would
necessary action. be a positive addition to our community. Kindly
Yours sincerely, consider my request to create a space where residents
Kaveri Mahajan can exercise and stay active.
Yours sincerely,
21. Gauri Saroha
Sarla Mehta
709, Gold Apartments
Prem Vihar, Amar Nagar 23. Mauzam Haseeb
5th October 2024 917, Platinum Apartments
Gomti Vihar, Kath Nagar
The Editor
5th October 2024
The Local Daily
The Editor
New Delhi
The National Daily
Subject: Concern Over Non-Functioning Street
New Delhi
Lights
Subject: Concern Over Child Labour in Local

Sir, Restaurants
I wish to highlight the issue of non-functioning street
Sir,
lights in our locality. Many stretches of our streets
are left in darkness at night, leading to an increase I am deeply concerned to witness young children
working in restaurants in our local market, which
in chain and mobile snatching incidents. These dark
is a clear violation of child labour laws. This
spots pose a serious threat to the safety of residents.
exploitation of children not only denies them their
I suggest the immediate repair of street lights and right to education but also puts their safety at risk.
regular maintenance to ensure they function properly.
I urge the concerned authorities to take immediate
Installing CCTV cameras in vulnerable areas would action against this illegal practice. Additionally,
also help deter criminal activities. awareness campaigns on the legal consequences
I urge the concerned authorities to take prompt of employing minors should be conducted to deter
action to resolve this issue. restaurant owners from such practices.
Yours sincerely Gauri Saroha I hope your esteemed daily will highlight this issue
22. Sarla Mehta and prompt the necessary action.
983, Sterling Apartments Yours sincerely,
Vikas Nagar Mauzam Haseeb
5th October 2024 24. J ane Pereira
The Secretary 64, Sangam Apartments
RWA, Sterling Apartments Sunrise Hills
Vikas Nagar 5th October 2024
The CEO
Subject: Request for Setting Up an Open Gym in

Sunrise Hills Society
the Society
New Delhi
Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request the establishment of an open Subject: Poor Maintenance of Public Parks in

gym in the garden area of our society. As a resident Sunrise Hills
who believes in the importance of staying fit and
healthy, I feel that an open gym will greatly benefit Sir,

Formal Letter 47
 I wish to express my concern about the poor condition I am writing to suggest the creation of a dedicated
of the public parks in our locality. Due to inadequate space for senior citizens in the community park.
maintenance, children have no proper place to play, This space can serve as a place for them to gather,
and parents find it difficult to walk on the tracks. socialize, and relax. Senior citizens often find it
The parks are littered, and the grass is overgrown. difficult to engage in physical activities, and having
I request that the maintenance team be instructed a designated area would help them connect with
others in the society.
to clean the parks regularly and repair damaged
infrastructure. This will ensure that the parks remain I hope you will consider this suggestion, as it will
safe and enjoyable for all residents. greatly benefit our elderly residents and contribute
to their well-being.
Yours sincerely,
Yours sincerely,
Jane Pereira
Rohini Monga
25 .Karen
27. Soumya
67, Mist Apartments
768, Silver Apartments
Gagan Vihar, Akash Nagar
Ajitha Vihar, Karampeeth
5th October 2024
5th October 2024
The Editor
The Editor
The Local Daily
The Local Daily
New Delhi
New Delhi
Subject: Concern Over Open Manholes and Drains

Subject: Concern Over Muddy Water Supply in

in Gagan Vihar Ajitha Vihar
Sir, Sir,
I am writing to bring attention to the dangerous I wish to highlight the issue of muddy water supply
condition of open manholes and drains in our in our locality, which has persisted for several
locality, which poses a serious threat to the safety weeks. The water is not fit for drinking, and despite
of residents, especially at night. This problem has multiple complaints to the civic authorities, no action
already caused accidents, and it is only a matter of has been taken. This poses a serious health risk to
time before something more serious happens. the residents.
I request that the authorities take immediate action to I request the authorities to address this issue urgently,
cover these manholes and repair the drains. Regular and ensure that the water supply is clean and safe for
inspections should also be conducted to ensure consumption. Installing water filters at key points in
public safety. the supply chain may also prevent this problem in
Yours sincerely, the future.
Karen Yours sincerely,
26. Rohini Monga Soumya
43, Jai Apartments 28. Geetanjali
Neerbagh 83, Star Apartments
5th October 2024 Virbagh
The Secretary 5th October 2024
RWA, Jai Apartments The President
RWA, Star Apartments
Neerbagh
Virbagh
Subject: Request for Dedicated Space for Senior

Citizens in Community Park Subject: Request to Organize Community Get-

Togethers for Senior Citizens
Sir/Madam,
Sir,

48 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 I have observed that many senior citizens in our 30. Punkhuri Shukl
society are leading lonely lives. To bring some joy to 648, Sector 19
their lives, I suggest organizing regular community
get-togethers and celebrations where they can interact Sadar Nagar
with others. Such events will not only foster a sense 5th October 2024
of belonging but also help reduce their feelings of The Secretary
isolation.
RWA, Sector 19
I hope you will consider my request and plan events
that will bring happiness to our elderly residents. Sadar Nagar
Yours sincerely,
Geetanjali Subject: Concern Over Haphazard Parking in Front
of Residences
29. Maasumi
17, Crown Apartments Sir/Madam,
Harsh Vihar, Akash Nagar I am writing to express my concern about the
5th October 2024 haphazard parking of bikes and cars in front of
The Editor residential units, which is causing significant
The Local Daily inconvenience to residents. Vehicles are often parked
New Delhi in a disorderly manner, blocking entrances and
obstructing the movement of pedestrians.
Subject: Concern Over Potholes on Roads in Harsh I suggest the RWA mark proper parking spaces
Vihar and enforce parking rules to prevent this nuisance.
Additionally, designating a specific parking area
Sir, could resolve the issue.
I am writing to highlight the deteriorating condition Yours sincerely,
of roads in our locality. After the rains, large potholes Punkhuri Shukl
have developed, making travel unsafe for vehicles
and pedestrians. Despite multiple complaints to the
civic authorities, no proper repairs have been made.
I urge the authorities to take immediate action and
repair the roads before further accidents occur. Proper
maintenance of roads is essential for the safety of
residents and the smooth flow of traffic.
Yours sincerely,
Maasumi

Formal Letter 49
 7
CHAPTER
Analytical Paragraph

Short Notes
‰ Purpose: To analyse and interpret data or information provided in the form of charts, graphs, tables, or images.
‰ Tone: Formal, objective, and factual.
‰ Structure:
 Introduction: Briefly introduce the data and its source (e.g., a bar graph showing sales trends).
 Body:
‰ Identify key points, trends, or comparisons shown in the data.
‰ Use data to support your analysis (e.g., percentages, increases, decreases).
‰ Avoid personal opinions; focus on facts.
 Conclusion: Summarise the analysis by restating key findings, trends, or patterns.
‰ Key Elements:
1. Title: Clear and precise, reflecting the data analysed.
2. Language: Formal and concise, using appropriate vocabulary like in contrast, similarly, significant increase, etc.
3. Word Limit: 100-120 words (as prescribed).
Analytical paragraphs are fact-based, requiring a detailed and organised approach to present accurate information
effectively.

Previous Year Questions

CBSE, 2024
1. The visual given shows the life cycle of a butterfly. Study
the information carefully and then summarise it in the
form of an analytical paragraph. Make comparisons and
draw conclusions wherever applicable.
Life Cycle of Butterfly

50 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 2. Study the table given below which shows the data on S. Hobbies Boys Girls
the hobbies of students during summer vacations. Write
No. (%) (%)
an analytical paragraph in about 120 words analyzing
what hobbies do boys and girls choose in their summer 1. Reading books and comics 12% 25%
vacations: 2. Watching movies and songs 15% 35%

Hobbies Boys Girls 3. Talking to their friends 10% 20%

Singing 7% 25% 4. Watching sports 16% 4%

Photography 35% 5% 5. Playing outdoor and indoor 40% 20%
games
Playing 30% 16%
Dancing 13% 40% 6. Read the following excerpt taken from an article that
Yoga 19% 15% appeared in the magazine section of a local daily:

3. The chart given below displays data about the number

"A recent study has revealed that the prevalence of
of gyms and the number of members in your city over obesity among school children is on a steady rise.
the past decade. Write a paragraph analyzing the given Consumption of food with high glycaemic index,
data: change in sleep patterns, reduced physical activity and
the increased screen time has been linked to obesity in
Number of gyms opening up in the past decade
children. This is an emerging public health problem in
the country."
5

Taking help from the above, write an analytical
4
(in 1000)

paragraph for your school magazine in about 120

3 words. You are Sonika/Sahil.
2 7. An area is believed to be water stressed when annual
1 water supplies

2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

drop below 1700 cubic metres per person per year. As
per an analysis, we are already surviving with around
gyms members
1700-1800 cubic metres per year. As our demand for
4. You are a teacher in New City Global School. The given water has increased drastically over the years, per
bar graph shows a comparative analysis of students' capita water availability has taken a beating. Based on
performance in different subjects in the terminal exam. the given table, write an analytical paragraph, in about
Write an analytical paragraph on the variation in the 120 words, analyzing the possible causes of water
performances of students in about 120 words: scarcity in the future.
Ist term Table on water availability
100 IInd term
90 Year Population Per capita water
80 (Million) availability (m3/year)
Average Performance

70
% of Students

1951 361 5177

60
50 1955 395 4732
40 1991 846 2209
30
20
2001 1027 1820
10 2025 1394 1341
English Hindi Maths Science S.St. 2050 1640 1140
Subjects 8. There are many types of bottles available in the market.
5. Teenagers have different tastes in spending their free This chart compares the disadvantages and advantages
time. The following data shows how teenagers spend of various types of bottles, Based on the chart, write
their free time. Write an analytical paragraph in about an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, analyzing
120 words analyzing how boys and girls spend their the pros and cons of each and selecting a suitable one.
free time:

Analytical Paragraph 51
 Negative Mixed Positive

Dishwasher safe?
Environmentally
Chemical Free?

Easy to clean?
Light weight?
Recyclable?

Affordable?
Rice –ve

Friendly?

Durable?
Wheat –ve
Glass Bottles Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No
Maize –ve
Silicone Bottles Yes Yes Yes Yes – Yes Yes No
Stainless and
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Sorghum –ve
Bottles
Plastic Bottles No No Yes – Yes – – Yes
Potato mixed
(Adapted for academic purpose.)
9. A climate change impact on agriculture is a point of Groundnut mixed
concern. It affects all three aspects of food security.

Availability, Access and Absorption. Different crops Coconut mixed
react to climate change in different ways. The chart
given below highlights the impact of climate change
Gram +ve
on various crops. Based on the given data, write an
analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, analyzing
the impact of climate change on various crops and
discussing possible cause. Soyabean +ve

Onion +ve

Castor +ve

Mustard mixed

Marine Fish mixed

Fresh Water Fish –ve

10. Students dropping out of school is a universal fact.

However, reasons for dropping out vary from country
to country. According to a study conducted by an
NGO, students gave various reasons for dropping out
of school. Based on the figures given below, write an
analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, analyzing
and assessing the reasons.
Reasons for Dropping Out of School

Students who considered dropping out of high school
gave these reasons for considering this option:
 I didn't like the school ... 73%
 I didn't like the teachers ... 61%
 I didn't see value in the work I was being
asked to do ... 60%

52 Class-X ENGLISH PW
  I had family issues ... 42% residents themselves park their cars haphazardly. In
 I need to work for money ... 35% addition there is an increase in commercial vehicles
 I was bullied ... 28% parked outside colony gates, thus blocking exits.
 The work was too difficult ... 54%
Write a paragraph in about 120 words to analyze the
news clipping.……
 The work was too easy  ... 19%
11. Cases of obesity, are on the rise. Experts fear a health 14. The following data shows global literacy rates of
emergency unless the growing obesity problem is different age groups and gender in a particular year.
tackled on a war footing. We can say that we are in an Write an analytical paragraph describing and analyzing
obesity epidemic in India. Based on the graph given the given data.
below, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120
Global People of different age-groups
words, analyzing the percentage of overweight Indians
literacy
and suggest possible solutions. 12-15 15-24 25-64 65 years
rate %
Percentage of Overweight People years years years and older
2019-21 2019-21 24 Men 88 90 88 80
22.9
18.9 20.6
20% Women 80 88 79 75
15% 15. Riti/Ritik has to write a paragraph on the qualities
10% required for success. He notices the chart given
5% 2.1 3.4 below and decides to use it as the basis of his writing.
0% Using the pie chart along with your own ideas, write
Children Men Women
a paragraph for him in about 120 words on The Most
12. Life expectancy is defined as the average number of Important Thing in Life'.
additional years a person could expect to live if current
mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that
person's life. It is a standard indicator for the level Love
of socio-economic development. Based on the data 20%
given below, write an analytical paragraph, in about er
Pow
120 words, analyzing the projected life expectancy of 6%
Knowledge
men and women over a period of time and assessing 48%
the possible causes. Money
Projected Life Expectancy 2001-2025 18%
%
Fame 8

Year Age of Men Age of Women

2001-2005 63.8 66.1
2006-2010 65.8 68.1
2011-2015 67.3 69.8 16. Read the following excerpt from a newspaper and
write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words based
2016-2020 68.8 71.1
on it.
2021-2025 69.8 72.3

Plastics are not easy to dispose of as they are non-
13. Read the following excerpt from a newspaper on the biodegradable. Over a period of time, the chemicals
problem of car parking and its impact. accumulate in the soil, and are eventually absorbed

A survey conducted on the residents showed that which contaminate the underground water. Even more
car parking in colonies has risen due to an increase frightening is the fact that there is currently no known
in the number of cars per family. This has resulted technology for removing BPA and other leachates
in ugly incidents of road rage. Most of the families from the soil and water once they're there.
revealed that they are facing multiple issues due to 17. The data given below represents the percentage of some
this situation. There is no place for visitors to park and of the electronic devices used in India. Summarize and

Analytical Paragraph 53
 analyse the data in about 120 words. Give all necessary 20. Tourism stands as a cornerstone of the nation's
details and compare the segments where relevant. development. The following table provides an insight
into the multifaceted impact and positive contributions
S. No. Devices Percentage
of tourism. Write an analytical paragraph in about 120
1. Television 86% words assessing the significance of tourism.
2. Electronic toys 40% IMPACT OF TOURISM
3. Mobile phones 96%  contributes to GDP and foreign exchange
4. Laptops 38%  boosts local markets and businesses
5. Refrigerators 69%  creates employment
 preserves culture
6. Kitchen appliances 84%
 promotes infrastructural development
18. Based on the following extract, write an analytical 21. Libraries provide access to resources and materials that
paragraph in about 120 words: might not be available or affordable otherwise, allowing

"One of the biggest changes in our lives over the past students to further their learning, understanding
and research. The following chart shows the library
decade is the ability to order items online and have
framework and the importance of libraries. Based on
them delivered to our doorstep. The prevalence of
the given information, write an analytical paragraph, in
this raises an important question of how it affects
about 120 words, assessing the importance of libraries
our environment. Though buyers conserve fuel and for us.
reduce emissions from their vehicles, it is replaced
Universal Library Offer Framework
by additional mileage of truck routes. Also a large
amount of wastage is generated from packaging such What societal needs do What libraries do – What libraries offer
branes meet-mission Universal Library Offers outcomes/measures
as cardboard boxes, bubble wraps, plastic bags etc."
Cultural
Reading and creative

You may begin like this: Improve digital enrichment
access and

As a responsible citizen, I believe ...... Connecting
communities. Information
literacy
Greater
improving wellbeing and Digital Helping everyone prosperity

You may end like this: and promoting equality achieve their full
through learning, potential Increased
Culture and

For these reasons, I believe, we need to limit the literacy and cultural
participation
Creativity reading and
literacy
Healthier and
wastage associated with online shopping. happier lives Stronger and
Health and
Well being more resilient
19. Co-curricular activities help to enhance holistic communities

development and assist in inculcating critical skills

and abilities to be successful and happy in the 11th 22. Energy drinks are drinks containing stimulant
century life and workplace. compounds, usually caffeine, which is marketed as
providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed

Based on the table given below, write an analytical as energy, but distinct from food energy)
paragraph, in about 120 words, on fure curricular
The following table shows some of the potential risks
activities supplement the theoretical curriculum
of energy drinks. Based on the given information,
ESSENTIAL SKILLS AND VALUES THAT CAN write an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words,
BE DEVELOPED THROUGH assessing the short-term benefits versus common
CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES risks of energy drinks.
 Logical and analytical thinking POTENTIAL RISKS OF ENERGY DRINKS
 Creative and critical thinking
Recent studies have shown that whilst there are
 Problem-solving skills undoubtedly some short-term benefits of energy
 Leadership skills drinks, over-consumption does present some common
risks and symptoms including:
 Social, emotional and communication skills
– palpitations – dizziness
 Vervutimal value
– tremors – tingling or numbing
 Enhanced technology skilla
of skin

54 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 – agitation – insomnia
– gastrointestinal problems – respiratory distress
– chest pain – headache
23. Ecotourism means responsible travel to natural areas,
that minimises the negative impact on the environment,
making it an appealing choice for environmentally
conscious travellers.

The table given below lists the pros and cons of
Ecotourism. Based on the information provided, write
an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, assessing
the pros and cons of Ecotourism.
THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF ECOTOURISM
Pros Cons
–promotes conservation –cultural disruption
–provides economic benefits –destruction of natural
to local communities resources
–fosters environmental –habitat disturbance
awareness

24. The detailed global millets production data from

different countries is depicted in the pie chart given
below. Analyze this chart and write an analytical
paragraph in about 120 words, by selecting features
that support your analysis and suggesting possible
reasons for the variation in production by different
countries.
Russian
Federation
2%
Others
14%

India
Ethiopia 36%
4%
Burkina Faso
4%
Sudan
5%
Nigeria
5% Niger
14%
China,
mainland
7% 26. (a) E-commerce business for shopping picked up
manifold during the pandemic year and consumers
25. There are many benefits of healthy eating for adults as have continued to shop online. Given below is a
well as children. The following charta reflect the same. chart that depicts the various trends associated with
Based on the information given in the charts, write an E-commerce shopping Analyze this chart and write an
analytical paragraph in about 120 words, assessing analytical paragraph in about 120 words, by selecting
the importance of healthy eating for adults as well as features that support your analysis.
children.

Analytical Paragraph 55
 The proliferation of e-commerce in India 28. Many Indian students go abroad for higher studies. The
following graph shows the most popular fields of study
Consumers who took to e-commerce during the pandemic for Indian students studying abroad in the academic
year are continuing to use them, a Local Circles survey shows year 2020-21.
Which has been your most What categories of products
prefeffed mode of shopping? did you purchase online?
Analyze the graph and write an analytical paragraph,
2% Can't say in about 120 words, by selecting features that support
Groceries and your analysis.
essentials 69%
Engineering 190,590
31% 49%
E-com Math and Computer Science 182,106
Malls,
markets, websites Medium-value 54%
items Business and Management 145,658
local and apps
retailers Social Sciences 76,419
Physical and Life Sciences 75,029
High-value 32%
18% items Fine and Applied Arts 51,101
Local retailers offering home delivery Health Professions 32,468

27. There are two types of bottles available in the market Communications and Journalism 20,613

glass and plastic. Based on the information given in Education 15,402

Intensive English 8,355

the chart below, write an analytical paragraph, in about
120 words, assessing the pros and cons of using glass 30. Many out-of-school children are employed in various
and plastic bottles. odd jobs in India. Child labour deprives children of their
Glass vs. Plastic Bottles right to go to school and reinforces intergenerational
cycles of poverty. Based on the data given below in the
Pros and Cons pie chart, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120
GLASS BOTTLES PLASTIC BOTTLES words, analyzing the situation and probable reasons
that lead children to become a part of the child labour
PROS PROS
force.
• Non toxic, no chemicals • Easy to use, lightweight CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA
• Environmentally friendly • Unbreakable selling and wood begging
collection 7% 1%
• Easy to clean and sanitize • Widely available
dishwashing
• Durable, last forever • Wide variety of options 7%
• Do not absorb odours • More affordable
• Dishwasher safe
cleaning
CONS CONS 7% bottles
collection
• Heavy • More chemicals
car washing 46%
• More expensive • Shorter life span 12%
• Breakable • Harder to clean
shoes
• Fewer options • Cannot completely polishing
sanitize 20%

• Can absorb odours

56 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 decade from 2010 to 2022.
CBSE, 2024
From 2010 to 2014, both gyms and membership
1. Life Cycle of Butterfly numbers increased steadily. However, in 2016, a
‰ The process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly
significant jump in gym openings was observed,
reaching around 4.5 thousand gyms, and membership
is called metamorphosis.
numbers peaked as well. 2018 saw the highest
‰ Four stages – egg, caterpillar, pupa, adult butterfly number of gym openings (around 5 thousand), but
‰ Description of each stage membership showed only a slight increase compared
 A butterfly starts its life as an egg. The female to 2016.
butterfly lays eggs on a plant. After few days In 2020, the number of gyms dropped sharply to
eggs hatch into larva, commonly known as around 2.5 thousand, possibly due to the pandemic,
caterpillar. though membership remained stable. By 2022, gym
numbers recovered slightly to about 3 thousand, with
 Caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the plant
a corresponding rise in membership.
on which it was hatched. In this stage, the
This data suggests that the city’s interest in fitness
caterpillar sheds its skin several times and
has remained strong, despite fluctuations in gym
develops a body. openings.
 After reaching to its full size, the caterpillar in
4. The bar graph illustrates the comparative analysis of
this stage becomes pupa which is also known
students' performance in various subjects during the
as Chrysalis.
terminal exams for two terms: the first and the second.
 The pupa breaks open, eventually emerging as
In the first term, students excelled in Mathematics,
a butterfly. achieving the highest average performance of around
2. The given table shows the preferences on the hobbies 90%, while Science and English followed closely, with
of the students during summer vacations. scores around 80% each. However, in the second term,
The table indicates that the highest number of girls performance in Mathematics saw a slight decline to
are interested in dancing, i.e. 40% whereas the approximately 85%.
percentage of boys preferring dancing as a hobby is Interestingly, students demonstrated remarkable
only 13%. We can clearly see that a smaller number improvement in Hindi, with average scores increasing
of boys opt for singing i.e. 7%, whereas one-fourth from about 70% in the first term to around 85% in
of the girls are interested in singing. The data depicts the second term. Conversely, performance in Social
a significant hike in photography as 35% of the boys Studies remained the lowest across both terms, but
prefers it against 5% of the girls. The data shows that there was a marginal improvement from 60% to 65%.
the preference of students in Yoga is fairly similar, This data indicates varying strengths in subjects and
with 19% percent in boys and 15% in girls. Playing highlights the need for targeted interventions in areas
got a slight jump of interest in boys over girls which where students struggle.
is 30% and 16%, respectively. If we observe the table
5. The data illustrates the differing preferences of boys
carefully, we can see that the preference of boys to
and girls in spending their free time. A significant
Photography is much more as compared to girls.
40% of boys engage in outdoor and indoor games,
In a nutshell, we can conclude that the interest highlighting their inclination towards physical
of the boys is least in singing as compared to the activities. In contrast, only 20% of girls participate in
girls while maximum percentage of the girls choose these sports, suggesting a preference for other leisure
dancing over boys as their hobby during summer activities.
vacations.
Girls tend to favour watching movies and listening
3. The chart provided shows the number of gyms opening to songs, with 35% indicating this as their choice,
and the number of members in the city over the past compared to 15% of boys. Additionally, 25% of

Analytical Paragraph 57
 girls enjoy reading books and comics, surpassing the reduce food availability, complicate access, and
12% of boys who share this interest. Notably, both affect absorption due to variable crop yields. Factors
genders equally value social interaction, with 10% such as temperature increase, unpredictable rainfall,
of boys and 20% of girls opting to spend their free and rising carbon levels contribute to these varied
time talking to friends. This analysis reveals distinct responses across crops.
hobbies shaped by gender preferences among 10. The data highlights the key reasons students consider
teenagers. dropping out of school. The top reason, at 73%, is
6. The prevalence of obesity among school children has students disliking the school environment, which
become a growing public health concern. A recent may indicate a failure to engage or support them
study points out that unhealthy eating habits, such as effectively. Dislike for teachers follows closely at
the consumption of food with a high glycaemic index, 61%, suggesting that student-teacher relationships
are significant contributors to this trend. Additionally, greatly affect retention. Additionally, 60% felt their
reduced physical activity and increased screen time work lacked value, pointing to a need for more relevant
have further exacerbated the problem. Changes in and meaningful curriculums.
sleep patterns, often due to excessive gadget use, also Family issues (42%) and the need to work for money
play a role in the rising obesity levels among children. (35%) reflect external pressures that affect students'
These factors collectively contribute to an unhealthy ability to continue schooling. Challenges related to
lifestyle, leading to weight gain and associated health the difficulty of work (54%) and bullying (28%) also
risks. To address this issue, parents, schools, and play significant roles, while a smaller percentage
policymakers need to promote balanced diets, regular (19%) cited the work being too easy. Addressing
exercise, and healthy screen habits among children for these factors is crucial for improving retention rates.
a better future.
11. The graph illustrates the rising obesity rates in India
7. As the population increases, per cape water advisability from 2015-17 to 2019-21. Overweight prevalence has
has decreased significantly from 5177 m³ in 1951 increased across all groups, with men showing a rise
to a projected 1140 m³ by 2050. This drop is due to from 18.9% to 22.9%, and women from 20.6% to 24%.
higher demand, urbanisation, and inefficient water Children's obesity rates, though lower, have grown
management. The increasing population puts more from 2.1% to 3.4%, signalling a worrying trend even
pressure on existing water resources, leading to potential among younger populations.
water stress and scarcity in the future. Effective water
The rise in obesity may be attributed to sedentary
conservation and management strategies are essential
lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and increased urbanisation.
to address this issue
To combat this epidemic, awareness campaigns
8. Various bottles have distinct advantages and promoting balanced diets and regular physical activity
disadvantages. Plastic bottles are lightweight and are crucial. Additionally, policymakers should focus
inexpensive but contribute to environmental pollution. on improving access to nutritious food and creating
Glass bottles are durable and recyclable but are heavier public spaces for exercise. Implementing these
and more fragile. Metal bottles are durable and eco- measures can help reduce obesity rates and prevent
friendly but can be costly. Selecting a bottle depends on associated health risks.
balancing durability, cost, and environmental impact
12. Based on the data provided, the life expectancy of both
9. The chart provides data on the impact of climate change men and women has shown a steady increase from
on various crops, highlighting negative, positive, and 2001 to 2025. In 2001-2005, men had a life expectancy
mixed effects. Key crops like rice, wheat, maize, and of 63.8 years, which rose to 69.8 years by 2021-2025.
sorghum experience negative effects, possibly due to Similarly, women's life expectancy increased from 66.1
altered rainfall patterns and temperature shifts that years to 72.3 years during the same period. Women
disrupt growth cycles. Groundnut, potato, and gram consistently outlive men, with a noticeable gap that
show mixed reactions, indicating some resilience but widens over time, from 2.3 years in 2001-2005 to 2.5
also vulnerability to extreme weather events. Positive years in 2021-2025. This rise in life expectancy can
impacts are observed in crops like coconut and be attributed to improvements in healthcare, better
mustard, likely benefiting from changing climates in living conditions, and increased awareness of health-
certain regions. related issues. It also reflects advancements in medical
These patterns suggest that climate change can technology and social development.

58 Class-X ENGLISH PW
13. The newspaper excerpt highlights the growing issue of no known technology to remove substances like BPA
car parking in residential colonies due to an increase in and other leachates once they have infiltrated these
the number of vehicles per family. As a result, road rage natural resources. The persistence of these pollutants
incidents have escalated, reflecting rising frustration in the environment poses a risk to both ecosystems
among residents. Many families report facing multiple and human health. Therefore, reducing plastic usage
problems, such as a lack of designated parking for and opting for environmentally friendly alternatives
visitors, which forces residents to park haphazardly. are crucial measures to mitigate this problem. Urgent
This chaotic situation is further aggravated by action is needed to prevent further damage and protect
commercial vehicles parking near colony gates, our natural resources for future generations.
blocking exits and creating inconvenience. The surge in 17. The data illustrates the percentage of various electronic
vehicles, without a corresponding rise in infrastructure, devices used in India. Mobile phones lead with the
has led to disorderly parking and heightened tensions. highest usage at 96%, highlighting their significance
The need for better parking management and urban in everyday life. Televisions follow at 86%, indicating
planning is evident to address this pressing problem widespread consumption of visual media. Kitchen
efficiently. appliances are also commonly used, with 84% of
14. The data reveals global literacy rates among different households depending on them for convenience.
age groups and genders. In the 12-15 age group, Refrigerators are used by 69%, emphasising the need
men have a literacy rate of 88%, while women are for food preservation. Electronic toys account for
slightly lower at 80%. For the 15-24 age group, the 40%, showing moderate usage, likely in households
rates increase, with men at 90% and women at 88%, with children. Laptops have the lowest percentage at
showing a narrowing gap between genders. In the 38%, possibly due to the cost factor and the popularity
25-64 age group, men maintain an 88% literacy rate, of mobile devices. Overall, mobile phones dominate
but women’s rate drops to 79%. Among those 65 the electronic landscape in India, while devices like
and older, both genders show a decline, with men at laptops and electronic toys are comparatively less
80% and women at 75%. Overall, men exhibit higher prevalent.
literacy rates in all age groups, while women’s rates 18. As a responsible citizen, I believe that the increasing
decline more noticeably in older age groups, reflecting trend of online shopping has significant environmental
historical disparities in educational access. consequences. While it helps save fuel and reduces
15. The most important thing in life is often a subject emissions from individual vehicles, it adds to the
of debate. According to the pie chart, knowledge is overall carbon footprint due to the increased mileage of
considered the most significant, accounting for 48%. It delivery trucks. Moreover, online shopping generates
is the foundation for personal and professional success, substantial packaging waste, including cardboard
enabling informed decision-making and problem- boxes, bubble wraps, and plastic bags. This excess
solving. Love follows at 20%, as it brings emotional packaging not only contributes to pollution but also
fulfilment and strengthens relationships. Money, strains our waste management systems. To mitigate
comprising 18%, is essential for a comfortable life, these effects, we must adopt sustainable practices, such
providing basic needs and opportunities. Fame and as reducing unnecessary orders, opting for eco-friendly
power, though less important, represent 8% and 6% packaging, and supporting companies that prioritise
respectively, and can bring influence and recognition. environmental responsibility. For these reasons, I
However, the pursuit of these should not overshadow believe we need to limit the wastage associated with
values like empathy and integrity. Ultimately, a online shopping.
balanced approach, prioritising knowledge, love, and 19. Co-curricular activities play a crucial role in
the right use of resources, is key to a successful and supplementing the theoretical curriculum by
meaningful life. providing students with essential skills and values.
16. Plastic waste poses a significant environmental threat They enhance logical and analytical thinking,
due to its non-biodegradable nature. Over time, allowing students to apply classroom knowledge in
harmful chemicals from plastics accumulate in the soil, real-world situations. Activities like debates foster
leading to contamination of underground water. This creative and critical thinking, while participation in
chemical absorption into the soil and water bodies is group projects builds problem-solving and leadership
a growing concern, especially since there is currently skills. Co-curricular activities also improve social,

Analytical Paragraph 59
 emotional, and communication abilities, preparing temporary advantages, particularly when consumed
students for future professional environments. They in excess. Studies indicate that over-consumption can
offer recreational value, helping students maintain lead to serious health issues, including palpitations,
a healthy balance between academics and leisure. chest pain, and gastrointestinal problems. Other
Additionally, exposure to technology through such common symptoms include dizziness, headaches, and
activities develops enhanced technological skills. insomnia, which can negatively affect overall well-
Thus, co-curricular activities contribute significantly being. Moreover, prolonged use may result in agitation,
to a holistic education, equipping students with the respiratory distress, and tingling or numbness of
skills needed for success in the 21st century. the skin. Given these risks, it is essential to exercise
20. Tourism plays a significant role in the nation's caution when consuming energy drinks and to consider
development, contributing immensely to the economy healthier alternatives for sustained energy and mental
and society. It enhances GDP and generates foreign clarity. Moderation is key to avoiding the harmful side
exchange, providing a substantial financial boost. effects associated with these beverages.
Additionally, tourism supports local markets and 23. Ecotourism offers both advantages and disadvantages,
businesses, leading to the growth of small-scale making it a subject of debate. On the positive
industries and artisans. It also creates employment side, ecotourism promotes conservation efforts by
opportunities across various sectors, including encouraging responsible travel to natural areas. It
hospitality, transport, and retail. Moreover, tourism provides economic benefits to local communities,
helps preserve culture by promoting local traditions, as tourists contribute to the local economy, helping
art, and heritage. Infrastructural development, such improve living standards. Additionally, ecotourism
as better roads, airports, and public amenities, is also fosters environmental awareness among travellers,
driven by tourism, benefitting both tourists and local encouraging sustainable behaviour. However, there
residents. Thus, the multifaceted impact of tourism are drawbacks to consider. Cultural disruption is a
underscores its importance as a key driver of economic common issue, as an influx of tourists can alter the
growth, cultural preservation, and infrastructural traditions and way of life of indigenous communities.
advancement. Ecotourism may also lead to the destruction of natural
21. Here's an analytical paragraph based on the given resources and the disturbance of habitats, contradicting
prompt: its intended goals. Therefore, while ecotourism has the
potential for positive impact, careful management is
Libraries play a vital role in meeting societal needs essential to mitigate its negative consequences.
by providing resources that promote learning, cultural
engagement, and community well-being. They offer 24. The pie chart shows global millet production in
access to reading materials, information, digital 2018, highlighting notable variations among different
resources, and opportunities for cultural and creative countries. India leads with 36% of the total production,
expression. Libraries contribute to improving digital reflecting its suitable climate, large agricultural areas,
access and literacy, empowering individuals to reach and millet's role as a staple crop. Niger follows with 14%,
their full potential. They also support health and benefiting from favourable semi-arid conditions ideal
well-being initiatives, fostering happier and healthier for millet cultivation. Other significant contributors
lives. Furthermore, libraries enhance cultural and include China (7%) and Nigeria (6%), where millet
creative engagement, leading to greater prosperity is grown as an important food source in arid regions.
and increased participation in community life. By Countries like Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Chad
connecting communities and promoting learning, produce 4% each, demonstrating their reliance on millet
libraries strengthen community bonds and support for food security. The Russian Federation contributes
the creation of stronger, more resilient societies. 2%, possibly due to limited suitable growing areas.
Hence, libraries are indispensable institutions that These variations are influenced by factors like climate,
foster personal growth, community cohesion, and soil conditions, agricultural practices, and the role of
overall societal development. millet in local diets.
22. Energy drinks are often promoted for their short-term 25. Healthy eating offers numerous benefits for both adults
benefits, such as increased alertness, mental focus, and children. For adults, it helps maintain a healthy
and physical stimulation, largely due to their caffeine weight, boosts immunity, and supports heart health by
content. However, their potential risks outweigh these lowering cholesterol. It also promotes strong bones,

60 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 reduces the risk of chronic diseases, and improves choice between glass and plastic bottles depends on
overall mental well-being. For children, healthy the user's priorities, such as health, convenience, or
eating is essential for growth and development, as sustainability.
it strengthens bones, keeps the skin healthy, and 28. The graph illustrates the most popular fields of study
boosts immunity. It also supports brain development, for Indian students studying abroad in the academic
providing the necessary nutrients for cognitive growth. year 2020–21. Engineering tops the list with 190,590
Additionally, healthy eating habits in childhood can students, highlighting its continued preference for
prevent future health issues and encourage lifelong many aspiring professionals. Math and Computer
good habits. Therefore, a balanced diet rich in essential Science follow closely with 182,106 students,
nutrients is crucial for both adults and children, reflecting the increasing demand for technology-
contributing to physical health, mental wellness, and based skills. Business and Management is also a
overall quality of life. popular choice, with 145,658 students, indicating its
26. The chart highlights the growing trend of e-commerce global career prospects. Social Sciences and Physical
in India, particularly during and after the pandemic and Life Sciences attract 76,419 and 75,029 students,
year. According to the survey, 49% of consumers respectively, showing moderate interest in diverse
now prefer e-commerce websites and apps as their disciplines. Fields like Health Professions (32,468) and
main mode of shopping, showcasing the convenience Communications and Journalism (20,613) have fewer
and accessibility offered by online platforms. Local students, while Intensive English is the least popular.
retailers providing home delivery account for 18%, These trends suggest a strong focus on technical and
reflecting their efforts to adapt to changing consumer business education among Indian students pursuing
needs. On the other hand, 31% of shoppers still favour international studies.
malls and local markets, indicating a partial reliance on 30. The pie chart shows the different types of work in
traditional shopping experiences. Regarding product which out-of-school children are engaged as part of
categories, groceries and essentials dominate at 69%, child labour in India. The largest segment, 46%, is
followed by medium-value items at 54%, and high- involved in bottle collection, likely due to its low skill
value items at 32%. This suggests that consumers trust requirement and easy accessibility. Shoes polishing
online shopping mainly for necessities while being accounts for 20%, followed by car washing at 12%,
cautious with expensive purchases. indicating the types of informal jobs available to
27. Glass and plastic bottles both have distinct advantages children. Cleaning and selling wood collection each
and disadvantages. Glass bottles are non-toxic, represent 7%, while dishwashing and begging account
environmentally friendly, and easy to clean, making for 4% and 1%, respectively. Poverty, lack of access
them a healthier option. They are also durable and to education, and familial responsibilities are major
dishwasher safe, which adds to their practicality. factors driving children into these labour-intensive
However, glass bottles are heavier, more expensive, jobs. Addressing child labour requires improving
and prone to breakage, which can limit their usage. access to education and providing financial support to
On the other hand, plastic bottles are lightweight, vulnerable families to break the cycle of poverty and
unbreakable, and more affordable, making them exploitation.
a convenient choice. They are widely available in
various options but come with drawbacks, such as
containing more chemicals and being harder to clean.
Plastic bottles have a shorter lifespan, and they can
absorb odours, reducing their appeal. Ultimately, the

Analytical Paragraph 61
 Section-C
 First Flight
 Prose
 Poems
 Footprints Without Feet
Prose
 1
CHAPTER
A Letter to God
Author: G.L. Fuentes

Short Notes

U About the characters

 Lencho- A farmer who lives on a crest, has a firm faith in god
 Postmaster- A fat, amiable and kind man

U About the author-The story ‘A letter to God’ is penned by G.L. Fuentes.

Overview
This story is about a farmer who lived on a crest above the corn fields. He had cropped corns and few days were left to
harvest them. He was waiting for a light shower for a good harvest. One day it was a down pour with hail storm. That
hail storm completely destructed the corn crop of Lencho, and left him with a complete disappointment and despondent.
He had a firm faith in God, so he decided to write a letter to God for help as he found God as the only refuge for him.
He requested the God to help him with Hundred Pesos. His letter went to the Post master by an employee of the post
office. On reading the address ‘Letter to God’ the kind post master felt curious and read the letter. The request made by
Lencho for Hundred pesos and decided to help Lencho with all his heart. The post master and other employees of the
post office contributed and collected seventy pesos in total to give to Lencho. On receiving the letter which was signed
as ‘God’ carrying seventy pesos, Lencho got agitated. He wrote another letter to the god to send rest of thirty pesos,
believing that the letter was actually sent by the god, moreover being furious on the thought that the employees of the
post office had robbed him with thirty pesos. He called them ‘bunch of crooks’ in his letter.

Flow of the story

1. Lencho lives on a crest.
2. He has a field of corn.
3. He is waiting for a light shower for a good harvest.
4. It happens opposite- there is a down pour with hailstones, destroys his crop.
5. He writes a letter to god.
6. At the post office the postmaster reads his letter.
7. The postmaster decides to help Lencho and collects money from other employees too.
8. They all collect seventy pesos altogether.
9. Lencho receives the letter signed as ‘God’.
10. He feels cheated.
11. He writes another letter to god asking to send remaining amount by other source.
12. He considers the employees of the post office as ‘bunch of crooks’
13. He thinks that the god has sent the full amount but the employees must have looted him.

Conclusion
This story discloses the fact that the human has a tendency to keep faith blindly in the God, whom he hasn’t seen till
date, but not ready to believe in human and humanity. In a fit of blind faith in God, Lencho wasn’t able to articulate the
fact that the letter might had been sent by any human not god. On the other hands the story also brings a powerful idea
of having a firm faith in god could bring wonders to your life. Therefore, it remains completely a reader’s choice - what
kind of perspective to have.

Previous Year Questions

Gotami in her grief, believed that her son__________

CBSE, 2024 however__________.
1. Grief or sadness is an emotion natural to all types of (Reference - A Letter to God and The Sermon at
loss or significant change. You have been asked to Benares)
present an analysis of the approaches of Lencho and 2. What idea does the Postmaster come up with? What
Kisa Gotami in dealing with their respective losses. did he do to stick to his resolution? (A Letter to God)
Write this presentation draft including your insights, (Answer in 40-50 words each)
and comparing the approaches of both.
3. Explain the irony in the chapter, A Letter to God.
You may begin like this: One acknowledges that (Answer in 40-50 words each)
Lencho had unwavering faith in God whereas Kisa

and acceptance of life’s impermanence.

CBSE, 2024
Both approaches highlight different paths to coping
1. One acknowledges that Lencho had unwavering faith with loss: one through faith and the other through
in God, whereas Kisa Gotami, in her grief, believed understanding and acceptance.
that her son could be brought back to life if she found 2. The Postmaster comes up with the idea to answer
a mustard seed from a house untouched by death. Lencho’s letter to God in order to maintain Lencho’s
Lencho’s faith led him to write a letter to God, asking faith. To stick to his resolution, the Postmaster gathers
for help after his crops were destroyed. He trusted that money from his employees, contributes part of his own
God would provide for his loss. salary, and persuades several friends to donate as well,
However, Kisa Gotami, devastated by her son’s pooling together what they can. Despite not being
death, went on a quest that ultimately taught her the able to gather the full amount Lencho requested, the
inevitability of death and the importance of accepting Postmaster sends Lencho a little more than half of it in
it. While Lencho’s approach was rooted in faith and an envelope, accompanied by a letter signed with the
hope, Kisa Gotami’s journey led her to enlightenment single word “God”. This act reflects the Postmaster’s

4 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 attempt to uphold Lencho’s belief in divine assistance, destroys his crops. The letter reaches the postmaster,
even though the response falls short of Lencho’s who, moved by Lencho’s faith, collects money from
expectations. himself and others to help. However, when Lencho
3. The irony in “A Letter to God” lies in Lencho’s receives the money and finds it insufficient, he accuses
unwavering faith in God contrasted with the practical the postal workers of dishonesty, showing a lack of
response of the postmaster and the outcome of his faith in their good intentions despite his initial trust in
letter. Lencho, believing in God’s direct intervention, God’s intervention.
writes a letter asking for financial help after a hailstorm

A Letter to God 5
 2
CHAPTER
Nelson Mandela: Long
Walk to Freedom
Author: Nelson Mandela

Short Notes

Title: Nelson Mandela: Long walk to freedom

About the author- This chapter is an excerpt, taken from the autobiography of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela.
About the characters:
Mr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela: The first black President of South Africa (1994), anti-apartheid activist and politician

Overview
The chapter is an excerpt taken from the auto biography written by The first black President of South Africa- Nelson
Rolihlahla Mandela. The excerpt is about the day of installation ceremony, held on 10th May 1994, of the first democratically
elected government of South Africa. Nelson Mandela addressed dignitaries from more than 140 countries on the day of
installation. His speech is famous for the exemplary views he had mentioned, gratitude that he had shown for the freedom
fighters struggled together with him, against the apartheid policy. Nelson’s view to work collaboratively with whites,
leaves the readers amazed.

Flow of the chapter

1. The day is 10th May 1994.
2. The installation ceremony of first democratically elected government.
3. Nelson Mandela is going to take oath as the first black president of South Africa.
4. The inauguration ceremony took place in the Union Building‘s amphitheater in Pretoria today, attended by politicians
and dignitaries from more than 140 countries around the world.
5. Nelson Mandela is accompanied by his daughter Zenani.
6. Thabo Mbeki the first deputy president and D. Klaerk the second deputy president – taken the oath.
7. Mandela delivered a great speech, calling the crowd a rainbow crowd.
8. The army and jets of South Africa displayed the military power of South Africa.
9. Mandela remembered and thanked the freedom fighter contributed in the struggle of freedom.
10. He mentioned his inability to perform his twin obligation, as he chosen his people on his family.
11. He talks about his childhood and early life at the village.
12. He counts the unforgettable efforts to pursuit education and the realization of the slavery he had been in.
13. Mandela says the oppressor is equally deprived of true humanity as the oppressed do.

6 Class-X ENGLISH PW
Conclusion
This chapter is a truly motivational and inspirational for the reader. The views of Nelson Mandela left a deep impact on
the people of not only South Africa, but on the whole world as well. The whole world took a great inspiration from his
great and incredible contribution to the humans of South Africa and other black communities living in other parts of the
world. Mandela gave his whole life to his people rather his family. On his government’s installation ceremony he was
accompanied by his daughter Zenani, that also reflects that irrespective to the fact he had chosen his obligation towards
his peoples, his family was always there to support his as his back bone.

Previous Year Questions

Elaborate in about 40 words with reference to the

CBSE, 2024 extract.
1. Nelson Mandela in his inauguration speech says, "We, (iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'so
who were outlaws not so long ago, have today been glorious', in the given sentence from the extract.
given the rare privilege to be host to the nations of the "The sun shall never set on so glorious a human
world on our own soil." achievement."
What is the significance of this statement with 3. Read the following extracts and answer the questions
reference to the political system that prevailed before for any ONE of the given two.
this? (Nelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom) (a) Tenth May dawned bright and clear. For the past few
(Answer in 40-50 words each) days, I had been pleasantly besieged by dignitaries
2. Read the following extracts and answer the questions: and world leaders who were coming to pay their
We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. respects before the inauguration. The inauguration
We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from would be the largest gathering ever of international
the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, leaders on South African soil. The ceremonies took
suffering, gender and other discrimination. place in the lovely sandstone amphitheatre formed
by the Union buildings in Pretoria. For decades this
Never, never, and never again shall it be that this
had been the seat of white supremacy, and now
beautiful land will again experience the oppression
it was the site of rainbow gathering of different
of one by another.
colours and nations for the installation of South
The sun shall never set on so glorious a human Africa's first democratic non- racial government.
achievement. (Nelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom)
Let freedom reign. God bless Africa! (i) What do you infer from the following statement?
(Nelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom) "The inauguration would be the largest gathering
(i) State any one inference about Nelson Mandela from ever of international leaders on South African Soil."
the given context: (ii) Explain in about 40 words the effective shift from
"We have, at last, achieved our political white supremacy to a rainbow gathering.
emancipation." (iii) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'pleasantly
(ii) State True or False: besieged' in the given sentence from that extract?
When Mandela says, "God bless Africa", he intends (iv) State true or false with reference to the given extract.
to mean well-being and welfare of only black In the past the amphitheatre' had been a seat for
people in South Africa. theatrical performances.
(iii) Nelson Mandela's speech is full of optimism."

Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom 7

 3. Read the following extracts and answer the questions
CBSE, 2024 for any ONE of the given two.
1. Nelson Mandela's statement highlights the profound (a)(i)  This statement suggests that the inauguration event for
shift from apartheid, where non-white South Africans South Africa's first democratic non-racial government
faced systemic discrimination and were denied basic was historically significant and attracted the highest
rights. By hosting global leaders at his inauguration,
number of international leaders ever seen in South
Mandela symbolizes the end of white minority rule
Africa. It indicates the global importance and attention
and the beginning of inclusive governance. This event
signifies a new era of equality and recognition for all drawn to the transition from apartheid to democracy in
South Africans, regardless of race, marking a historic South Africa.
departure from the oppressive political system of (ii) The shift from "seat of white supremacy" to a "rainbow
apartheid. gathering" symbolizes a profound transformation.
2. (i) One inference about Nelson Mandela from the Formerly a symbol of racial segregation, the Union
given context is that he was committed to achieving buildings in Pretoria became a site where leaders of
political freedom for all people in South Africa, not diverse nationalities and races assembled to celebrate
just for a specific group or community. the installation of South Africa's first democratic and
non-racial government, marking a new era of inclusivity
(ii) False
and equality.
(iii) Nelson Mandela's speech exudes optimism as he (iii) The alternative phrase that could substitute
celebrates achieving political emancipation for South 'pleasantly besieged' in the given sentence is 'happily
Africa. He expresses confidence that the country will overwhelmed'.
overcome past oppressions, emphasizing the dawn of (iv) False
a new era free from discrimination and suffering.
(iv) "The sun shall never set on such a glorious human
achievement."

8 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 3
CHAPTER
Two Stories about Flying
I. His First Flight — Author: Liam O’ Flaherty
II. Black Aeroplane — Author: Frederick Forsyth

Part-I: His First Flight

Short Notes

Title: Two Stories about Flying [His First Flight]

About the author: Liam O’Flaherty
Liam is a well know Irish writer who wrote about courage, naturalism, human psychology etc. And not
only courage his writings are appreciated for the put of satire as well.

Overview
This story is about a seagull’s family who lives on a ledge of a sea. The youngest seagull is afraid of flying. His brothers
and sister already started flying and catching fish, but this young little seagull wasn’t. His mother thought of a technique
to make him fly. The technique worked and little seagull got successful in flying and the whole family celebrated his
first flight.

Flow of the story:

1. A seagull’s family lives on the sea ledge.
2. The family has six members – mother, father and four kids.
3. The youngest seagull is afraid of flying.
4. He thinks we can’t fly and his small wings won’t open if he tries to fly.
5. He is encouraged by his mother many a times but he is afraid of flying.
6. His two brothers and a sister have already started flying.
7. They even enjoy catching fish and devour their food.
8. One day mother seagull leaves the young seagull hungry.
9. For continuous 24 hours the young seagull left hungry. No one come to help him or to share food with him.
10. The condition of the little seagull gets worsen.
11. The next day the mother of the seagull comes near to him with keeping a piece of a fish in her beak.
12. Maddened with the hunger, seagull approaches his mother but she starts getting few steps back.
13. Then after she simply starts flying around the seagull and tempts him for the piece of fish.
14. The little seagull happens to fall of from the ledge.

Two Stories about Flying 9

15. Miraculously his wings start fluttering on their own and this is how the young seagull takes his first flight.
16. The whole family starts celebrating the moment by making the cackle sound and fly around him.

Conclusion:
The clever trick of the mother seagull makes the young seagull fly successfully. His fear of falling down didn’t allow
him to fly, not even to initiate flying. But once that fear disappeared, he was able to enjoy the flying and discovering the
vast sea surface.

Previous Year Questions

(His First Flight) (Answer in 40-50 words each)

CBSE, 2024
2. Briefly bring out the contrast between the young
1. Flying is a natural act in birds. Then why was the young seagulls initial attempts to fly and his first successful
seagull exhausted by the strange exercise? Justify the flight. (His First Flight) (Answer in 40-50 words each)
given statement with reference to baby seagulls fear.

abilities until courage is found.

CBSE, 2024
2. Initially, the young seagull hesitates and fears flying,
1. Flying is natural for birds, yet the young seagull feeling too scared to take off from his ledge. He watches
struggled initially due to fear. Fear held him back others soar effortlessly while he stays grounded due to
from attempting flight like his siblings. When he fear. However, driven by hunger, he eventually leaps
finally overcame this fear and took flight, he became into flight, initially terrified but soon experiencing the
exhausted from the unfamiliar exertion, compounded exhilaration of flying freely with confidence and joy.
by hunger. This shows fear can hinder even innate

Part-II: Black Aeroplane

Short Notes

Title: Two Stories About Flying [The Black Aeroplane]

About the author: Frederick Forsyth

Frederick Forsyth, a renowned British author, is celebrated for his gripping and meticulously researched thrillers.
About the characters: The Pilot of the old Dakota
The pilot displays resourcefulness and determination by deciding to continue the flight despite the looming storm clouds.

10 Class-X ENGLISH PW
They are unwilling to turn back to Paris and are resolute in reaching the destination in England.

Flow of the story:

1. The narrator is flying his Dakota aeroplane alone at night over France, heading back to England. The sky is clear, and
he is enjoying the peacefulness of the flight.
2. The narrator switches on the radio and contacts Paris Control to inform them of his flight and direction. He receives
instructions to turn twelve degrees west towards England.
3. As the narrator continues his flight, he notices storm clouds ahead. They appear massive and present a challenge as he
cannot fly over or around them due to limited fuel.
4. Despite the storm clouds, the narrator decides to proceed, unwilling to turn back to Paris and determined to reach his
destination in England for a satisfying breakfast.
5. Inside the clouds, visibility becomes nonexistent, and the aircraft experiences turbulence. The compass and other
instruments stop working, and the radio is also dead. The narrator finds himself lost and disoriented.
6. Amid the darkness, the narrator spots another aeroplane without wing lights flying alongside him. The pilot gestures
for the narrator to follow, giving him a sense of relief and guidance.
7. Trusting the mysterious pilot, the narrator obediently follows him as he guides the way through the storm. They
continue flying together for half an hour, with the narrator feeling grateful for the assistance.
8. Suddenly, the clouds clear, revealing a runway and airport lights ahead. The narrator realizes he has reached a safe
landing point. However, when he looks for the black aeroplane and its pilot, they have vanished.
9. Curious about the identity of the pilot who helped him navigate through the storm, the narrator approaches the control
center and inquires about the mysterious aviator. To his surprise, the control center claims no other aircraft were flying
that night.
10. The story concludes with the narrator pondering who assisted him, considering the absence of any other aircraft
according to the control center. The identity and nature of the black aeroplane pilot remain a mystery.

Conclusion:
In the end, as the narrator reflects on his remarkable experience, he remains baffled by the unanswered questions that
linger. Who was the pilot of the enigmatic black aeroplane that appeared out of the storm to guide him safely through
the darkness? How did this unknown aviator navigate without lights, radio, or instruments? The control center's assertion
that no other aircraft were present only deepens the mystery. It leaves the narrator with a sense of wonder and gratitude
for the unexplained intervention that brought him to safety, forever etching this extraordinary encounter in his memory.

Previous Year Questions

You may begin this way: One acknowledges that
CBSE, 2024 both, the Seagull and the Pilot, wanted to ________
1. You have been asked to present an evaluation of the however, ___________ (Reference: Two Stories
approaches of both, the Baby Seagull and the Pilot who About Flying)
was lost in the clouds, towards achieving their dreams 2. Motivation plays an important role in taking risks in
of conquering the skies. life and in succeeding. Do you agree? Discuss with
Write this presentation draft including your insights, reference to the pilot of the old Dakota and the young
comparing the approaches of both. seagull.

Two Stories about Flying 11

 along the way shape one's understanding of true
CBSE, 2024 fulfillment and purpose in life.
1. One acknowledges that both the Baby Seagull and 2. Yes, I agree that motivation is crucial for taking risks and
the Pilot wanted to conquer the skies, aspiring to achieving success in life. In "The Black Aeroplane,"
fly freely and achieve their dreams. However, their the pilot's strong desire to return home motivates him
approaches differed significantly. The Baby Seagull, to fly through a dangerous storm despite losing vital
from "Jonathan Livingston Seagull," pursued his navigation tools. His determination leads him to trust a
dream through relentless practice and a quest for mysterious guide, eventually landing safely. Similarly,
perfection in flight, driven by a passion to explore in "His First Flight," the young seagull's motivation
beyond the ordinary. shifts from fear to hunger, compelling him to overcome
In contrast, the Pilot, from "The Little Prince," his fear of flying. With encouragement from family
initially sought to conquer the skies for recognition and instinct driving him, he takes his first flight
and status. However, his journey through encounters successfully. Both stories demonstrate that motivation,
with the Little Prince taught him the deeper meanings whether driven by necessity, desire, or courage, can
of love, friendship, and responsibility, ultimately empower individuals to face risks and achieve their
leading him to rediscover the joy and wonder of goals, underscoring the importance of inner drive in
flying. overcoming challenges and achieving success.
Both stories illustrate that while the goal of flight
is universal, the paths taken and the lessons learned

12 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 4
From the Diary of
CHAPTER
Anne Frank
Author: Anne Frank

Short Notes
About the writer: Anne Frank (Main character)
About the character:
Anne Frank: Anne was a lovely girl, who was determinant girl. A fair thrust for knowledge, she had been asked to write
three essays by her teacher for talking in the class. She wrote them in a terrific way that her teacher got impressed with her
and gave up his anger. This proves her determination and her writing expertise. As she felt loneliness, she started writing
a diary which was gifted to her by her father on her 13th birthday. When she died, her father somehow found her diary
and got that published too, as he felt her diary was an amazing piece of writing to be published. Overview- The chapter
is not a novel or a story. It’s a diary written by Anne Frank, where she had shared her feelings, depression, anxiety, all
those facts that she could not share with anyone. She considered her diary as her best friend. She was all alone though
she had a large family.

Flow of the chapter:

1. Anne is a Jewish girl.
2. She wrote this diary in 1929 during 2nd world war.
3. They were hiding from Germans when they attacked on Holland.
4. She starts writing the diary.
5. She considers the diary as her best friend, she names it ‘ Kitty’.
6. She keeps segregated from her family in terms to share her heart with them other than with her diary.
7. She says ‘paper has more patience than a paper’.
8. She loves her father a lot who is most loving and caring according to her.
9. Her mother father got married when father was thirty six and mother was twenty five.
10. Her mother Edith Hollander Frank goes to Holland with her father and Anne is sent to Aachen with her sister Margot
to stay with her grandmother.
11. Then Margot shifts to Holland in September and Anne follows her in December.
12. She starts her schooling from Montessori.
13. At school she shares a special bond with her teacher Mrs. Kuperus, who is the headmistress too.
14. They celebrated her birthday as well, which was her(grandmother) last birthday.
15. The grandmother was the only person with whom she was so attached with.
16. She is given with essay writing on the topic ‘Chatterbox’ by her Maths teacher for talking a lot in the class.
17. She writes that she would try to improve but couldn’t .
18. Further she gets punishment to write on the topics- ‘An incorrigible chatterbox ‘and ‘Quack Quack quack said mistress
chatterbox’ for writing.
19. The third one she writes in a poetry form in satire, but the professor takes that lightly.
20. Then after she speaks in the class uninterruptedly.

From the Diary of Anne Frank 13

Conclusion:
‘The diary of Anne Frank’ is an excerpt taken from the diary written by Anne Frank. She has poured out her heart in the
diary during the period of llnd world war, German occupation over Netherland. She had shared her thoughts and feelings
with her best friend ‘Kitty’ the diary, she wasn’t able to share with anyone. She had been feeling alone despite having
a family. Her persistent efforts of writing the essays, made her teacher get impressed with her and she accomplished
the chance to talk in the class uninterrupted. Hers story is a heart-touching writing, that can move a reader’s heart and
inspirational too.

Previous Year Questions

talking. I thought and suddenly I had an idea. I wrote

CBSE, 2024 the three pages, Mr. Keesing had assigned me and
1. You have been chosen to address the school assembly was satisfied. I argued that talking is a students' trait
on the occasion of Women's Day. You choose to speak and that I would do my best to keep it under control,
on the resilience and indomitable spirit of the young but that I would never be able to cure myself of the
girls : Best online courses habit since my mother talked as much as I did if not
more, and that there's not much you can do about
Anne Frank and Valli. Prepare the speech draft, with
inherited traits. (From the Diary of Annie Frank)
reference to the commonality and contrast in the
situations and circumstances of both the girls. (i) State any one inference about Anne from the given
context.
(Madam Rides the Bus and From the Diary of Anne
Frank) “Anyone could ramble on and leave big spaces
between the words, but the trick was to come up
You may begin like this: Good morning everyone.
with convincing arguments to prove the necessity of
Today, I'd like to express my insights on the resilience
talking."
of two young girls……………
(ii) In about 40 words, elaborate on the justification
You may end this way: To conclude I'd like to say
Anne gives for her talkative nature.
that……………
(iii) Which one of the following best describes the tone
Thank you.
of the given extract?
2. Read the following extracts and answer the questions. (a) derogatory (b) persuasive
Anyone could ramble on and leave big spaces (c) nostalgic (d) cautionary
between the words, but the trick was to come up
with convincing arguments to prove the necessity of (iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute ramble on'
in the given sentence from the extract?

Both displayed incredible courage and determination

CBSE, 2024 despite facing very different circumstances.
1. Good morning everyone, Anne Frank, a Jewish girl during World War II,
showed remarkable strength while hiding from the
Today, I'd like to express my insights on the
Nazis. Through her diary, she expressed her hopes
resilience of two young girls, Anne Frank and Valli.
and fears, inspiring millions with her indomitable

14 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 spirit. 2.
Valli, from the story "Madam Rides the Bus," was a (i) From the context, it can be inferred that Anne
young girl with a strong desire to explore the world. Frank is articulate and understands the importance
Despite her limited means, she saved money and of making coherent arguments rather than simply
filling space with words. She values communication
faced challenges to fulfill her dream of riding a bus
but recognizes the need for meaningful discourse.
and seeing the world beyond her village.
(ii) Anne justifies her talkative nature by arguing that
While Anne faced the horrors of war, Valli tackled the talking is a trait she inherited from her mother. She
challenges of her everyday life. Both girls, however, acknowledges that while she will try to control it,
shared a common trait: resilience. They demonstrated she cannot completely eliminate it. This justification
that no matter the situation, determination and highlights her self-awareness and acceptance of her
courage can help us overcome difficulties. inherited traits.
To conclude, I'd like to say that Anne Frank and (iii) (b) persuasive
Valli teach us that resilience and a strong spirit can
guide us through even the toughest times. Their (iv) The alternative phrase that could substitute 'ramble
stories inspire us to be brave and never give up on on' in the given sentence is 'talk aimlessly'.
our dreams.
Thank you.

From the Diary of Anne Frank 15

 5
CHAPTER
Glimpses of India
I. A Baker from Goa
II. Coorg
III. Tea from Assam
— Author: Lucio Rodrigues
— Author: Lokesh Abrol
— Author: Arup Kumar Datta

Part-I: A Baker from Goa

Short Notes

Title: Glimpses of India [Bakers from Goa]

Bakers from Goa by Lucio Rodrigious

Overview:
"The Bakers of Goa" by Lucio Rodrigues is a nostalgic and evocative chapter that explores the author's childhood
memories of the bakers of Goa. The chapter provides a glimpse into the lives of the bakers and their unique culture and
traditions. It highlights the importance of preserving and cherishing the rich cultural heritage of Goa.

Character Sketches:
1. Lucio Rodrigues: The author of the chapter, who reminisces about his childhood memories of the bakers of Goa. He
is nostalgic and reflective, and his writing captures the essence of the bakers' culture and traditions. He has mentioned
about his childhood memories only.
2. The Bakers of Goa: The bakers are the central characters of the chapter. They are skilled artisans who specialize in
baking bread and other baked goods. They are known for their unique recipes and techniques, which have been passed
down through generations.

Flow of the Story:

The chapter begins with the author's recollections of his childhood memories of the bakers of Goa. He describes the
sights, sounds, and smells of the bakery, and the unique culture and traditions of the bakers. He provides insights into the
baking process and the various types of bread and baked goods produced by the bakers. The chapter also explores the
social and cultural significance of the bakers in Goan society. It concludes with the author's reflections on the importance
of preserving and cherishing the rich cultural heritage of Goa.

Conclusion:
"The Bakers of Goa" by Lucio Rodrigues is a nostalgic and evocative chapter that provides a glimpse into the lives of
the bakers of Goa. It highlights the unique culture and traditions of the bakers and their significance in Goan society. The
chapter serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving and cherishing the rich cultural heritage of Goa. Rodrigues'
writing is vivid and evocative, capturing the essence of the bakers' culture and traditions.

16 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Previous Year Questions

3. The baker and his family never starved. Elaborate.

CBSE, 2024 (Glimpses of India) (Answer in 40-50 words each)
4. During our childhood in Goa, the baker used to be
Glimpses of India – Bakers from Goa our friend, companion and guide. What does this
1. The author says - During our childhood in Goa, the statement imply in relation to the character of the
baker used to be our friend, companion and guide. baker? (Glimpses of India) (Answer in 40-50 words
Elaborate. (Glimpses of India) (Answer in 40-50 each)
words each)
5. How is the Goan baker still an important part of the
2. Why does the author say that the presence of the life of a Goan village?
Bakers furnace in the village is absolutely essential?
Justify with reference to A Baker from Goa. (Answer
in 40-50 words each)

3. The baker and his family always had enough to eat

CBSE, 2024 because baking bread was a profitable profession in
the old days. They were prosperous, evidenced by
Glimpses of India – Bakers from Goa their plump physique. Even their servants were well-
1. During the author's childhood in Goa, the baker was fed, reflecting the economic stability and importance
more than just a bread-seller. He was seen as a friendly of the baker in the village community.
figure who visited twice daily, bringing joy with the 4. This statement implies that the baker played a
sound of his bamboo staff. Children eagerly awaited significant role in the lives of children in Goa. He was
him, not just for bread, but also for the special bond not just a bread-seller but someone who was friendly,
they shared, making him a cherished friend and guide supportive, and perhaps even influential in their
in their daily lives. upbringing, symbolizing a close and trusted figure in
2. The author says the presence of the baker's furnace the community.
in the village is essential because it provides bread 5. The Goan baker remains crucial in village life by
and other baked goods that are integral to daily life providing essential bread and treats like bolinhas
and celebrations in Goa. The baker, known as pader, and cakes for celebrations. Their traditional methods
delivers fresh bread daily, including special items like and familiar presence symbolize continuity and
bolinhas for Christmas and sandwiches for celebrations. community. They embody cultural heritage and ensure
This tradition not only fulfills practical needs but also that important occasions, from daily meals to festivals,
holds cultural significance, making the baker a vital are complete with their baked goods, maintaining their
part of village life, ensuring that important occasions integral role in Goan village life.
and daily routines are properly observed with freshly
baked goods.

Glimpses of India 17
 Part-II: Coorg

Short Notes

Title: Glimpses of India [Coorg by Lookesh Abrol]

Overview:
"Coorg" by Lokesh Abrol is a descriptive chapter that provides an insight into the natural beauty and cultural heritage of
Coorg, a district in Karnataka, India. The chapter highlights the unique features of Coorg, including its lush green forests,
coffee plantations, and rich cultural traditions. It serves as a tribute to the natural beauty and cultural richness of Coorg.

Characters:
1. Lokesh Abrol: The author of the chapter, who provides a vivid description of Coorg and its unique features. He is
passionate about the natural beauty and cultural heritage of Coorg.
2. The people of Coorg: The chapter provides insights into the cultural traditions and practices of the people of Coorg.
They are known for their hospitality, bravery, and love for nature.

Flow of the story:

The chapter begins with the author's description of Coorg's natural beauty, including its lush green forests, coffee
plantations, and waterfalls. He provides insights into the unique features of Coorg, such as its wildlife, climate, and
geography. The chapter also explores the cultural heritage of Coorg, including its festivals, cuisine, and traditions. The
author highlights the bravery and hospitality of the people of Coorg and their love for nature. The chapter concludes with
the author's reflections on the importance of preserving and cherishing the natural beauty and cultural richness of Coorg.

Conclusion:
"Coorg" by Lokesh Abrol is a descriptive chapter that provides an insight into the natural beauty and cultural heritage of
Coorg. The chapter highlights the unique features of Coorg, including its lush green forests, coffee plantations, and rich
cultural traditions. It serves as a tribute to the natural beauty and cultural richness of Coorg. Abrol's writing is vivid and
evocative, capturing the essence of Coorg's natural beauty and cultural heritage. The chapter serves as a reminder of the
importance of preserving and cherishing the natural beauty and cultural richness of our world.

Previous Year Questions

2. The most laid back individuals become converts to the
CBSE, 2024 life of high-energy adventure. Elaborate with reference
to Coorg. (Glimpses of India) (Answer in 40-50 words
Glimpses of India – Coorg each)
1. Coorg has been defined as a piece of heaven by the
writer. Justify. (Glimpses of India) (Answer in 40-50
words each) [3m]

18 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 visitors.
CBSE, 2024
2. In Coorg, known for its serene landscapes and coffee
plantations, even the most laid-back individuals find
Glimpses of India – Coorg
themselves drawn into a life of high-energy adventure.
1. Coorg is likened to heaven by the writer due to its Activities like trekking through dense forests, river
picturesque landscapes, serene coffee plantations, and rafting in wild waters, and exploring rugged terrains
the blend of tranquil beauty with thrilling adventure offer thrilling experiences amidst the region's tranquil
activities like trekking and river rafting. Its natural beauty, transforming leisurely tourists into avid
charm and peaceful atmosphere make it a paradise for adventurers.

Part-III: Tea From Assam

Short Notes
Title: Glimpses of India [Tea from Assam by Arup Dutta]

Characters:
1. Pranjol: A young individual from Assam who plays a central role in the story. He is curious and eager to learn about
the tea gardens of Assam.
2. Rajvir: Pranjol's friend who accompanies him on the journey to Assam. He provides information and insights about
the tea plantations in the region.

Overview
"Tea from Assam" is an informative story written by Arup Kumar Dutta. It is part of the prose section titled "Glimpses of
India" in the English textbook for Class 10. The chapter revolves around the tea gardens of Assam and provides insights
into the history and discovery of tea. It explores the significance of tea as a popular beverage and highlights the unique
characteristics of Assam's tea plantations.

Flow of the story

The story begins with Pranjol and Rajvir traveling to Assam. Along the way, they purchase fresh tea from a roadside
vendor and engage in a conversation about the special tea of the region. Rajvir informs Pranjol that Assam is famous for
having the largest tea plantations, but the origin of tea in the region remains unknown. According to a Chinese legend, a
few tea leaves accidentally fell into a pot of boiling water, resulting in the discovery of tea's delicious flavor. The story
concludes with the revelation that cover eighty crore cups of tea are consumed worldwide every day.

Conclusion:
"Tea from Assam" by Arup Kumar Dutta is a captivating chapter that sheds light on the tea gardens of Assam. It provides
an informative account of the history and discovery of tea, emphasizing the significance of Assam's tea plantations. The
chapter highlights the popularity of tea as a beverage consumed globally and showcases the unique cultural and natural

Glimpses of India 19
heritage of Assam. Through vivid descriptions and engaging storytelling, Dutta captures the essence of Assam's tea
culture, leaving readers with a deeper appreciation for this beloved beverage and the region it originates from.

Previous Year Questions

(i) State any one inference about Rajvir from the given
CBSE, 2024 context:
"Rajvir too was an ardent fan of detective stories,
Glimpses of India - Tea from Assam but at the moment he was keen on looking at the
1. Read the given extracts and answer the questions: beautiful scenery."
The train pulled out of the station - Pranjol buried (ii) State True or False:
his nose in his detective book again. Rajvir too was The reason Rajvir was interested in looking at the
an ardent fan of detective stories but, at the moment beautiful scenery was that the detective book he was
he was keener on looking at the beautiful scenery. It reading, was not interesting.
was green, green everywhere. Rajvir had never seen (iii) People who live in big cities are always fascinated by
so much greenery before. Then the soft green paddy the natural beauty and abundant greenery. Elaborate
fields gave way to tea bushes. It was a magnificent in about 40 words, with reference to the extract.
view. Against the backdrop of densely wooded hills a (iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'doll-like
sea of tea bushes stretched as far as the eye could see. figures', in the given sentence from the extract?
Dwarfing the tiny tea plants were tall, sturdy, shade- "Dwarfing the tiny tea plants were tall sturdy
trees and amidst the orderly rows of bushes busily shadetrees and amidst the orderly rows of bushes
busily moved doll-like figures."
moved doll-like figures. (Glimpses of India - Tea from
Assam)

and abundant greenery fascinating because they are

CBSE, 2024 usually surrounded by concrete structures and urban
landscapes. The sight of vast green fields and scenic
Glimpses of India - Tea from Assam views provides a refreshing contrast to their usual
1. environment, evoking a sense of peace and wonder.
(i) One inference about Rajvir from the given context is (iv) The phrase "miniature people" would correctly
that he has a deep appreciation for natural beauty and substitute "doll-like figures" in the given sentence
is captivated by the scenery around him, indicating from the extract.
his curiosity and enthusiasm for new experiences.
(ii) False
(iii) People who live in big cities often find natural beauty

20 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 6
CHAPTER
Mijbil the Otter
Author: Gavin Maxwell

Short Notes

Introduction of the author:

Gavin Maxwell is the author of the chapter "Mijbil the Otter." He is known for his humorous and engaging writing style,
as well as his love for animals. Maxwell had a pet dog, which he lost, and this event had a profound impact on his life.

Introduction of the story:

The story "Mijbil the Otter" revolves around Maxwell's journey of keeping an otter as a pet. After losing his beloved dog,
he expresses his desire to have an otter as a companion. The story explores the relationship between a master and his pet,
emphasizing the importance of being friendly and caring towards animals.

Theme of the chapter:

The theme of the chapter "Mijbil the Otter" is the bond between humans and animals. It highlights the challenges and joys
of keeping an unconventional pet and the emotional connection that can develop between them.

Flow of the story:

1. After losing his beloved dog, the author expresses his desire to have an otter as a companion.
2. He embarks on a journey to find an otter and eventually acquires Mijbil, a young otter, from the Tigris marshes in Iraq.
3. The author describes his experiences and the humorous incidents that occur as he adjusts to life with an otter as his
companion.
4. The primary incidents of the story took place during the journey from Iraq to London via flight. Mijbil created a scene
in the plane and almost scared everyone with his mischievous actions. Despite the issues with Mijbil in the plane, a
generous air hostess allowed the author to keep Mijbil with him and helped him further to travel with the otter.
5. The author outlines that Mijbil was a mischievous and playful creature who loved to swim and play with pebbles.
6. The author also describes the challenges of keeping an unconventional pet, including the difficulty of finding suitable
food and the need to provide a suitable environment for the otter.
7. The story highlights the bond that forms between the author and Mijbil, showcasing the joys and challenges of their
relationship.
8. The story concludes with the author reflecting on the special connection he has developed with Mijbil and the importance
of treating animals with kindness and forming meaningful relationships with them.

Conclusion:
The chapter "Mijbil the Otter" concludes with Maxwell reflecting on the special connection he has developed with his
otter pet. It leaves the readers with a message of the importance of treating animals with kindness and forming meaningful
relationships with them. Overall, "Mijbil the Otter" is a heartwarming and humorous story that emphasizes the importance
of treating animals with kindness and forming meaningful relationships with them. The story showcases the unique bond
that can form between humans and animals and the joys and challenges of keeping an unconventional pet.

Mijbil the Otter 21

 Previous Year Questions

(i) Which of the following is not a reason why Mijbil

CBSE, 2024 came on to Maxwell's bed in the small hours?
1. Mijbil turned out to be a playful pet. Elaborate. (a) He had started taking interest in his surroundings.
(Answer in 40-50 words each) (b) He was becoming friendly with Maxwell.
2. Maxwell decides to keep an otter as a pet. Elucidate (c) He wanted to play with Maxwell on his bed.
with reference to the fact that owning a pet is a life (d) He wanted to feel safe and not remain indifferent.
of commitment. (Mijbil the Otter) (Answer in 40-50 (ii) Maxwell says that Mijbil was neither hostile nor
words each) friendly, he was simply aloof and indifferent for the
3. Read the following extracts and answer the questions first twenty-four hours. Give reasons in not more
for the given : than 40 words.
For the first twenty-four hours, Mijbil was neither (iii) Read the following descriptions (A) - (D) and identify
hostile nor friendly; he was simply aloof and which one correctly corresponds to the extract.
indifferent, choosing to sleep on the floor as far from (a) Owning a pet is tedious and needs commitment.
my bed as possible. The second night Mijbil came (b) A pet needs his own space and time to get adjusted
on to my bed in the small hours and remained asleep to his owner's environment.
in the crook of my knees until the servant brought
(c) Maxwell decided to bring Mijbil because he was
tea in the morning, and during the day he began
very sad to lose his dog.
to lose his apathy and take a keen, much too keen,
interest in his surroundings. I made a body-belt for (d) Maxwell and Mijbil loved travelling.
him and took him on a lead to the bathroom, where (iv) Which characteristic trait of otters is revealed when
for half an hour he went wild with joy in the water. Mijbil is taken to the bathroom?
(Mijbil the Otter)

3.
CBSE, 2024
(i) (c) He wanted to play with Maxwell on his bed.
1. Mijbil, the otter, became known for his playful nature. (ii) Mijbil was in a new environment and needed time
He enjoyed games with toys like ping-pong balls and to adjust. He chose to sleep far from Maxwell,
marbles, showing creativity in play. Maxwell exercised displaying neither aggression nor affection. His
him on a lead like a dog, and Mijbil developed unique initial behavior showed his uncertainty and need for
habits, such as running along walls, captivating those space to acclimate.
around him with his lively and engaging behaviour. (iii) (b) A pet needs his own space and time to get
2. Maxwell chose to keep an otter, Mijbil, as a pet despite adjusted to his owner's environment.
the commitment it entails. This decision shows his (iv) The characteristic trait of otters revealed when Mijbil
readiness to care for Mijbil's needs, like providing a is taken to the bathroom is their love for water and
suitable environment and companionship. Maxwell's playful nature. Mijbil goes wild with joy in the
dedication reflects the responsibility involved in pet water, showcasing his natural affinity for aquatic
ownership, ensuring Mijbil's well-being and adapting environments and playful behaviour.
his home for the otter's comfort. This commitment is
crucial for any pet owner, as it involves long-term care
and consideration of the animal's habits and health.

22 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 7
CHAPTER
Madam Rides the Bus
Author: Vallikkannan

Short Notes

Introduction:
‰ "Madam Rides the Bus" is a short story written by Vallikkannan.
‰ The story revolves around an eight-year-old girl named Valli who takes her first adventurous bus ride into the new world
outside her village.
‰ This story highlights the fact by the example of Valli that one can accomplish his/her long cherished dream by making
sacrifices and dedication towards it.
‰ The story is a sensitive one that brings to light the innocence and curiosity of a young girl who is trying to understand
the mystery of life and death.

Overview:
‰ "Madam Rides the Bus" is a short story about an eight-year-old girl named Valli who takes her first adventurous bus ride
into the new world outside her village.
‰ The story is a sensitive one that brings to light the innocence and curiosity of a young girl who is trying to understand
the mystery of life and death during her bus ride.
‰ The story highlights Valli's desire to take a ride in the bus and her experiences on the bus ride.

Flow of the story:

‰ Valli's strongest desire was to take a ride in the bus at least once.
‰ The bus was a source of unending joy for Valli as it brought a new set of passengers every time it came from the town.
‰ Valli tried to listen to her neighbors to get the desired information about the bus journey.
‰ She got information about the distance of the town from her village and the total journey time it usually took.
‰ She saved money by sacrificing her short term temptations such as toys, toffees and rides on merry-go-round in the
village fair.
‰ Finally, one day she got the chance to be on bus with her saved money
‰ As the bus was new, she felt comfortable and was enjoying the outside views peeping outside while standing on the seat.
‰ The presence and comments of the people sitting in the bus were making Valli feel irritated.
‰ She enjoyed initially but the sight of the death of cow on her return to village made her feel dismay.
‰ The story finely caught the introduction of Valli into the mystery of life and death.
‰ Valli went back to her home, and her mother was completely unaware of her bus ride and was busy talking to other lady.

Madam Rides the Bus 23

Conclusion:
‰ "Madam Rides the Bus" is a short story written by Vallikkannan that revolves around an eight-year-old girl named Valli
who takes her first adventurous bus ride into the new world outside her village.
‰ The story highlights Valli's desire to take a ride in the bus and her experiences on the bus ride
‰ The story is a sensitive one that brings to light the innocence and curiosity of a young girl who is trying to understand
the mystery of life and death.

Previous Year Questions

Stories about Flying.

CBSE-2024
You may begin this way.
1. Valli was sensitive, but at the same time, she was fearless The characters who are fearless and determined from
and quite determined. Think of another character from two texts are Valli and ______.
your text book, who displayed similar character traits. (Reference: Madam Rides a Bus & Two Stories
Compare and contrast the lives of Valli and the other about Flying)
character, that you have chosen from the text of Two

charge of her bus trip despite initial apprehensions.

CBSE, 2024 Valli's determination is fueled by her curiosity and
1. The characters who are fearless and determined from adventurous spirit, while Grandmother's fearlessness
two texts are Valli and Grandmother from "Madam stems from her practical wisdom and resilience. Both
Rides the Bus." Valli, from "A Bicycle in Good characters navigate challenges with courage, albeit in
Repair," displays sensitivity alongside fearlessness and different contexts—one in a rural setting driven by
determination, as she embarks on a daring journey to youthful curiosity, the other in a bustling city driven
the fair. Similarly, Grandmother in "Madam Rides the by experience and necessity. Their stories highlight
Bus" exhibits these traits when she confidently takes diverse forms of bravery and determination in the face
of life's uncertainties.

24 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 8
CHAPTER
The Sermon at Benares
[Source: Betty Renshaw Values and Voices: A College Reader (1975)]

Short Notes

Introduction:
‰ "The Sermon at Benares" is a prose piece written by Betty Renshaw.
‰ The chapter covers the early life of Gautama Buddha, who left all his amenities and worldly pleasures behind to find the
truth behind all the sufferings in the world.
‰ The reference of the story of Kisa Gautmi is mentioned in the chapter that helps the reader to understand the truth of
life and death.

Overview :
‰ "The Sermon at Benares" is a prose piece that covers the early life of Gautama Buddha.
‰ The chapter is about Gautama Buddha's journey from his princely life to his saintly life.
‰ The chapter covers the sermon that Buddha gave at Benares, which is considered to be his first sermon after attaining
enlightenment.

Key Points:
‰ Gautama Buddha left all his amenities and worldly pleasures behind to find the truth behind all the sufferings in the
world.
‰ The chapter covers the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, which are the core teachings of Buddhism.
‰ The chapter highlights the impact of Buddha's teachings on his followers and how they spread throughout the world.

Conclusion:
‰ "The Sermon at Benares" is a prose piece written by Betty Renshaw that covers the early life of Gautama Buddha.
‰ The chapter covers the journey of Gautama Buddha from his princely life to his saintly life and his first sermon after
attaining enlightenment.
‰ The chapter highlights the core teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.
‰ The impact of Buddha's teachings on his followers and the world is also discussed in the chapter.
‰ Kisa Gautami’s story plays the role of an eye opener for the reader to understand the truth of life and death.

The Sermon at Benares 25

 Previous Year Questions
CBSE, 2024
1. What did Kisa Gotami do after the death of her only son?

CBSE, 2024
1. After her only son died, Kisa Gotami went from house to house seeking medicine to bring him back to life. Eventually,
she sought help from the Buddha. He asked her to bring mustard seed from a house untouched by death. Through this
journey, she realized the universality of death and accepted her son's passing. This led her to embrace the Buddha's
teachings on impermanence and find peace within herself.

26 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 9
CHAPTER
The Proposal
Author: Anton Chekhov

Short Notes

Introduction:
"The Proposal," the introduction sets the stage for a humorous and satirical exploration of societal expectations surrounding
marriage. The author masterfully uses wit and irony to delve into the complexities of human relationships. The play ‘The
proposal’ throws a light on the customs that is there in Russian landlord’s society/community.

Overview:
The overview of the chapter reveals that the story revolves around Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov, a nervous and indecisive
man who visits his neighbor, Stepan Stepanovitch Chubukov, to propose marriage to his daughter, Natalya "The Proposal"
is a captivating short story written by Anton Chekhov that delves into the complexities of human relationships and the
absurdity of trivial arguments. Set in a rural Russian estate, the story follows the humorous yet tense encounter between
Ivan Lomov, a nervous and indecisive landowner, and Natalya Stepanovna, a strong-willed and argumentative young
woman.

Flow of the story:

‰ As the chapter begins, Chekhov skillfully introduces the characters and their contrasting personalities, setting the stage
In "The Proposal" by Anton Chekhov.
‰ The chapter opens with a captivating introduction that sets the stage for the story.
‰ Chekhov skillfully introduces the main characters and their personalities, immediately drawing the reader into their
world.
‰ The overview of the chapter provides a glimpse into the central conflict - a marriage proposal gone awry - and highlights
the comedic elements that Chekhov is known for.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, "The Proposal" is a satirical play that explores the themes of marriage, social norms, and human connection.
Anton Chekhov uses the characters of Chubukov, Lomov, and Natalia to expose the flaws and superficiality of a society
that values wealth and status over genuine human connection. The play mocks the absurdity of the marriage market and
the lack of agency given to women in the process. Chekhov's use of humor and irony adds to the play's emotional impact
and makes it a memorable and powerful piece of literature. Overall, "The Proposal" is a thought-provoking play that
challenges our perceptions of marriage and society, and it remains relevant even today.

The Proposal 27
 Previous Year Questions
Prepare a speech draft on relationships based on
CBSE, 2024 Natalya's and Anne Frank's characters.
1. What argument do Lomov and Natalya give over the You may begin this way.
superiority of their dogs, Guess and Squeezer? (The Good morning everyone.
Proposal) (Answer in 40-50 words each) Relationships are the bond between two people
2. Oh, what a burden, Lord, to be the father of a grown- based on mutual likes, understanding, need or love.
up daughter! Explain what this line conveys about I'd like to discuss relationships as portrayed in the
Chubukov as a father. (The Proposal) (Answer in 40- two texts......
50 words each) You may end this way
3. Justify the title of the play The Proposal with reference To conclude, I'd like to say that ......
to the characters and plot. (Answer in 40-50 words Thank you,
each)
(Reference: The Proposal & from the Diary of Anne
4. Based on your understanding of the Play "The Frank)
Proposal', what do you think of relationships?

ensues when emotions and egos clash.

CBSE, 2024
4. Good morning everyone.
1. Lomov and Natalya argue over the superiority of their Relationships are the bond between two people
dogs, Guess and Squeezer, citing traits like strength, based on mutual likes, understanding, need, or love.
hunting skills, and lineage. They try to prove which I'd like to discuss relationships as portrayed in the
two texts "The Proposal" and "The Diary of Anne
dog is better based on these qualities, showing their
Frank."
competitive nature and pride in their pets.
In "The Proposal," Natalya and her potential suitor,
2. The line "Oh, what a burden, Lord, to be the father of Lomov, illustrate the complexities of relationships
a grown-up daughter!" from "The Proposal" reveals driven by societal expectations and personal
Chubukov's exasperation and perhaps a touch of ambitions. Their comedic misunderstandings and
arguments over trivial matters reflect how ego and
humor regarding his daughter's maturity. It suggests he
pride can often overshadow genuine affection.
finds the responsibility of a father to an adult daughter
On the other hand, Anne Frank's diary entries reveal
challenging, possibly due to her independence or the a profound connection between Anne and her family,
complexities of their relationship. This highlights as they endure the harrowing realities of hiding
Chubukov's feelings of parental duty mixed with the during World War II. Their love and support for each
inevitable difficulties of seeing his daughter grow up. other in the face of adversity highlight the strength
and resilience that relationships can provide.
3. The title "The Proposal" is apt because the play
revolves around a marriage proposal that sets off a To conclude, I'd like to say that relationships are
chain of comedic events. The characters—Chubukov, a cornerstone of human experience, encompassing
Lomov, and Natalya—are involved in a humorous a spectrum of emotions from joy to challenge.
misunderstanding over property boundaries and They teach us about ourselves, our values, and the
Lomov's hesitant proposal to Natalya. The title captures importance of empathy and understanding.
the central theme of courtship and the absurdity that

28 Class-X ENGLISH PW
Poems
 1
CHAPTER
Dust of Snow
Author: Robert Frost

Short Notes

TITLE: DUST OF SNOW

Introduction:
"Dust of Snow" is a short and beautiful poem written by Robert Frost that was first published in "New Hampshire"
in 1923. The poem is about how a small moment can have a large significance and how our perception of things can
change our mood and put a greater impact on our lives. The poet mentions a crow, snow, and a hemlock tree to describe
his depressive and sorrowful mood. However, the poem also highlights the healing power of nature and how even small
things can uplift our mood and bring positivity to our lives.

Overview:
‰ "Dust of Snow" is a short poem written by Robert Frost that was first published in "New Hampshire" in 1923.
‰ The poem is about how a small moment can have a large significance and how our perception of things can change our
mood and put a greater impact on our lives.
‰ The poet mentions a crow, snow, and a hemlock tree to describe his depressive and sorrowful mood.
‰ However, the poem also highlights the healing power of nature and how even small things can uplift our mood and bring
positivity to our lives.

Key Points:
‰ The poem emphasizes the importance of appreciating small moments in life.
‰ The poet uses the imagery of a crow, snow, and a hemlock tree to describe his depressive and sorrowful mood.
‰ The poem highlights the healing power of nature and how even small things can uplift our mood and bring positivity
to our lives.
‰ The message of the poem is that our perception of things can change our mood and put a greater impact on our lives.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, "Dust of Snow" is a beautiful poem that emphasizes the importance of appreciating small moments in
life and the healing power of nature. The poem highlights how our perception of things can change our mood and put a
greater impact on our lives. The imagery of a crow, snow, and a hemlock tree is used to describe the poet's depressive and
sorrowful mood, but the poem also shows how even small things can uplift our mood and bring positivity to our lives.
 Previous Year Questions

2. It is our attitude towards a situation that makes it

CBSE, 2024 positive or negative. Do you agree with it? Express
1. What mood of the poet is reflected in the poem 'Dust your views with reference to the poem, 'Dust of Snow'.
of Snow' initially? What images are used by the poet
to bring about the effect? Comment.

his bitter mood changed into a more optimistic one.

CBSE, 2024 Now, being in a sorrowful or bad mood already, the
poet could have got angry at the crow also.
1. In Dust of Snow, the poet's initial mood is gloomy and
dejected, reflected through the imagery of snow and the However, the dust of snow becomes a positive medium
crow, which evoke coldness and darkness. However, of change for him. It made him cheerful to some extent
the simple, unexpected act of snow falling from a tree and helped him forget his sadness, at least for a few
uplifts his mood, symbolising nature's ability to bring moments. Thus, we see that instead of seeing the
positive change. negative aspect of a happening, one should see the
positive aspect, and one's response may greatly affect
2. Whatever situation life throws at us, it evokes both
the outcome of incidents
positive and negative responses. The poet, in the poem,
"Dust of Snow was in a sorrowful mood. However,
when a crow shook down the 'dust of snow' on him,
 2
CHAPTER
Fire and Ice
Poet: Robert Frost

Short Notes
Title: Fire and Ice

Introduction:
"Fire and Ice" is a thought-provoking poem written by Robert Frost, an influential American poet. The poem excavates/
examines into the destructive nature of human emotions, symbolized by fire and ice. With concise language and vivid
imagery, Frost explores the consequences of passion and hatred, urging readers to contemplate the impact of their actions
on both personal and global scales.

Overview:
In "Fire and Ice," Frost presents two opposing elements: fire and ice, each representing different destructive forces. Fire
symbolizes the intensity of desire and passion, while ice represents the coldness of hatred and indifference. The poet
contemplates which of these forces will bring about the end of the world, emphasizing the power of human emotions to
cause devastation. Frost presents a balanced view, suggesting that both fire and ice are capable of destroying the world.
Fire represents the consuming nature of unchecked desires and emotions, leading to chaos and destruction. In contrast,
ice symbolizes the numbing effect of hatred and apathy, resulting in emotional isolation and despair/sorrow. The poem
raises questions about the nature of humanity and the potential for self-destruction. Frost invites readers to reflect on the
destructive consequences of extreme emotions, cautioning against the dangers of unchecked passion or cold indifference.

Conclusion:
"Fire and Ice" is a compelling poem that explores the destructive potential of human emotions. Through the contrasting
elements of fire and ice, Robert Frost prompts readers to consider the consequences of passion and hatred. The poem
serves as a reminder of the need for balance and moderation in our emotional lives. By reflecting on the power of our
actions and the impact they have on ourselves and the world, we can strive to prevent the destructive forces of fire and ice
from overpowering us. Frost's concise yet profound verse resonates as a timeless cautionary reminder of the importance
of understanding and managing our emotions for the well-being of ourselves and society at large.

4 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 3
CHAPTER
A Tiger in the Zoo
Poet: Leslie Norris

Short Notes
Title: A Tiger in the Zoo
About the poet: Lislie Norris

Introduction:
This poetry is about a Tiger’s captivation in a cage. The poet has use symbolism, tiger is a wild beautiful animal who is
bound in a small cage to live a life of a domestic rat. He is not happy and imagines himself if he would have been free
in the forest what he will be doing. He wants to be free and has the optimism for the same. The poem invites readers to
reflect on the moral and ethical implications of keeping wild animals in captivity.

Overview:
In "A Tiger in a Zoo," Leslie Norris portrays the tiger as a symbol of wildness and untamed beauty. The poet describes the
tiger pacing back and forth in its cage, its eyes filled with a primal longing for freedom. Norris uses descriptive language
to emphasize the vibrant and fierce nature of the tiger, contrasting it with the harsh and depressing environment of the
zoo. The poem delves into the inherent conflict between the tiger's inherent wildness and its forced domestication within
the boundaries of the zoo. The poet has beautifully used different poetic devices to beautify the poem, when he uses
onomatopoeia in ‘snarling’ and metaphor in ‘velvet pads’, and some others. The poet raises important questions about the
impact of captivity on the tiger's physical and psychological well-being. The tiger's pacing is seen as a restless, instinctive
yearning for the open spaces and natural habitats it was meant to roam. The poem draws attention to the moral dilemma
of confining animals for human amusement, highlighting the inherent cruelty of depriving them of their natural freedom.

Conclusion:
In the conclusion of "A Tiger in a Zoo," Leslie Norris leaves readers with a sense of unease and discomfort. The poem
forces us to confront the consequences of our actions and the ethical implications of keeping wild animals in captivity.
It calls for a deeper appreciation of the natural world and a reassessment of our treatment of animals. The poet states
two fact in contrast- one what is going on and what should be there in reality for the wild life. The poem serves as a
reminder that wild animals belong in their natural environments, free to express their inherent wildness. "A Tiger in a
Zoo" invites us to reflect on our relationship with nature and urges us to strive for a more compassionate and sustainable
coexistence with the animal kingdom.

A Tiger in the Zoo 5

 Previous Year Questions

(B) conflicted
CBSE, 2024
(C) pessimism
1. Read the extract and answer the questions that follow (D) apprehension
(A) He stalks in his vivid stripes The few steps of his (iii)Comment in about 40 words on the poet's use of
cage, On pads of velvet quiet, In his quiet rage. imagery in the above extract.
He should be lurking in shadow, Sliding through (iv) Which word in the stanza means the same as 'clear
long grass Near the water pole Where plump deer and bright'?
pass. 3. But he's locked in a concrete cell, His strength behind
He should be snarling around houses At the jungle's bars, Stalking the length of his cage. Ignoring visitors.
edge, Baring his white fangs, his claws, Terrorising A Tiger in the Zoo
the village! (1) Why is the tiger 'stalking the length of his coge
(i) State any one point of contrast between the tiger in (H) What is the significance of the use of the word
the zoo0 and in its natural habitat. "locked to describe the concrete cell where the
(ii) When the speaker suggests that the tiger should be tiger is kept and how does it contrast with the tiger's
"Snarling around houses at the jungle's edge"? What presence in its natural habitat? Answer in about 40
does he insinuate about the tiger's natural behaviour words.
and habitat? (ii) Complete the sentence with the appropriate option:
(iii) The poet's skillful use of imagery effectively The lines from the poem tell us that the tiger is
depicts the confinement and frustration of the tiger. (A) enjoying his time in the cell
Elaborate in about 40 words.
(B) being indifferent to visitors because it is a daily
(iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'quiet rage' routine for him
in the given sentence from the extract?
(C) not as strong as his counterpart in the jungle
The few steps of his cage on pads of velvet quiet
(D) wanting to be free from the cage
in his 'quiet rage.
(iv) Identify the type of literary device used in the line:
2. (a) He stalks in his vivid stripes The few steps of his "But he's locked in a concrete cell
cage, On pads of velvet quiet, In his quiet rage
(1) Explain the contrast created by the words, 'stalks' 4. The poem, "A Tiger in the Zoo" moves from the
and 'few steps of his cage'. zoo to the jungle; and back again to the zoo. What effect
does the poet want to bring out with this? Elaborate.
(ii) Which of the following best describes the tiger's
feelings in the context?
(A) anger

and terrorise its surroundings.

CBSE, 2024
(ii) By suggesting that the tiger should be "snarling
1. (i) In the zoo, the tiger is confined and paces restlessly around houses at the jungle's edge," the speaker
within the limited space of its cage, whereas in its hints at the tiger's instinctive behaviour as a
natural habitat, it enjoys the freedom to hunt, roam, predator. It suggests that in its natural habitat, the
tiger is fierce and dominant, and its presence can

6 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 instill fear in nearby villages. confinement and captivity in a concrete cell. It
(iii) The poet uses imagery such as "pads of velvet quiet" signifies that the tiger is restricted from its natural
and "quiet rage" to depict the tiger’s suppressed habitat and its freedom is constrained by man-made
power and frustration. The contrast between barriers. This contrasts starkly with the tiger's
the tiger’s stealthy movements and its caged presence in the wild where it would roam freely
environment effectively conveys its inner turmoil without such confinement, highlighting the loss of
and confinement. its natural environment and freedom.
(iv) A correct substitute for 'quiet rage' would be (iii) (D) wanting to be free from the cage
'suppressed anger,' as it captures the tiger's (iv) The type of literary device used in the line "But
restrained yet intense frustration. he's locked in a concrete cell" is symbolism. The
2. (i) The contrast between 'stalks' and 'few steps of his cage' concrete cell symbolizes captivity and confinement,
highlights the tiger's restrained power and frustration. contrasting with the tiger's natural habitat in the
"Stalks" suggests the tiger's natural behaviour as a wild.
predator, symbolising its strength and grace, but "few 4. In A Tiger in the Zoo, Leslie Norris creates a stark
steps of his cage" reflects its confinement and limited contrast between the tiger’s life in the zoo and its natural
movement, reducing the tiger to a mere shadow of its habitat. By moving from the zoo to the jungle and back
true self. again, the poet highlights the profound difference
(ii) (A) anger between the tiger’s current confined existence and its
natural state of freedom. In the zoo, the tiger is trapped
(iii) The poet uses powerful imagery in this extract to
in a small cage, expressing "quiet rage" as it paces
depict the tiger’s frustration and confinement. The
restlessly. In the wild, it would roam freely, lurk in
phrases "pads of velvet quiet" and "quiet rage"
shadows, and hunt near waterholes. The back-and-forth
evoke the tiger's stealth and power, but also its
movement emphasises the tiger's longing for freedom
helplessness in captivity.
and the unnaturalness of captivity, evoking sympathy
(iv) The word "vivid" in the stanza means 'clear and for the tiger's plight and criticising the human practice
bright'. of imprisoning such majestic creatures.
3. (i) The tiger is 'stalking the length of his cage' because
it is restless and pacing, which is a common
behavior seen in captive animals indicating
boredom, frustration, or a longing for freedom.
(ii) The use of the word 'locked' emphasizes the tiger's

A Tiger in the Zoo 7

 4
CHAPTER
How to Tell Wild Animals
Poet: Carolyn Wells

Short Notes
Title: "How to Tell Wild Animals" by Carolyn Wells

Introduction:
Carolyn Wells' poem, "How to Tell Wild Animals," humorously presents a series of verses that playfully guide readers
on how to identify various wild animals. Through whimsical (playful) descriptions and clever rhymes, the poem engages
readers in a lighthearted exploration of the characteristics that distinguish each animal.

Overview:
In "How to Tell Wild Animals," Carolyn Wells employs witty wordplay and simple rules to help readers identify different
creatures they may encounter in the wild. Each stanza focuses on a specific animal and provides distinctive traits or
behaviors that can assist in recognizing them. The poem begins with the Asian Lion, described as a large and tawny
beast. If the lion roars at the protagonist while they're facing imminent danger, it serves as a telltale sign of encountering
an Asian Lion. Moving on, the poem introduces the Bengal Tiger. Recognizable by its black stripes on a yellow ground,
the poem humorously advises readers to pay attention to whether the tiger attempts to eat them, offering a somewhat
macabre but comical means of identification. The next stanza describes the Leopard, noting its spotted hide. If the leopard
pounces and leaps upon encountering someone, it further confirms its identity. The verse following that features the Bear,
emphasizing the creature's strong and affectionate hugs. Even if there is initial doubt about the animal's nature, the bear
will likely offer one more hug, leaving no uncertainty. The poem continues by contrasting the Hyena and the Crocodile.
The Hyena is depicted with a merry smile, while the Crocodile sheds crocodile tears. This juxtaposition highlights the
distinct behaviors of these animals, making them easily discernible.
Lastly, the poem introduces the Chameleon, a small lizard-like creature. Wells notes its lack of ears and wings and
suggests that if nothing else is present on a tree, it's likely a chameleon that the observer sees.

Conclusion:
Carolyn Wells' "How to Tell Wild Animals" is a playful and imaginative poem that offers a light-hearted approach
to identifying different wild animals. Through amusing descriptions and clever wordplay, Wells captures the reader's
attention and invites them to engage with the whimsical world of wildlife identification. The poem's wit and charm make
it an enjoyable read, allowing readers to explore the animal kingdom with a touch of humor.

8 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Previous Year Questions
(i) Fill in the blank with one word
CBSE, 2024 When the speaker says "If there is nothing on the
tree, Tis the Chameleon you see", he refers to a true
1. Answer the following questions based on the extract: Chameleon. as characteristic trait of
(a) The true Chameleon is small A lizard sort of thing; (ii) What does the speaker mean when he says, "A lizard
He hasn't any ears at all. sort of thing"?
(iii) Which of the following best describes the speaker's
And not a single wing. disposition while describing the Chameleon?
If there is nothing on the tree, (a) indifferent (b) playful
(c) dismissive (d) respectful
Tis the Chameleon you see.
(iv) Comment on the poet's use of language in these
(How To Tell Wild Animals) lines. Answer in about 40 words.

(iv) The poet's use of language in these lines is playful and

CBSE, 2024 light-hearted. By describing the Chameleon in simple,
1. (i) camouflage whimsical terms and using rhymes, the poet makes the
description engaging and memorable. This approach
(ii) When the speaker says, "A lizard sort of thing," he captures the reader’s imagination while effectively
means that a Chameleon is similar in appearance conveying the Chameleon’s distinctive traits, such as
to a lizard. This comparison helps to describe the its ability to camouflage.
Chameleon’s physical form in a simple and relatable
way.
(iii) (b) playful

How to Tell Wild Animals 9

 5
CHAPTER
The Ball Poem
Poet: John Berryman

Short Notes

TITLE: THE BALL POEM

Introduction:
"The Ball Poem" by John Berryman is a poignant and reflective poem that explores the theme of loss and the fleeting
nature of childhood. It delves into the emotions and experiences of a young boy who loses his ball and grapples with the
concept of impermanence. Through vivid imagery and evocative language, Berryman captures the essence of childhood
innocence and the bittersweet realization of life's transience.

Overview:
"The Ball Poem" tells the story of a young boy who loses his ball and experiences a profound sense of loss. The poem
explores the boy's emotional journey as he comes to terms with the impermanence of things and the inevitability of loss.
It highlights the significance of cherishing and appreciating the fleeting moments of childhood before they slip away.
The poem serves as a reflection on the universal human experience of grappling with the transient nature of life and the
emotions that arise from it.

Poetic Devices Used:

1. Imagery: The poem employs vivid and sensory imagery to evoke a sense of loss and longing. It paints a vivid picture
of the boy's ball and the emotions associated with its loss.
2. Metaphor: The ball serves as a metaphor for the innocence and joy of childhood. Its loss symbolizes the loss of
innocence and the harsh realities of life.
3. Repetition: The repetition of the phrase "I'll not have it again" emphasizes the boy's acceptance of the loss and his
understanding of its irreversibility.
4. Enjambment: The poem utilizes enjambment, where lines flow into each other without punctuation, creating a sense
of continuity and fluidity.
5. Alliteration: The poem incorporates alliteration, such as in the line "staring eyes big enough for a ball," which adds
musicality and rhythm to the poem.

Conclusion:
"The Ball Poem" by John Berryman is a poignant exploration of loss, impermanence, and the fleeting nature of childhood.
Through vivid imagery and evocative language, the poem captures the emotions and experiences of a young boy who
grapples with the loss of his ball. It serves as a reminder to cherish and appreciate the precious moments of childhood
before they slip away, leaving behind a sense of longing and nostalgia. Berryman's skillful use of poetic devices enhances
the impact of the poem, making it a powerful and thought-provoking piece of literature.

10 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 Previous Year Questions

(ii) Complete the sentence with an appropriate option:

CBSE, 2024
The lines from the poem tell us that the boy is
1. Read the extract and answer the questions that follow. experiencing
No use to say O there are other balls An ultimate (A) distress
shaking grief fixes the boy As he stands rigid,
trembling, staring down All his young days into the (B) terror
harbour where his ball went. (C) realisation
I would not intrude on him, A dime, another ball, (D) elation
is worthless. Now He senses first responsibility In (iii) What is the significance of the term "desperate"
a world of possessions. People will take Balls, balls used to describe the boy's eyes in the poem, and
will be lost always, little boy And no one buys a ball how does it contribute to the overall mood and tone
back. Money is external He is learning. of the poem?
(i) Which of the following best describes the speaker's (iv) Identify and discuss the poet's use of metaphor in
attitude towards the boy's reaction to losing his ball? the poem "The Ball Poem".
(A) indifferent as the ball is inexpensive
3. In a world of possessions. People will take Balls, balls
(B) sympathetic, understanding the depth of the boy's will be lost always, little boy. And no one buys a ball
loss back. Money is external. He is learning, well behind
(C) mocking, finding the boy's reaction exaggerated his desperate eyes, The epistemology of loss, how to
and unnecessary. stand up Knowing what every man must one day know
(D) panicked, sharing the boy's distress over the lost And most know many days, how to stand up. (The Ball
ball. Poem)
(ii) Comment on the use of metaphor in the above (i) Fill in the blank with one word. When the speaker says
extract. "People will take balls, Balls will be lost always, little
boy", his tone is,
(iii) Explain the phrase 'all his young days into the
(ii) The poet says that money is external. What inference
harbour' with reference to the extract. can be drawn from this statement? Answer in about
(iv) Briefly state in about 40 words the boy's journey 40 words.
from 'shaking grief to 'he is learning' in the above (iii) Which of the following best describes the speaker's
extract. attitude towards material possessions?
2. And no one buys a ball back, Money is external (A) indifferent
(B) emotional

He is learning, well behind his desperate eyes
(C) casual

The epistemology of loss, how to standup. (D) respectful
(i) When the poet says that "no one buys a ball back", (iv) Identify the poetic device used in "And no one buys
what does he refer to in the context of the poem? a ball back".

The Ball Poem 11

 depth of the poem. It implies that the boy is deeply
CBSE, 2024 affected by the loss of his ball, feeling hopeless and
1. (i) (B) sympathetic, understanding the depth of the distraught. This contributes to the overall mood of
boy's loss. melancholy and emphasizes the theme of loss and
(ii) The metaphor of the ball symbolises the boy's its emotional aftermath. The tone becomes poignant
lost innocence and childhood. The ball represents and reflective, evoking empathy from the reader
something precious, and its loss is a metaphor for towards the boy's plight.
growing up and realising that material possessions (iv) The poet uses metaphor in "The Ball Poem" to
and childhood joys cannot always be recovered. convey deeper meanings and emotions. One
(iii) The phrase "all his young days into the harbour" prominent metaphor is the ball itself, which
signifies that the boy sees his childhood memories symbolizes childhood, innocence, and the fleeting
and joys being lost along with the ball. It suggests nature of joy. The loss of the ball represents the
that the ball’s loss represents a significant emotional
moment for the boy, linked to his youth. loss of innocence and the inevitable experiences
of disappointment and sorrow that accompany
(iv) The boy’s journey moves from intense sadness
and "shaking grief" to a growing understanding of growing up. The metaphorical significance invites
life’s realities. He learns that loss is an inevitable readers to contemplate broader themes of life's
part of life and that material things, like the ball, transience and the challenges of accepting loss.
cannot be retrieved, fostering personal growth and In conclusion, "The Ball Poem" by John Berryman
responsibility. delicately explores themes of loss, childhood, and
2. (i) When the poet says "no one buys a ball back," he the transition to adulthood through vivid imagery
is referring to the irreversibility of loss and the and poignant metaphors, making it a profound
harsh realities of life. In the context of the poem, reflection on the human experience.
a ball symbolizes innocence, childhood, and the 3. Answer:
joy associated with simple pleasures. Once the
ball is lost (metaphorically or literally), it cannot (i) philosophical
be bought back. The phrase "Money is external" (ii) The statement "money is external" suggests that
suggests that some losses cannot be compensated money is a material possession that exists outside
for or undone by material wealth or external means. of the emotional and personal realm. It implies
It underscores a deeper theme of growing up and that while money can buy things, it cannot replace
facing inevitable losses that cannot be recovered. sentimental or personal losses.
(ii) (A) distress (iii) (A) indifferent
(iii) The term "desperate" used to describe the boy's (iv) The poetic device used in the given line is
eyes is significant as it intensifies the emotional alliteration

12 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 6
CHAPTER
Amanda
Poet: Robin Klein

Short Notes

TITLE: AMANDA!
Poet: Robin Klein
This poem is a sarcasm on the system of the society that the mother in the poem is afraid of what the society would think
of her, but not what her daughter was feeling on her rebuking.

Introduction:
"Amanda" is a poem written by Robin Klein and is part of English First Flight book. The poem tells the story of a little
girl named Amanda who is constantly criticized by her mother for making mistakes. The poem highlights the importance
of freedom and the negative impact of overbearing parenting.

Flow of the Poem:

‰ The poem begins with Amanda's mother pointing out her mistakes and instructing her on how to behave.
‰ Amanda feels controlled and frustrated by her mother's constant nagging.
‰ The poem highlights the importance of freedom and the negative impact of overbearing parenting.
‰ Amanda's mother warns her to stop behaving in an odd manner, which further reinforces the theme of control and
restriction.

Conclusion:
"Amanda" by Robin Klein is a poignant (touching) poem that highlights the importance of freedom and the negative
impact of overbearing parenting. The poem conveys an important message that children should never be deprived of their
freedom and should not feel that their parents constantly nag them for every single thing they do. The poem is written
in a simple and straightforward style, making it easy to understand and relate to. The poem uses several poetic devices,
including imagery and repetition, to convey its message effectively. Overall, "Amanda" is a powerful and thought-
provoking poem that encourages readers to reflect on the importance of freedom and the impact of parenting on a child's
development.

Poetic Devices Used:

1. Imagery: The poem uses vivid imagery to convey Amanda's frustration and feelings of being controlled by her
mother.
2. Repetition: The repetition of the phrase "Amanda, Amanda" emphasizes the mother's constant nagging and reinforces
the theme of control and restriction.
3. Enjambment: The poem utilizes enjambment, where lines flow into each other without punctuation, creating a sense
of continuity and fluidity.

Amanda 13
 4. Metaphor: The poem uses the metaphor of a bird to symbolize Amanda's desire for freedom and her frustration with
being controlled.
5. Parenthesis: The poem is written in parenthesis, as each next line is written in bracket that conveys an other idea of
poet as well a remark or passage that departs from the theme of a discourse

Previous Year Questions

(I am Rapunzel, I have not a care; life in a tower is

CBSE, 2024 tranquil and rare:)
1. Amanda from the poem 'Amanda' is a teenager like (Amanda)
Anne Frank and lives in her fantasy world whereas (i) What is the central idea of the poem as reflected in
Anne is a chatter box. What conversation will Anne the lines above? Answer in about 40 words.
Frank have with Amanda about different perspectives (ii) Complete the sentence with the appropriate option.
of life? Write your answer in about 120 words. "Will you please look at me when I'm speaking to
2. In every alternate stanza, Amanda drifts into fantasy you, Amandal" tells us that the mother's attitude is
and yearns for more freedom and silence. Justify and (A) loving
elaborate the reason. (Amanda)
(B) relaxed
3. In the poem 'Amanda', why does the poet use the (C) authoritative
famous fairy tale character, Rapunzel? Explain.
(D) thoughtful
(Amanda)
(iii) Identify any one poetic device used in the above
4. In one instance, Amanda considers herself to be an extract.
orphan. What connotation does it entail?  (Amanda) (iv) For what reason does Amanda imagine herself to
5. Don't eat that chocolate, Amanda! be Rapunzel?

Remember your acne, Amanda! Will you please look
at me when I'm speaking to you, Amanda!

counter Anne’s perspective, preferring solitude and

CBSE, 2024 imagination as an escape from constant control. Anne
1. In a conversation, Anne Frank might encourage Amanda could share how her confinement during the war made
to see life with curiosity and optimism, despite its her value every moment, urging Amanda to balance
challenges. Anne, a chatterbox, would likely advise imagination with the realities of life. Their conversation
Amanda to embrace communication and express her would explore contrasting yet complementary ways of
thoughts freely, as she did through her diary. Anne could coping with difficulties.
suggest that although life's circumstances may feel 2. In Amanda, the poet Robin Klein alternates between
confining, like Amanda's overbearing upbringing, there’s Amanda’s real-life experiences of being constantly
beauty in understanding people and forming meaningful reprimanded and her fantasies, where she seeks freedom
connections. Amanda, living in her fantasy world, might and peace. This structure emphasises Amanda’s deep

14 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 desire for escape. In every alternate stanza, Amanda 4. Amanda considering herself an orphan conveys her deep
withdraws into her imagination as a response to her sense of isolation and emotional neglect. She feels as if
mother’s controlling and critical attitude. The constant no one understands or cares for her desires and emotions.
nagging leaves Amanda feeling trapped, restricted, and Her yearning to be an orphan suggests that, in her mind,
misunderstood, causing her to long for a world where life without parental control would be more peaceful,
she is free from authority. as she would be free from the constant instructions and
Her fantasies, whether imagining herself as a mermaid, reprimands she faces at home.
an orphan, or Rapunzel, all represent a life of solitude, 5. (i) The central idea of the poem in these lines reflects
tranquility, and independence. These imaginative Amanda's intense desire for freedom from her mother’s
escapes highlight her yearning for silence and space, a constant criticism. She retreats into her fantasy world as
stark contrast to the suffocating environment created by Rapunzel, longing for peace and solitude, away from the
her mother’s demands and expectations. demands and expectations placed on her.
3. The poet uses the character of Rapunzel to symbolise (ii) (C) authoritative. The mother's tone reflects control
and command, expecting Amanda to behave as per
Amanda's desire for peace and isolation. Rapunzel lived her instructions.
alone in a tranquil tower, untouched by the outside (iii) One poetic device used in the extract is alliteration,
world’s demands. For Amanda, Rapunzel represents an in "Stop that slouching, Amanda!" where the 's'
escape from her mother’s constant nagging and a life sound is repeated.
free from restrictions and responsibilities. By imagining (iv) Amanda imagines herself as Rapunzel to escape into
herself as Rapunzel, Amanda envisions a world where a world of tranquility and solitude, away from her
mother’s continuous nagging. The idea of living in a
she has control and can live in serenity, without anyone
quiet, peaceful tower appeals to her, as it represents
dictating her actions. freedom from authority.

Amanda 15
 7
CHAPTER
The Trees
Poet: Adrienne Rich

Short Notes

Introduction of the Poet:

‰ The poet of the poem "The Trees" is Adrienne Rich.
‰ Adrienne Rich was an American poet, essayist and feminist.
‰ She was born on May 16, 1929 and passed away on March 27, 2012.
‰ Rich was known for her powerful and thought-provoking poetry that often explored themes of feminism, social justice
and identity.

Theme of the poem:

‰ The theme of the poem "The Trees" is the renewal and liberation of women.
‰ The poem uses trees as a metaphor for women who have been confined and restricted but are now ready to fulfill their
true purpose.
‰ It highlights the idea that women, like trees, have the potential to grow, flourish and bring life to the world.
‰ The poem also critiques the societal norms and expectations that limit women's freedom and expression.

Key points from the poem:

‰ The poem begins by describing how trees, which are often kept indoors in pots and pans for decoration, are actually
meant to be part of the natural environment.
‰ The poet expresses a desire for the trees to break free from their confinement and seek light and air.
‰ The poem uses the movement of trees as a symbolic representation of women breaking free from societal constraints
and fulfilling their true purpose.
‰ It suggests that women, like trees, have the power to bring life and vitality to the world.
‰ The poem emphasizes the importance of women's liberation and their role in renewing and enriching society.

Conclusion of the poem:

‰ The poem concludes by envisioning a future where women, like trees, have reclaimed their freedom and are actively
contributing to the world.

16 Class-X ENGLISH PW
‰ It suggests that when women are allowed to fulfill their true purpose, the world becomes a more vibrant and flourishing
place.
‰ The poem encourages the reader to recognize the potential and value of women and to support their liberation and
empowerment.

Previous Year Questions

Answer in about 40 words.
CBSE, 2024
(iii) Complete the sentence with the appropriate
1. My head is full of whispers option. In the third line, the word 'Listen' is
Which tomorrow will be silent. Listen. The glass is used to _______ .
breaking. The trees are stumbling forward into the (a) serve no purpose but to complete the sentence.
night. Winds rush to meet them. The moon is broken
like a mirror, its pieces flash now in the crown of the (b) emphasize listening carefully to the sound of
tallest Oak. glass breaking.
(The Trees) (c) emphasize listening carefully as a change is
(i) Identify the figure of speech used in the line: about to take place.
"The Trees are stumbling forward into the (d) make the reader more attentive.
night". (iv) What does the line "My head is full of whispers
(ii) Explain the significance of the line: which tomorrow will be silent tell us about the
"The moon is broken like a mirror, its pieces poet's state of mind?
flash now in the crown of the tallest Oak,

broken mirror pieces. This emphasizes the

CBSE, 2024 chaos and transformation in nature, hinting at
1. (i) The figure of speech used in the line "The a larger upheaval or change.
trees are stumbling forward into the night" (iii) (c) emphasize listening carefully as a change is
is personification. Trees are given human about to take place.
characteristics of "stumbling" and moving (iv) The line "My head is full of whispers which
"forward into the night." tomorrow will be silent" indicates the poet's
(ii) The significance of the line "The moon is state of mind is preoccupied with thoughts and
broken like a mirror, its pieces flash now in anxieties that are transient. It suggests a sense
the crown of the tallest Oak" lies in its vivid of urgency and the fleeting nature of concerns
imagery and metaphor. It suggests a dramatic that seem significant now but may fade away
and fragmented scene where the moonlight by tomorrow.
reflects off the leaves, creating an image of

The Trees 17
 8
CHAPTER
Fog
Poet: Carl Sandburg

Short Notes

TITLE: FOG

Introduction:
"Fog" is a short poem by Carl Sandburg, published in 1916 in his first major poetry collection, Chicago Poems. The
poem describes the appearance of fog over an unnamed city and harbor, and its subsequent disappearance. The poem is
an extended metaphor, comparing the fog to a cat that comes on "little cat feet" and sits on its "silent haunches".

Overview:
The poem is a beautiful piece of imagist poetry that ascribes significance to small events in nature. The narrator uses the
poem to highlight the beauty of the natural world and make nature seem more mysterious and alive. The poem is just six
lines long, separated into two stanzas.

Key Points:
‰ The poem is an extended metaphor, comparing the fog to a cat that comes on "little cat feet" and sits on its "silent
haunches".
‰ The poem highlights the beauty of the natural world and makes nature seem more mysterious and alive.
‰ The poem is just six lines long, separated into two stanzas.

Poetic Devices Used:

‰ Imagery: Sandburg uses descriptive language to create a vivid description of the fog, such as "little cat feet" and "silent
haunches".
‰ Personification: The fog is personified as a cat, which makes it seem more mysterious and alive.
‰ Metaphor: The extended metaphor comparing the fog to a cat is the central metaphor of the poem.
‰ Transferred Epithet: The phrase "little cat feet" is an example of transferred epithet, where the adjective "little" is
transferred from the cat to its feet.

Conclusion:
"Fog" is a short and sweet poem that demonstrates Sandburg's appreciation for nature. The poem highlights the beauty
of the natural world and makes nature seem more mysterious and alive. The extended metaphor comparing the fog to a
cat is the central metaphor of the poem, and Sandburg uses poetic devices such as imagery, personification, metaphor,
and transferred epithet to create a vivid and memorable description of the fog.

18 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 9
The Tale of Custard
CHAPTER
the Dragon
Poet: Ogden Nash

Short Notes
‰ Theme: The Tale of Custard the Dragon by Ogden Nash is a humorous narrative poem that explores themes of bravery,
self-perception, and the contrast between appearance and reality. It highlights how true courage often emerges in
unexpected circumstances and people.
‰ Tone: The tone of the poem is light-hearted and whimsical, filled with playful humour. Nash uses exaggeration and irony
to poke fun at the characters who boast of bravery but are ultimately shown to be cowardly.
‰ Imagery: Nash creates vivid imagery by describing each character in exaggerated terms—Belinda is brave, her pets
are fierce, and Custard, the dragon, is portrayed as cowardly. However, when danger arrives, Custard's true courage is
revealed, turning the imagery of cowardice on its head.
‰ Irony: The poem's central irony lies in the fact that Custard, the dragon who is mocked for being afraid, proves to be
the only one with actual bravery when he confronts and defeats the pirate. This reversal of roles underscores the poem's
playful take on heroism.
‰ Message: The poem conveys that outward appearances and boastful claims do not necessarily reflect true bravery.
The characters who think themselves courageous turn out to be helpless in a real crisis, while Custard, the "cowardly"
dragon, shows what it means to be a true hero when it matters most.

Previous Year Questions

(i) Comment upon the contrast that is reflected in the
CBSE, 2024 last two lines of the extract.
1. What makes Custard, the dragon look fearsome? (ii) Fill in the blank with one word.
Explain. While describing Ink and Blink, the speaker says that
2. Belinda and other animals have been described as they could chase lions down the stairs. By saying so,
brave. But on seeing the pirate they behaved in a he is revealing the characteristic of their personality.
cowardly way. How did they react? (The Tale of (iii) Comment on the poet's use of language in these lines
Custard the Dragon) in about 40 words.
3. Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears, And (iv) Which of the following best describes the theme of
Ink and Blink chased lions down the stairs, Mustard the poem?
was as brave as a tiger in a rage. But Custard cried (a) Bravery and heroism
for a nice safe cage. (b) Humility leads to bravery
(The Tale of Custard the Dragon)

The Tale of Custard the Dragon 19

 (c) Valour and diligence 4. The Tale of Custard the Dragon is a humorous
(d) Crisis reveals character ballad. How does Ogden Nash create humour and
entertainment in the poem ?

as the opposite. Custard cries for a "nice safe cage,"

CBSE, 2024 indicating his fearfulness and desire for safety rather
1. Custard the dragon appears fearsome due to his than bravery.
vivid description, including his "big sharp teeth" (ii) imaginary
and "spikes on his back." However, despite this (iii) The poet uses vivid and imaginative language to
intimidating appearance, he is ironically timid, create a whimsical and playful atmosphere in the
highlighting the contrast between his looks and his poem. The comparisons such as "brave as a barrel
gentle nature, which adds depth to his character. full of bears" and "brave as a tiger in a rage" evoke
strong visual imagery, while the contrasting portrayal
2. In "The Tale of Custard the Dragon," Belinda and her
of Custard adds humor and depth to the theme of
pets initially show bravery in everyday adventures.
bravery.
However, when confronted by the pirate, they
(iv) (a) Bravery and heroism
react with fear: Mustard flees, Ink hides, and Blink
strategically finds safety. Only Custard, usually timid, 4. Ogden Nash creates humor in "The Tale of Custard
surprises everyone by bravely confronting the pirate the Dragon" through playful language, unexpected
and ultimately saving the day, contrasting with the rhymes, and whimsical descriptions of the characters.
others' frightened reactions. He contrasts Belinda's bravery with Custard's initial
cowardice, using exaggerated details about Custard's
3.(i) The contrast reflected in the last two lines of the
fears and the pirate's comical encounter with the
extract is between bravery and fear. While Mustard
dragon. The poem's light-hearted tone and imaginative
and his friends (Belinda, Ink, and Blink) are
storytelling entertain readers with its blend of bravery,
depicted as brave and fearless in facing dangerous
cowardice, and unexpected heroism.
situations (like bears and lions), Custard stands out

20 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 10
CHAPTER
For Anne Gregory
Poet: William Butler Yeats

Short Notes

TITLE: FOR ANNE GREGORY

POET: WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

Introduction of the Poet:

William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet, playwright, and Nobel laureate in Literature. Born in 1865 in Dublin, Ireland,
Yeats is considered one of the greatest poets of the 20th century. His works often explore themes of Irish mythology,
mysticism, and the complexities of human emotions. Yeats was a prominent figure in the Irish Literary Revival and
played a crucial role in the formation of the Abbey Theatre. His poetry is known for its lyrical beauty, rich symbolism,
and profound insights into the human condition.

Introduction of the Poem:

"For Anne Gregory" is a poem written by William Butler Yeats. It was first published in 1919 as part of his collection
called "The Wild Swans at Coole." The poem revolves around the idea of beauty and how it is perceived by different
individuals. Through a conversation between the speaker and a young woman named Anne Gregory, Yeats explores the
subjective nature of beauty and the power of perception.

Overview:
"For Anne Gregory" is a thought-provoking poem that delves into the concept of beauty and its subjective nature. The
poem presents a dialogue between the speaker and Anne Gregory, where they discuss the changing perception of beauty.
The speaker initially suggests that beauty lies in physical appearance, but Anne Gregory challenges this notion. As the
conversation progresses, the poem explores the idea that true beauty is not merely skin-deep, but rather a reflection of
one's character and inner qualities.

Key Points:
‰ The poem explores the subjective nature of beauty and challenges the conventional standards of physical appearance.
‰ The conversation between the speaker and Anne Gregory highlights the changing perception of beauty.
‰ The poem suggests that true beauty lies in one's character and inner qualities, rather than external features.
‰ Yeats emphasizes the importance of self-acceptance and embracing one's unique qualities.

Poetic Devices Used:

‰ Imagery: Yeats uses vivid imagery to paint a picture of beauty and capture the essence of the poem's themes.
‰ Metaphor: The poem employs metaphorical language to convey deeper meanings and insights.
‰ Dialogue: The conversation between the speaker and Anne Gregory adds depth and authenticity to the poem.

For Anne Gregory 21

‰ Repetition: Certain phrases and ideas are repeated throughout the poem for emphasis and to create a rhythmic effect.

Conclusion:
In "For Anne Gregory," William Butler Yeats presents a thought-provoking exploration of beauty and its subjective
nature. Through the conversation between the speaker and Anne Gregory, the poem challenges conventional notions of
beauty and highlights the importance of inner qualities. Yeats encourages readers to look beyond physical appearance and
appreciate the beauty that lies within each individual.

Previous Year Questions

speech draft, with reference to the commonality of
CBSE, 2024 themes in The Ball Poem' by John Berryman and From
the Diary of Anne Frank'.
1. Answer in 40-50 words:
You may begin this way:
Explain, why the speaker mentions God in the poem
"For Anne Gregory". Good morning everyone.
2. Do you think you can love a person for his/her Today, I'd like to discuss two pieces of literature
inner beauty alone and not care about the physical that offer a powerful insight into how to deal with
appearance? loss and the resilience of the human spirit required
during times of crisis.
Justify with reference to the theme of the poem 'For
Anne Gregory'. You may end this way:
To conclude, I'd like to say that ......................... .
3. You have been chosen to address the school assembly,
Thank you.
to speak on the epistemology of loss and the resilience
of the human spirit during times of crisis. Prepare the

than outward traits like "yellow hair." Yeats thus

CBSE, 2024 questions if humans can truly love beyond superficial
1. In For Anne Gregory, the speaker mentions God to appearances, highlighting the poem's theme of deeper,
emphasise that only God can love a person for their spiritual love.
inner qualities, beyond physical appearance. The 3. Good morning everyone.
speaker contrasts human nature, which tends to value Today, I'd like to discuss two pieces of literature that
beauty, with divine love, which transcends external offer a powerful insight into how to deal with loss
looks and appreciates true inner worth. and the resilience of the human spirit required during
2. The poem "For Anne Gregory" by W.B. Yeats suggests times of crisis: "The Ball Poem" by John Berryman
that true love should value inner qualities over physical and "From the Diary of Anne Frank".
appearance. The speaker doubts if anyone can love In "The Ball Poem", the boy learns about loss when
solely based on inner beauty, as even changing hair his ball is lost forever. This poem reflects on how we
color could alter others' feelings. An old religious must face and accept loss as a part of life, teaching
man in the poem implies that only God can love us resilience through hardship.
unconditionally, focusing on the person inside rather Similarly, Anne Frank's diary captures her resilience

22 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 while hiding from the Nazis during World War II. writes, "In spite of everything, I still believe that
Her words illustrate how hope, courage, and the people are really good at heart." This optimism, in
strength to endure adversity can sustain us through the face of unimaginable adversity, highlights the
even the darkest times. resilience of the human spirit.
To conclude, I'd like to say that both pieces remind Both pieces of literature teach us that loss is an
us that while loss is inevitable, our ability to endure inherent part of life. Berryman’s young boy learns
and grow from it defines our resilience as individuals. to cope with the loss of his ball, an allegory for all
Today, I'd like to discuss two pieces of literature losses we experience as we grow older. Anne Frank’s
that offer a powerful insight into how to deal with writings remind us of the resilience required to
loss and the resilience of the human spirit required endure more profound and traumatic losses. Despite
during times of crisis. These works, "The Ball the magnitude of their respective losses, both the
Poem" by John Berryman and "From the Diary of boy and Anne demonstrate a capacity to confront
Anne Frank," though distinct in their contexts and and transcend their pain.
forms, converge on profound themes of loss and the Moreover, these works emphasize the importance
indomitable human spirit. of internal strength and hope. The boy in "The
In "The Ball Poem," Berryman narrates a seemingly Ball Poem" learns to accept his loss and move
simple event: a young boy loses his ball. At first forward, while Anne Frank, even in the direst of
glance, this may appear trivial, but Berryman circumstances, finds hope and maintains her belief
delves deeper into the boy’s psyche, exploring the in human goodness. This resilience is a testament to
significance of this loss. The ball represents more the strength that lies within each of us.
than a mere toy; it symbolizes the boy’s innocence To conclude, I'd like to say that loss, in its many
and the irrevocable passage of time. As the ball forms, is an inevitable part of our human experience.
bounces away, so too does a part of his childhood, However, as we learn from "The Ball Poem" and
teaching him an early lesson in the inevitability of Anne Frank's diary, it is our resilience, our ability
loss. Berryman writes, "Balls will be lost always, to hope, and our inner strength that enable us to
little boy, / And no one buys a ball back." This endure and rise above the challenges we face. These
poignant statement underscores the permanence of qualities are what define the human spirit and make
loss and the necessity of acceptance. it truly remarkable. Thank you.
Similarly, Anne Frank’s diary entries reflect profound
experiences of loss and the remarkable resilience of
the human spirit. Living in hiding during the horrors
of World War II, Anne confronts the loss of normalcy,
freedom, and ultimately, her life. Yet, amidst these
harrowing circumstances, she exhibits extraordinary
strength and hope. Anne’s reflections reveal a young
girl grappling with fear and uncertainty, yet she
remains resilient. In one of her famous lines, she

For Anne Gregory 23

Footprints Without Feet
 1
CHAPTER
A Triumph of Surgery
Author: James Herriot

Short Notes
A TRIUMPH OF SURGERY
ABOUT THE CHARACTERS
Dr. James Herriot: A very sincere veterinary surgeon who is concerned about Tricky
Mrs. Pumphrey: A rich lady who loves her pet dog Tricky a lot
Tricky: Pet dog of Mrs. Pumphrey

Overview
The story ‘A Triumph of Surgery’ penned by James Herriot a veterinary surgeon by profession. This story is basically
about the three main characters – Dr. Herriot, Mrs. Pumphrey and Tricky the pet dog Mrs. Pumphrey, who come in
interaction of each other with the series of events. Tricky is deceased with obesity and over pampered by Mrs. Pumphrey.
Where she was advised by Dr. Herriot not to feed Tricky with sweets and all fatty food items, as well as to make him
exercise more. Mrs. Pumphrey did the opposite. The condition of Tricky got worsen and he was not able to recover.
Finally Tricky was brought to Dr. Herriot’s clinic where other dogs were also treated. Initially Tricky did not responded
to the other dogs and the ambience, Dr. Herriot continued with his treatment by not providing Tricky any food item but
water. On the second day a little sign of interest was shown by Tricky and thereafter he started showing the signs of
improvements gradually. During his treatment period, Mrs. Pumphrey continued to be in touch with Dr. Herriot, kept on
inquiring about Tricki’s progress. Moreover, she sent wine, brandy, eggs etc. for him. All these items were enjoyed by
Dr. Herriot and his partners. When the doctor felt that the dog had completely recovered from his bad health condition,
and started playing with other dogs in the clinic, he asked Mrs. Pumphrey to take him back. When she came to take him
with her, she thanked Dr. Herriot and said that kit was genuinely ‘A triumph of surgery’.

Flow of The Story:

1. The doctor sees Mrs. Pumphrey and her pet dog Tricky in the street.
2. Tricky is looking like a sausage.
3. Doctor Herriot advises the lady to provide less food more exercise to the dog.
4. Mrs. Pumphrey replies in affirmation.
5. Doctor doubts on her intentions.
6. One day Mrs. Pumphrey calls the doctor while crying.
7. The condition of Tricky gets worsens.
8. The dog is not eating, vomits and lies down on the floor like a lifeless one.
9. Dr. Herriot takes Tricky to his clinic.
10. Tricky recovers by the treatment.
11. The treatment includes no food but water and no medicines.
12. When Tricky gets better he starts taking interest in his surroundings.
13. Mrs. Pumphrey comes to take back her pet from the clinic and thanks the doctor.

Conclusion
So the fact remains that the whole treatment of Tricky was based on not to provide food on initial basis and then a little
portion of food, without any medicines, helped Tricky to recover from his bad health condition and made him healthy.
The over pampered pet was ill because of the over done on his diet and nutrition by Mrs. Pumphrey. He was loved by
his master in a spoiling way which made him lazy as well.

Previous Year Questions

(i) Which of the following is not a reason why Mr.
CBSE, 2024 Herriot thinks Tricki needs to be taken out of the
1. Answer any two out of the following three questions, house for a period?
in 40-50 words each: (a) He wanted to keep Tricki away from Mrs.
(i) What does Mr. Herriot mean by “happy Pumphrey.
period” for himself and his partners? Explain. (b) He wanted to keep Tricki under observation.
(A Triumph of Surgery) (c) He wanted to do an experiment on Tricki.
(ii) “We are often over-indulgent towards people (d) He wanted to improve Tricki's health.
we care about.” Explain with reference to the (ii) What was the main reason for Mrs. Pumphrey to be
context of the story “A Triumph of Surgery”. distraught? Answer in about 40 words.
2. The expected call came within a few days. Mrs. (iii) State True or False:
Pumphrey was distraught. Tricki would eat nothing. When Mr. Herriot says, "I had made my plans in
Refused even his favourite dishes; and besides he advance"- what he actually means is, he had already
had bouts of vomiting. He spent all his time lying seen this trauma. coming for Tricki.
on a rug, panting. Didn't want to go for walks, didn't (iv) Which of the following best describes Mrs.
want to do anything. Pumphrey?
I had made my plans in advance. The only way (a) unkind and inconsiderate
was to get Tricki out of the house for a period.
I suggested that he be hospitalised for about a (b) impractical but compassionate
fortnight to be kept under observation. (c) anxious and ambitious
 (A Triumph of Surgery) (d) fearful but confident

time, Tricki improved in health, and Herriot and his

CBSE, 2024 partners enjoyed a relaxed atmosphere as Tricki's
1. In A Triumph of Surgery, Mr. Herriot refers to presence brought joy and no extra workload.
the "happy period" as the time when Tricki, the  Answer in 40-50 words.
pampered dog, was staying at his clinic. During this
(i) In A Triumph of Surgery, Mrs. Pumphrey’s over- activities, like going for walks.
indulgence towards Tricki, her pet dog, highlights (iii) True. When Mr. Herriot says, "I had made my plans
how care can sometimes be excessive. She feeds in advance," he means he had anticipated Tricki's
him rich foods and pampers him to the point where condition worsening due to overindulgence and
Tricki becomes seriously ill. Her overindulgence, was ready to suggest hospitalisation to improve his
stemming from affection, ultimately harms Tricki, health.
requiring Mr. Herriot's intervention. (iv) The correct answer is:
2. (c) He wanted to do an experiment on Tricki.
(b) impractical but compassionate.
(ii) Mrs. Pumphrey was distraught because Tricki had
stopped eating, even refusing his favourite dishes.
He had become lethargic, spent all his time lying
down, panting, and showed no interest in his usual

4 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 2
CHAPTER
The Thief’s Story
Author: Ruskin Bond

Short Notes
Title: The Thief Story

About the author:

Ruskin Bond:
A writer who wrote short stories, novella, essays, fiction, romance etc. He has received Padma Shree and Padma Bhushan
for his profound contribution in children’s learning and development in English literature, that not only nurtures the
linguistics skills of the learners but inculcates the empathy towards other’s emotions and sentiments too.

About the characters:

Hari- A fifteen years old boy, who is a professional thief, master in convincing others, always opts for a fake name [Hari
Singh is not his actual name though] He could win anyone’s confidence easily and then rob the person. Anil- A twenty
five years old man who is a writer and hardly earns his living. He is an extravagant person, trusts Hari Singh, teaches-
Hari to read, write, cook as well.

Overview:
Hari Singh is a professional thief who tends to win the confidence of his target, befriend him and would rob him
afterwards. One day he targets Anil, seems to be a kind and friendly person, an easy target. Hari manages to win Anil’s
confidence and introduced himself as ‘Hari Singh’ a poor boy. One day Hari robs Anil and runs away. But when he gets
the chance to elope, his conscience doesn’t allow him to do so. He comes back to Anil’s room and put back the money.

Key notes of the chapter:

1. Hari Singh is a professional thief.
2. One day he meets Anil.
3. He wins Anil’s confidence and befriended him.
4. Anil takes Hari to his home as he offers him a job without salary.
5. Anil teaches Hari to read, write and cook.
6. Hari buys daily grocery for Anil. Saves with him one rupee on each grocery.
7. One day Hari commits theft at Anil’s home.
8. He runs away.
9. When he can elope, his conscience doesn’t allow him to do so.
10. He comes back to room and put the money back at it’s place.
11. Next day Anil offers him a salary of fifty rupees.
12. Actually Anil knows everything; neither his lips nor his eyes say or show anything.

The Thief’s Story 5

Conclusion:
The story dwells into the facts that how a trusted person Hari did deceived Anil for money, and robbed his money. But
at last the selfless love and trust of Anil brought Hari back and he put the robbed money back in place. The urge to get
educated played a crucial role in Hari’s come back. Moreover the very thought that he robbed and cheated that only
person who trusted him and taught him, made Hari feel guilty and grief. Although Anil was aware of Hari’s deeds, he
remained quiet and invested his trust in Hari.
“It’s easy to rob a greedy man, because he can afford to be robbed; but it’s difficult to rob a careless man — sometimes
he doesn’t even notice he’s been robbed and that takes all the pleasure out of the work.” – These lines from the chapter
suggest the amount of grief Hari had in his heart on robbing Anil.

Previous Year Questions

(b) He had robbed Anil and left.

CBSE, 2024
(c) He would not go back to Anil to learn.
1. Hari Singh says "He knew it but neither his lips nor (d) He had no money to take admission in school.
his eyes showed anything." (ii) Why is it fair to say that Hari Singh's tone, when he
Anil successfully addressed the situation by not says "I couldn't cook his meals, run to the bazaar or
addressing it at all. Elaborate based on your reading learn to write whole sentences any more," is filled
of The Thief's Story. with remorse and regret? Answer in about 40 words.
2. I went back to the bazaar and sat down in the shelter (iii) What do you infer about Hari Singh from this
of the clock tower. The clock showed midnight. I statement? "Whole sentences, I knew, could one day
felt for the notes. They were damp from the rain. bring me more than a few hundred rupees."
Anil's Money. In the morning he would probably (iv) State True or False with reference to the given
have given me two or three rupees to go to the extract. The reason. Hari Singh was filled with a
cinema, but now I had it all. feeling of guilt was because Anil trusted him.
I couldn't cook his meals, run to the bazaar, or learn 3. Answer any one of the following two questions in
to write whole sentences any more. 100-120 words.
I had forgotten about them in the excitement of the (a) Imagine that Hari Singh from The Thief's Story'
theft. Whole sentences, I knew, could one day bring by Ruskin Bond, writes a diary entry, exploring
me more than a few hundred rupees. It was a simple the theme of human values and relations that
matter to steal and sometimes just as simple to be are essential in life and can transform a person
caught. (The Thief's Story) in the context of his own experience. Write
(i) Which of the following is NOT a reason why Hari this diary entry as Hari Singh.
Singh thinks he would not be able to write whole  (The Thief's Story)
sentences?
(a) Anil would not be there to teach him.

6 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 the man I tried to steal from, showed me kindness
CBSE, 2024 and trust instead of anger or betrayal. His simple
1. Yes it is absolutely true that anil addressed the gestures of teaching me to cook and write left a
situation but he behaved like he had not addressed deep impact on me.
anything. It was not only because of his kind heart. I realized that human values like trust, kindness, and
Anil had a great trust on hari singh. Hari Singh took forgiveness are not weaknesses, but strengths that
the money but after that he didn't escaped. This is can transform a person. Anil's faith in me, despite
because he felt anil's love, trust and compassion my deceit, made me reflect on my own actions and
towards him. Anil also felt that if he would address
the emptiness of my previous life. I returned the
him as a thief and send him to jail then there could
money I stole, not out of fear, but out of a newfound
be a greater possibility that the small thief would
be converted into a criminal after coming Out. Hari respect.
Singh also required studies. So not to destroy Hari Today taught me that relationships built on honesty
Singh's future was one of the thought that made anil and mutual respect are the true wealth in life. I want
to the act in a simple manner. Anil also believed that to learn from Anil, to become a better person, and
there could be the possibility that Hari Singh would perhaps, to find redemption.
change his mood and passion. Yours sincerely,
2. (i) (d) He had no money to take admission in Hari Singh
school.
(ii) It is fair to say that Hari Singh's tone is filled
with remorse and regret because he realizes the
consequences of his actions. He understands
that by stealing from Anil, he has lost the
opportunity to learn and improve his life,
which Anil was generously offering.
(iii) From this statement, "Whole sentences, I
knew, could one day bring me more than a
few hundred rupees," we infer that Hari Singh
recognizes the long-term value of education
and literacy. He understands that learning to
read and write can offer him better and more
legitimate opportunities in the future than
stealing ever could.
(iv) True
3. 10 October 2024
Dear Diary,
Today has been a day of reckoning for me. I've
always lived by taking what I needed, often without
considering the consequences. But today, I faced a
dilemma that made me question everything. Anil,

The Thief’s Story 7

 3
CHAPTER
The Midnight Visitor
Author: Robert Arthur

Short Notes

TITLE: THE MIDNIGHT VISITOR

About the writer: Robert Arthur Jr.
‰ He is known to be most famous fiction writer, and awarded as the best fiction and suspense novel writer of America so far.
Chapter: THE MIDNIGHT VISITOR
1. Main Idea/Topic:
 When a secret agent Ausable is hoping to receive an Important report from some sources, another secret agent Max
follows him, and asks him to hand over the report to him on gun point. Though the fact is Ausable successfully
outwitted Max, and saved himself from a very dangerous condition.
2. Character details:
Ausable: Secret agent, Fat, friendly, funny, cunning, soft tempered, he spoke French and German passably.

Max: Over smart, gets in trap, another secret agent, intended to snatch report from Ausable.

Fowler: Journalist, young, short in height, He is with Ausable to cover the whole news about the collection of report

related to missile by Ausable, disappointed by the boring attempt to receive report by Ausable.
3. Key Points:
 Ausable is a fat man, can’t be considered as a secret agent.
 He is in a hotel room and a journalist Fowler is also there with him.
 Ausable knows that Fowler is being bored with him, as he doesn’t have anything called adventurous and mysterious
yet, that Fowler could have imagined for.
 So Ausable tells Fowler that soon a history changing paper he is going to receive.
 When they both enter in a room, Max is already waiting in the room holding a automatic gun in his hand towards
Ausable.
 Max is an another secret agent.
 Max says to Ausable that he will keep the report concerning some missile with him that Ausable is going to receive.
 Ausable tells Max that through the balcony outside his room window has caused him a sneak peek by 2nd intruder
that month.
 He says that that balcony isn’t his room’s part, and he has requested the concerned department to close it but in vain.
 Max believes his point and agrees on that if he would have been aware of balcony, the balcony could have saved his
time and efforts.
 Ausable tells Max – “The appointment was for twelve-thirty”. Max was expecting the report to receive in 1.5 hours.

8 Class-X ENGLISH PW
  There is a person out side the room and knocks at the door.
 Ausable tells Max that police has come to check on him if he is safe.
 This is the moment Max gets outwitted by Ausable and happens to go outside to hide himself in the balcony.
 Max defenestrates from the window and a scream comes the same moment.
 There is no balcony outside. Max falls down from there and may have died too.
4. Supporting Details:
 Max has been thinking to snatch the documents from Ausable but outwitted by him.
 Ausable has been proved as fat and amiable by nature, as well has the proficiency in his work too.

Previous Year Questions

Comment with reference to the story The Midnight

CBSE,2024 Visitor'.
1. Who was Henry? What role did he play in Ausable's 3. One should never judge a book by its cover. Explain
plan? (The Midnight Visitor) with reference to Ausable and how he outwits Max
with his presence of mind. (The Midnight Visitor)
2. Despite his unusual appearance, Ausable's presence of
mind helped him get rid of Max.

the police, causing Max to panic and escape through

CBSE, 2024 the nonexistent balcony. Ausable's presence of mind
turned a dangerous situation into a clever victory.
1. Henry was a waiter at the hotel where Ausable stayed.
He played an unwitting role in Ausable’s plan to  Answer in 40-50 words.
outsmart Max. Ausable pretended that Henry was 3. Ausable, despite appearing unimpressive and unlike
coming to deliver drinks, but hinted it was actually a typical spy, demonstrates cleverness and quick
a policeman. This misled Max into believing he was thinking. He uses his calm demeanor and a fabricated
trapped, leading to his fatal mistake. story about a balcony to trick Max. When Henry,
 Answer in 40-50 words. the waiter, knocks, Ausable pretends it's the police,
causing Max to panic and escape through a nonexistent
2. Despite his unusual appearance, Ausable's quick
balcony, showcasing Ausable's sharp intellect.
thinking helped him outsmart Max. He invented a
story about a balcony to explain Max's entry. When
Henry, the waiter, knocked, Ausable pretended it was

The Midnight Visitor 9

 4
CHAPTER
A Question of Trust
Author: Victor Canning

Short Notes
TITLE: A QUESTION OF TRUST
About the writer: VICTOR CANNING
Victor Canning was a British author known for his prolific writing career in the mid-20th century. He penned a wide
range of novels, encompassing genres such as crime fiction, adventure, and suspense. Canning's works often featured
intricate plots, memorable characters, and a knack for blending mystery with intricate storytelling. His contributions to
the literary world have left a lasting legacy.

About the characters:

1. Horace: A respectable 50 years old man, who is unmarried, doing fine financially. He is fond of collecting rare and
expensive books. To afford to buy them he commits robbery once a year. In the given story he plans to break and rob a
safe, but gets outwitted by another thief, whom he thought of the wife of the owner.
2. The lady in the red dress: She is cunning and a clever lady. She is a thief too but outwits Horace easily. She is quiet
confident that she manages to easily fool Horace.

Overview:
In the chapter "A Question of Trust" by Victor Canning, trust becomes the central theme. Set in a small village, the
story revolves around the protagonist's struggle to determine who to trust amidst a web of deception. As secrets unravel
and alliances shift, the chapter explores the fragile nature of trust and its profound impact on relationships. Will the
protagonist uncover the truth and restore trust?

Flow of the Story:

1. The story begins by introducing Horace Danby, who is perceived by everyone as a good and honest citizen. However,
beneath his respectable facade, Horace secretly robs a safe every year to support his love for rare books. He meticulously
plans each robbery and uses an agent to acquire the books he desires.
2. In the present year, Horace sets his sights on Shot over Grange, a house containing valuable jewels worth around fifteen
thousand pounds. He spends two weeks observing the house and its routines. One afternoon, when the servants are
away, he enters the house with his tools and begins his carefully planned robbery.
3. As Horace makes his way through the house, he encounters a small dog named Sherry, whom he calms by using its
correct name. He reaches the drawing room where the safe is hidden behind a painting. Horace contemplates collecting
paintings instead of books, but decides books are more practical due to their space-saving nature.
4. However, the strong scent of flowers in the room triggers Horace's hay fever, causing him to sneeze. Just then, a young
woman dressed in red enters the room and strikes up a conversation with him. She seems amused by their unexpected
encounter but quickly reveals that she is aware of his intentions.

10 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 5. The woman warns Horace that if he attempts to flee, she will call the police and report him. Horace considers
incapacitating her but ultimately decides against it. He tries to convince her to let him go, promising never to commit
such crimes again. However, she remains firm and believes that society must be protected from people like him.
6. In a surprising turn of events, the woman proposes a deal. She explains that she forgot the combination to the safe and
needs her jewels for a party that night. She offers to let Horace go if he helps her retrieve the jewels by breaking into
the safe. Seeing this as an opportunity, Horace agrees.
7. True to his word, Horace successfully opens the safe and returns the jewels to the woman. He is filled with satisfaction,
thinking that he has pulled off another successful heist. However, his joy is short-lived.
8. Two days later, Horace is arrested by the police for the jewel robbery at Shot over Grange. His fingerprints are found
all over the crime scene, as he had opened the safe without wearing gloves. Despite his claims that he was acting under
the request of the owner's wife, nobody believes him, including the wife herself.
9. In the end, Horace is imprisoned and becomes an assistant librarian. He bitterly reflects on his encounter with the
cunning woman who tricked him. The story concludes with Horace's disdain for the notion of "honor among thieves."

Conclusion:
"A Question of Trust" by Victor Canning tells the story of Horace Danby, a seemingly respectable citizen with a secret
life as a periodic safecracker. The tale explores themes of deception, trust, and the consequences of one's actions. Horace's
carefully laid plans are unexpectedly disrupted when he encounters a clever woman who turns the tables on him. The
story serves as a reminder that appearances can be deceiving, and trust should not be easily granted. Horace's downfall
highlights the risks involved in criminal activities and the importance of personal integrity. Ultimately, the narrative leaves
readers with a sense of the unpredictability of human interactions and the consequences of our choices.

Previous Year Questions

the safe without leaving a single fingerprint?

CBSE, 2024 (A Question of Trust)
1. Answer ANY ONE of the following two questions in 2. Horace Danby was a typical thief. Describe how he
100-120 words: planned his work. (A Question of Trust)
How did the lady in red manage to outsmart and out 3. "Horace Danby is a thief who was cheated by another
maneuver the other thief, Horace Danby, by robbing thief." Justify. (A Question of Trust)

A Question of Trust 11
 arrangements, and the movements of its inhabitants.
CBSE, 2024 He chose times when the owners were away on holiday
1. In A Question of Trust by Victor Canning, the lady in to avoid confrontation. Horace prided himself on his
red outsmarts Horace Danby with clever manipulation knowledge of safes and his ability to disable alarms.
and deceit. Posing as the lady of the house, she catches He would break into houses with precision, leaving
Horace in the act of robbing the safe. She pretends to be minimal evidence behind. His careful planning and
in distress over having forgotten the combination to the cautious approach allowed him to maintain a facade
safe and persuades Horace to open it for her, claiming of respectability, as he led a quiet, ordinary life as a
she needs to retrieve some jewellery. Horace, eager to lockmaker the rest of the time.
please her, opens the safe without any suspicion. After Answer in 40-50 words.
he leaves, the lady takes all the valuables, ensuring that
Horace unknowingly does the hard work for her. She 3. In A Question of Trust, Horace Danby, a meticulous
wears gloves, leaving no fingerprints, while Horace, thief, is outsmarted by a cunning woman who pretends
foolishly, handles everything barehanded, leaving his to be the lady of the house. She manipulates Horace
prints behind. into opening the safe for her, and then steals the
2. Horace Danby, though a thief, was meticulous valuables herself, leaving him to take the blame.
and methodical in planning his work. He carefully
selected one house each year to rob, ensuring it was
wealthy and well-maintained. Horace spent weeks
studying the target house, learning its layout, security

12 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 5
CHAPTER
Footprints Without Feet
Author: H.G. Wells

Short Notes
TITLE: FOOTPRINTS WITHOUT FEET

Introduction of the Book:

"Footprints Without Feet" is a collection of short stories written by H. G. Wells. First published in 1893, the book features
a series of intriguing and thought-provoking tales that explore various themes, including science, adventure, and the
consequences of human actions. These stories showcase Wells' ability to blend scientific ideas with engaging narratives,
making them both entertaining and intellectually stimulating.
[This story is about a mad scientist who did a drug experiment on himself and became invisible.]

Characters:
1. Griffin: A brilliant scientist who discovers the formula for invisibility and becomes invisible himself.
2. Dr. Kemp: A former colleague of Griffin's who becomes involved in his plans for world domination.
3. Marvel: A tramp who becomes Griffin's servant and helps him carry out his plans.
4. Jaffers: A police officer who is tasked with capturing Griffin.

Introduction of the writer:

H. G. Wells was a renowned English author best known for his science fiction novels. Born in 1866 in Bromley, Kent,
Wells became one of the pioneers of the science fiction genre and is often referred to as the "Father of Science Fiction."
His works, which include classics like "The Time Machine," "The Invisible Man," and "War of the Worlds," continue to
captivate readers with their imaginative concepts and social commentary.

Overview:
"Footprints Without Feet" is a collection of short stories written by H.G. Wells. The chapter revolves around the story
of a brilliant scientist named Griffin, who discovers the formula for invisibility and becomes invisible himself. The story
explores the consequences of Griffin's newfound power and his plans for world domination. It highlights the dangers of
unchecked scientific progress and the importance of ethical considerations in scientific research.

Flow of the Story:

‰ The story begins with Griffin's discovery of the formula for invisibility and his transformation into an invisible man.
‰ He becomes increasingly isolated and paranoid, and his plans for world domination begin to take shape.
‰ He recruits Marvel, a tramp, to be his servant and carry out his plans. (ref.- Dr. Kemp, a former colleague of Griffin's,
becomes involved in his plans and tries to stop him.)
‰ The story culminates in a dramatic confrontation between Griffin and the police, led by Jaffers.
‰ Griffin is eventually killed, and his body becomes visible once again.
‰ Griffin set fire in his landlord’s house in the fit of anger.

Footprints Without Feet 13

‰ He committed theft in a departmental store of London.
‰ He stole money and other things as well from a theatrical store too.
‰ He reached village Iping, at Mrs. Hall’s inn.
‰ He remained suspicious and invisible there to all the villagers and the owners.
‰ Problems increased day by day.
‰ He committed robbery at the clergyman’s house too.
‰ He hadn’t been caught but came under suspicions by the villagers and the owner of the inn. Mr. and Mrs. Hall investigated
his room on a purpose to find out the evidences against him.
‰ But that went in vain. He got invisible and attacked on the Hall couple.
‰ They thought that they were attacked by some spirit or a ghost.
‰ They called police and asked to investigate Griffin for his suspicious activities, and reason to come to village.
‰ At last Griffin had to run away from Iping as well.
‰ No one knew where he had gone and what happened to him then after.

Conclusion:
"Footprints without Feet" by H.G. Wells is a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked scientific progress. The story
explores the consequences of Griffin's discovery of the formula for invisibility and his plans for world domination. It
highlights the importance of ethical considerations in scientific research and the need for responsible scientific progress.
The story serves as a reminder of the potential consequences of scientific discoveries and the importance of considering
their impact on society. His problem was that he hadn’t developed the drug the return the effects of the previous dose.
He had been without home, money, support or any family. His life had become more miserable when he got invisible, as
he had to remain naked. It was sheer cold in London. Homeless Griffin had nowhere to go.

Literary devices used:

As "Footprints Without Feet" is a collection of short stories by H. G. Wells, it does not specifically employ literary
devices commonly found in other prose, such as imagery, metaphor, dialogue, or repetition. However, Wells's storytelling
techniques and narrative style contribute to the overall impact and enjoyment of the stories.

Previous Year Questions

 (Footprints Without Feet)

CBSE,2024
3. Griffin's brilliance as a man of science fades before
1. Answer any one of the following two questions, in his darker traits. Give reasons from the text to support
100-120 words: your answer. (Footprints Without Feet)
Imagine that Griffin's conscience pricks him and 4. The arrival of a stranger at an inn in winter was in any
he decides to write a diary entry, about misusing case an unusual event. A stranger of such uncommon
science and endangering society, in the context of appearance set all tongues wagging. Mrs. Hall, the
his own experience. landlord's wife, made every effort to be friendly. But
Write this diary entry, as Griffin, in about 120 words. Griffin had no desire to talk, and told her. "My reason
(Reference Footprints without Feet by H.G. Wells) for coming to Iping is a desire for solitude. I do not
wish to be disturbed in my work. Besides, an accident
 (CBSE, 2024) has affected my face." Satisfied that her guest was an
2. Scientists contribute to make the world a better place. eccentric scientist, and in view of the fact that he had
Griffin is an antithesis to this statement. Justify. paid her in advance, Mrs. Hall was prepared to excuse

14 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 his strange habits and irritable temper. and eccentric behaviour. Elaborate in about 40
 (Footprints Without Feet) words with reference to the context.
(i) State any one inference about Griffin from the given (iv) Which phrase would correctly substitute 'set all tongues
context: "My reason for coming to Iping is a desire wagging' in the given sentence from the extract?
for solitude. I do not wish to be disturbed in my A stranger of such uncommon appearance ________.
work. Besides, an accident has affected my face." 5. A character are is the transformation or development
(ii) State True or False: of a character throughout a story and refers to the
Even though Mrs. Hall was satisfied with Griffin, changes a character undergoes as a result of his/her
she was skeptical to excuse his strange habits and experiences, challenges and interactions with other
irritable temper. characters.
(iii) It was not difficult for Griffin to convince the In light of the above information, trace the character
landlord and his wife about his strange appearance arc of Griffin in H.G. Wells' 'Footprints without
Feet'.

behaviour contradicts the ethical responsibility that

CBSE, 2024 comes with scientific knowledge, portraying him as
an antithesis to the ideal image of a scientist working
1. Thursday
for the greater good.
10th October 2024
3. Griffin’s intelligence and his groundbreaking
Dear Diary, discovery of invisibility are overshadowed by his
Today, my conscience pricked me. I've used my immoral behaviour. He uses his invisibility for
scientific discoveries not for the betterment of personal gain, stealing from shops and tormenting
humanity, but for selfish and harmful purposes. My innocent people. His violent tendencies, lack of
invisibility formula, a brilliant achievement, led me remorse, and isolation from society reflect his darker
down a dark path. I set fire to my landlord's house, side. Instead of using his scientific achievement for
stole money, and terrified innocent people. I see now good, Griffin becomes a threat to those around him,
that my actions have endangered society and caused as seen in his cruel treatment of the people of Iping
fear and chaos. Instead of using my discovery to and his aggressive outbursts. His brilliance is thus
help others, I became a criminal. Science should be eclipsed by his selfishness, cruelty, and disregard for
used to improve lives, not destroy them. I regret my others.
choices deeply. I hope that someday, my story will
4. (i) Griffin wishes to isolate himself due to his condition
serve as a warning about the dangers of misusing
and to avoid suspicion, hinting at his secretive and
scientific knowledge for personal gain.
possibly guilty nature.
2. Griffin, despite his scientific brilliance, uses his (ii) False.
discovery of invisibility for selfish and harmful
purposes rather than for the betterment of society. (iii) Griffin’s claim of a disfiguring accident and his
Instead of contributing positively, he resorts to upfront payment convinced Mrs.. Hall to overlook
theft, violence, and causing chaos. His actions his strange appearance and irritable behaviour. His
are destructive, exemplifying how science can be eccentricity, combined with financial assurance,
misused when guided by immoral intentions. Griffin’s made it easier for him to dismiss any doubts they

Footprints Without Feet 15

 had. discovery for good, Griffin’s actions are driven by
(iv) The phrase “caused a stir” would be a suitable greed, malice, and a desire for power. He begins as
substitute. Answer in 100-120 words. a man seeking solitude but soon becomes a criminal,
exploiting his invisibility to terrorise others. His
5. Griffin’s character arc in Footprints Without Feet
transformation is one of increasing alienation
demonstrates his descent into moral decay. Initially
and corruption, as his darker traits overpower his
portrayed as a brilliant scientist who discovers the
scientific brilliance. Griffin’s character arc reflects
secret to invisibility, his lack of ethical consideration
how unchecked ambition and misuse of knowledge
quickly becomes apparent. Instead of using his
can lead to destructive outcomes.

16 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 6
CHAPTER
The Making of a Scientist
Author: Robert W. Peterson

Short Notes

Introduction:
"The Making of a Scientist" unfolds as a captivating narrative that traces the transformative journey of Richard Ebright, a
renowned scientist, from his inquisitive childhood to groundbreaking scientific discoveries. The chapter weaves together
the elements of curiosity, resilience, and the crucial role played by influences, particularly his mother, in shaping his
scientific endeavors. As the story unfolds, readers are invited to witness the evolution of a young boy with an insatiable
curiosity into a pioneering scientist driven by a passion for discovery.

Introduction of the Writer:

The author of this chapter remains undisclosed, but their storytelling prowess is evident as they craft a compelling
narrative around the life and achievements of Richard Ebright. The writing adeptly captures the nuances of Ebright's
formative years, emphasizing the key moments and influences that propelled him into the realm of scientific inquiry.
Through vivid storytelling, the author explores the intersection of curiosity, mentorship, and personal determination in
the making of a scientist.

Key Points:
1. Curiosity in Childhood: The chapter introduces Richard Ebright, affectionately called Richie by his mother, as an
inherently curious child. His early fascination with collecting butterflies sets the stage for a journey into the world of
science.
2. Turning Points: The acquisition of the book 'The Travels of Monarch X' becomes a pivotal moment in Ebright's life,
sparking a deep interest in science. His participation in the county science fair, despite initial setbacks, marks a turning
point where he realizes the importance of conducting real experiments.
3. Mentorship from Dr. Urquhart: Driven by a desire to excel, Ebright seeks guidance from Dr. Urquhart at the University
of Toronto. The mentorship leads him to undertake various projects, including investigating the causes of viral diseases
affecting monarch caterpillars.
4. Scientific Breakthroughs: The narrative unfolds Ebright's scientific journey, highlighting his projects on viceroy
butterflies and the purpose of the golden spots on a monarch pupa. His collaboration with another science student
results in a device that reveals the hormonal role of the gold spots, leading to a groundbreaking discovery about cell
DNA blueprints.
5. Diverse Interests: Beyond science, Ebright is portrayed as a multifaceted individual with interests in public speaking,
debating, and canoeing. His passion for excellence extends beyond winning for the sake of prizes, reflecting a genuine
drive to be the best at whatever he pursues.
6. Role of Mother: The chapter underscores the significant role played by Ebright's mother in nurturing his curiosity and
providing crucial support throughout his journey. Her gift of 'The Travels of Monarch X' serves as a catalyst for his
scientific pursuits.

The Making of a Scientist 17

Conclusion:
"The Making of a Scientist" concludes with a profound reflection on the qualities essential for scientific success—curiosity,
resilience, mentorship, and a genuine passion for excellence. The chapter serves as an inspirational exploration of how the
right blend of personal traits and influences can propel an individual toward groundbreaking achievements in the world
of science. Ebright's journey becomes a testament to the idea that the making of a scientist involves a combination of
innate curiosity, the right guidance, and an unwavering commitment to understanding the mysteries of the natural world.

Previous Year Questions

2. "Richie was my whole life after his father died.,"
CBSE, 2024 said Richard's mother. Describe Richard Ebright's
relationship with his mother.
1. Justify how Ebright's mother played an important
part in his becoming a scientist. (The Making of a 3. How can one say that Ebright's curiosity/inquisitiveness
Scientist) drove him to become a scientist?

main companion and supporter. She encouraged

his curiosity, provided resources for his scientific
CBSE, 2024 interests, and spent evenings learning with him. Her
support and involvement were crucial in shaping his
1. Ebright's mother played a key role in his journey passion for science and his overall development.
to becoming a scientist. She encouraged his
curiosity, provided him with tools and resources like 3. Ebright's curiosity led him to explore and experiment
microscopes and books, and spent evenings working from a young age. He collected butterflies, conducted
on learning activities with him. Her constant support experiments, and constantly sought answers to
and involvement nurtured his interest in science and scientific questions. His desire to understand how
motivated him to pursue it passionately. things work drove him to perform research and make
2. Richard Ebright had a very close relationship with discoveries, ultimately leading him to a successful
his mother. After his father died, she became his career as a scientist.

18 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 7
CHAPTER
The Necklace
Author: Guy de Maupassant

Short Notes

Introduction:
The chapter unfolds the poignant tale of Mme. Matilda Loisel, a woman consumed by discontentment and dreams of a life
filled with opulence. Authored by an undisclosed writer, this narrative delves into the intricacies of societal expectations,
envy, and the unforeseen consequences of a single decision. Matilda's relentless pursuit of societal acceptance and her
unwillingness to accept her circumstances set the stage for a narrative rich in irony and moral lessons.

Introduction of the Writer:

While the writer remains anonymous, their storytelling prowess shines through as they craft a narrative that delves into
the complexities of human desires and the consequences of unchecked envy. The author navigates Matilda's journey with
finesse, offering readers a reflection on the consequences of societal pressures and misplaced aspirations.

Key Points:
1. Matilda's Discontent: Mme. Matilda Loisel harbors discontent with her modest life, discontented by her shabby
apartment, worn-out furniture, and a perceived lack of affluence. Despite her marriage to M. Loisel, who works as a
clerk, Matilda remains unsatisfied, comparing her life to the imagined grandeur she desires.
2. Envy of Mme. Forestier: Matilda envies her friend, Mme. Jeanne Forestier, who is wealthy. Visiting Mme. Forestier
leaves Matilda in despair, and she cries for days, lamenting her own circumstances.
3. The Party Invitation: When M. Loisel brings an invitation to a prestigious party, Matilda reacts with anger due to the
perceived inadequacy of her wardrobe. Despite her husband's sacrifice of savings meant for a gun, Matilda remains
dissatisfied, longing for more extravagant attire.
4. The Borrowed Necklace: To adorn herself for the party, Matilda borrows an expensive necklace from Mme. Forestier.
However, after the party, she discovers that the necklace is missing, setting off a chain of events that will alter their lives
drastically.
5. A Decade of Repayment: The loss of the necklace prompts the Loisels to replace it by purchasing an expensive new
one, plunging them into debt. The subsequent ten years witness a drastic change in their lifestyle, marked by sacrifices,
hard work, and a descent from their previous social standing.
6. The Shocking Revelation: Matilda's chance encounter with Mme. Forestier reveals that the borrowed necklace was,
in fact, a fake, worth only 500 francs. Matilda's pursuit of material wealth and societal validation becomes tragically
ironic, emphasizing the hollowness of her aspirations.

The Necklace 19
Conclusion:
The chapter concludes with a profound revelation that exposes the ironic twist in Matilda's relentless pursuit of status
and wealth. The necklace, initially perceived as a symbol of affluence, turns out to be a fake, leaving Matilda and her
husband in a decade-long struggle to repay loans. The narrative serves as a cautionary tale, highlighting the consequences
of societal expectations, envy, and the pursuit of material wealth. Matilda's transformation from an aspiring socialite
to a humbled individual underscores the moral lesson of the story — the true value of happiness lies not in external
appearances but in contentment and acceptance of one's circumstances.

Previous Year Questions

3. A character arc is the transformation or development
CBSE, 2024 of a character throughout a story and refers to the
changes a character undergoes as a result of their
1. What is the twist at the end of the story "The Necklace'?
experiences, challenges, and interactions with other
(The Necklace)
characters.
2. What is common about the role that Dr. Urquhart
In the light of the above information, trace the
and Mr. Weiherer played in Richard Ebright's life?
character arc of Matilda in Guy De Maupassants'
Describe any one commonality with evidence from
"The Necklace', in about 120 words.
the text "The Making of a Scientist". (The Necklace)

to conduct his groundbreaking research on how a

CBSE, 2024 cell determines its function, while Dr. Urquhart’s
mentorship deepened his interest in scientific inquiry,
1. The twist in The Necklace occurs when Madame
paving the way for his future achievements.
Loisel learns that the necklace she borrowed and
replaced with a costly one was actually a fake. 3. In Guy De Maupassant's 'The Necklace,' Matilda
After ten years of hardship to repay the debt for the undergoes a profound character arc. Initially, she is
replacement, she discovers that the original necklace discontented with her modest life and dreams of luxury
was made of imitation diamonds, worth far less than and status. This longing drives her to borrow a diamond
she had assumed. necklace from a friend for a party, where she revels
in the attention and admiration of others. However,
2. Both Dr. Urquhart and Mr. Weiherer played crucial
the loss of the necklace plunges her into a desperate
roles in shaping Richard Ebright’s success as a
struggle to replace it, leading to years of hardship and
scientist by acting as mentors who encouraged his
poverty for her and her husband. Through these trials,
intellectual curiosity and scientific growth. Dr.
Matilda experiences a transformation from a vain and
Urquhart, an expert on butterflies, guided Ebright’s
discontented woman to one who understands the true
research during his studies and inspired him to think
value of things and the consequences of her choices.
beyond simple projects. Similarly, Mr. Weiherer, his
The story's conclusion, where it is revealed the necklace
high school teacher, recognised Ebright’s potential and
was fake, underscores the irony of her transformation.
motivated him to pursue original research rather than
Thus, Matilda's character arc illustrates the themes
merely collecting data. One commonality between
of deception, vanity, and the harsh realities of social
them is their emphasis on independent thinking and
ambition.
experimentation. Mr. Weiherer’s advice led Ebright

20 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 8
CHAPTER
Bholi
Author: K.A. Abbas

Short Notes

Introduction:
"Bholi" unfolds with the portrayal of Sulekha, affectionately called Bholi, a young girl marked by physical and cognitive
challenges. Bholi's life is marred by the consequences of childhood injuries, smallpox, and societal ridicule. Her father,
Ramlal, a Numberdar, grapples with the societal norms that seem to doom his youngest daughter to a fate of isolation
due to her perceived ugliness and simplicity. However, an unexpected opportunity arises when the Tehsildar inaugurates
a girl's primary school in their village, challenging the conventional expectations for girls.

Overview:
Encouraged by the Tehsildar, Ramlal reluctantly agrees to send his daughters to school. Despite initial fears, Bholi discovers
a newfound sense of hope and purpose under the guidance of a compassionate teacher who fosters her confidence. As
years pass and the village transforms into a town, Bholi's education becomes a beacon of empowerment. However, her
family, burdened by societal judgments, arranges her marriage to a wealthy yet greedy old widower who demands an
exorbitant dowry upon discovering Bholi's facial imperfections.
The wedding day turns into a poignant episode as Bholi courageously rejects the marriage proposal, defying societal
expectations. Despite accusations of shamelessness, Bholi stands firm, declaring her intent to care for her aging parents
and continue teaching. The teacher, silently observing, swells with pride at Bholi's resilience.

Conclusion:
The narrative concludes with a powerful testament to Bholi's strength and determination. Her decision to prioritize self-
respect over societal norms not only challenges ingrained prejudices but also showcases her commitment to a future of
independence and contribution. "Bholi" is a tale of societal resilience, personal triumph, and the transformative power of
education, leaving readers with a poignant reflection on the indomitable spirit of an extraordinary young woman.

Previous Year Questions

2. Do you think Bholi could have confidently refused
CBSE, 2024 to marry Bishamber if she wasn't educated? Give
reasons. (Bholi)
1. Why did Bholi's teacher feel like an artist admiring
her masterpiece? (Bholi) 3. A character arc is the transformation or development

Bholi 21
 of a character throughout a story and refers to the 4. Imagine that Bholi writes a diary entry, exploring the
changes a character undergoes as a result of his/her themes of 'Girl Child' and 'Impact of Education', in the
experiences, challenges and interactions with other context of her own experiences.
characters. Write this dairy entry, as Bholi.
In the light of the above information, trace the
character arc of Bholi in K.A. Abbas's 'Bholi'.

Today has been a day of great change for me. I

CBSE, 2024 never thought I could speak up like I did. It feels
like a miracle. All these years, I was called "Bholi"
1. Bholi’s teacher felt like an artist admiring her
because of my simple ways and my stammering.
masterpiece because she had nurtured Bholi’s
But today, I found my voice.
confidence and self-worth. Through her guidance,
Bholi transformed from a fearful, insecure girl into Education has changed everything. It taught me
a bold, self-assured individual. The teacher saw this to see myself differently, not just as the girl with
transformation as a testament to her efforts. pockmarks and a stammer, but as someone with
2. No, Bholi might not have confidently refused to marry potential. My teacher believed in me when no one
Bishamber if she wasn't educated. Education gave else did. She showed me kindness and patience. She
made me realize that being educated means more
her self-confidence and taught her to value herself.
than just reading and writing—it means finding my
Without education, she may have lacked the courage
strength and speaking up for myself.
and knowledge to stand up against societal pressure
and make her own decision, especially given her Being a girl child in our village isn't easy. We are
family's expectations and her own insecurities about judged by our appearance and expected to conform
her appearance and speech. to societal norms. But education opened doors for
me. It gave me courage to refuse a marriage that
3. In Bholi by K.A. Abbas, Bholi’s character arc was based on greed and not on love or respect. It
shows a remarkable transformation from a timid, empowered me to make my own choices.
underconfident girl to a self-assured and empowered
I know now that education is not just about getting
woman. Initially, Bholi is a neglected child due to
degrees. It's about empowerment. It's about believing
her stammer and physical appearance, which leads
in oneself and challenging stereotypes. Today, I am
to her insecurity and fear. However, her life changes
proud of who I am, and I owe it all to the power of
when she starts attending school, where her teacher’s
education.
kindness and encouragement help her gain confidence.
Yours truly,
Over time, Bholi develops self-respect and courage.
This growth culminates in her rejecting a greedy and Bholi
selfish groom, thus asserting her independence and
refusing to be treated unfairly. Bholi’s journey reflects
her strength and resilience, symbolising her victory
over societal norms and personal inhibitions.
4. Thursday
09 October 2023
Dear Diary,

22 Class-X ENGLISH PW
 9
The Book that Saved
CHAPTER
the Earth
Author: Claire Boiko

Short Notes

Introduction:
In the distant future, specifically the 25th century, the Museum of Ancient History stands as a testament to the rich
tapestry of human existence. Within its hallowed halls, the 20th century is a focal point, remembered as the "Era of
the Book." It is here that a historian captivates her audience with a tale that transcends time and space, recounting an
extraordinary event when a book became the unexpected savior of Earth.

Overview:
The story unfolds in a world where Martians, denizens of Mars, set their sights on Earth in the year 2040, driven by the
dubious desire to invade. The Martian ruler, the Mighty Think-Tank, orders this audacious mission. However, a twist of
fate places their space probe in a Centerville Public Library—a place filled with the mysterious artifacts known as books.
Unfamiliar with these tomes, the Martians embark on a comical journey of misunderstanding. Sergeant Oop mistakes
books for hats, while Think-Tank whimsically deems them sandwiches. The insightful Noodle, however, recognizes
the potential significance of these objects, suggesting that they might be a form of communication. Through a series of
amusing attempts, the Martians stumble upon the realization that these books contain a coded language.
As the Martians decode the books with the help of vitamins, Think-Tank becomes increasingly alarmed by what he
perceives as Earth's advanced culture. The misinterpretation of nursery rhymes, such as Mistress Mary's garden and the
tragedy of Humpty-Dumpty, leads Think-Tank to conclude that Earth is ready to send cultured animals, possibly cows,
for an invasion of the moon. Fearing the unexpected prowess of Earthlings, Think-Tank calls off the invasion, choosing
to retreat to the distant star Alpha Centauri to escape the perceived threat.

Conclusion:
In a delightful twist, the historian unveils the true hero of the story—'Mother Goose,' a book of rhymes. This
seemingly innocuous collection of verses becomes the bridge between Mars and Earth, fostering an unexpected
friendship. Noodle, the wise Martian who succeeded Think-Tank, ascends to lead Mars. The once antagonistic
planets find harmony, with Earth even establishing a library in the Martian capital, Marsopolis. Ironically, despite
this newfound camaraderie, Martians shy away from reading the very book that played a pivotal role in saving their
planets—'Mother Goose,' a whimsical testament to the power of literature and the unexpected turns of history.

About the Characters

Historian: He is a member of the Museum of Ancient History and the Department of the 20th century.
Think:Tank: He is the commander in chief of the Martian forces and prepare to invade Earth.
Noodle: He is a trainee under Think-Tank. He is a sensible and level headed figure.

The Book that Saved the Earth 23

Captain Omega, Lieutenant Lota, Sergeant Oop: They are the crew of probe one. They are sent to Earth to know
about Earth before invading it.

Previous Year Questions

"How does your garden grow with cockle shells and

CBSE, 2024 silver bells?"
1. A well -known book of nursery rhymes saved the world  (The Book that Saved the Earth)
from a Martian invasion. Comment with reference to 3. How did Apprentice Noodle act smartly by suggesting
"The Book that Saved the Earth'. something about the book without offending Think-
2. How did Think Tank interpret the following nursery Tank? (The Book That Saved The Earth)
rhyme?

"shells" to control their environment, showcasing his

CBSE, 2024 ignorance and arrogance.
1. In "The Book that Saved the Earth," a book of nursery 3. Apprentice Noodle acted smartly by gently suggesting
rhymes prevented Martians from invading Earth. The an alternative interpretation of the books (which Think-
Martians misunderstood the book's rhymes as Earth's Tank thought were sandwiches) without directly
military secrets. This misunderstanding led them to contradicting him. Noodle respectfully mentioned
fear Earth's capabilities, causing them to abandon their that Earthlings used books for communication, not
invasion plans. So, a simple book saved the world by consumption, based on information he recalled. By
preventing interplanetary conflict. framing it as a minor detail rather than a correction,
Noodle avoided offending Think-Tank's ego and
2. In The Book that Saved the Earth, Think-Tank
helped redirect the Martian invasion plans based on a
misinterprets the nursery rhyme "How does your
more accurate understanding of Earth's culture.
garden grow with cockle shells and silver bells?"
as a secret Earth code about advanced agricultural
methods. He believes that humans use "bells" and

24 Class-X ENGLISH PW