Chenisiy instructor, D: Sahai/

Subailchcm.z80@mall.con Mob, n0.: 7027820533, 9045203002

Chantey 4lù(The d-andl f-block clcmen s)

Cass-12th
Sulbicci-Chemistry
elenents. These are silyery-bi1s 2 r7)
The clennents which have their last clectron in d-sub shell are called d-block
merci)
temperature (excopt copper and gol). AIlthe d-block clennentsare solids at roOm temperature (exCept
12 13 14 15

s-block d-block p-block

19 2021 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3233 34 25 3
Sc Cr Mn l'e Co Ni Cu
4 12 3 44 45 16 47 4 49 50 51 5253i54
37 3S 39 4
Nh M R) Rh Pd Co
6 55 S6 S7 72 75 76 77 78 79 82 183 243 2
Li HI | Ta W Re Os P Au Hz
7 87 SS s9 104 105 106 107 108 J09 10 112 13| 114 1!51i13 i17
Ac RÍ Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub

d-b'ock elements are also known as transition elements because:

) They havetwo incomyplete slieiis, () These elements have Partially filed d-orbit ils, fiti) Thesu eiemeri: iae
d:ord3ai in their either ground states or excited state (iv) These elements represent the transiticn betuce grtp
elements and g oL:) 3h elements.
The elcctronicconfigurations of Zn, Cd and Hg árerepresented by the general formula (n-1jd10 ns2, Thesr eierr ns hav
completely filled 'd-orbitals' in the ground state as well as in their common 0zÍdation states. Therefore. the 2 not
regarded as transition elements.
Silver (2 47) exhibits +1 oxidation state nmany compounds. Ag with (+1j ozídatíon state has fully fille <i-critel
4d10, Hence, it should not be considered as a transition element but in some cases, 'it also exhihits 20
whercin it has incompletely filled l-orbitals (4d)which clearly indicates that it is a transitíon elemen:.
Electronic configuration: The common electronic configuration of d-block elements is (n-1jd1-10 rLS92, In - of she
Electronic configuration of first serics (or3) transitíon elements
Elements Symbol Electronic Configuration
Scandium Sc 21 ls² 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s?
Titanium Ti 22 1s² 2s2 2p6 3s 3p 342 4s?
Vanadium 23 lg² 2s2 2p 3s2 3p6 343 4s?
Chromium C 24 1s² 2s2 2p6 3s2 3ps 3d5 4s!
Manganese Mn 25 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3ps 3d5 4s?
Iron Fe 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
Cobalt Co 27 ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2
Nickel Ni 28 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s² 3ps 3d8 4:2
Copper Cu 29 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4_1
Zinc Zn 30

Written by: M
RSUAiC Youtube Channel: Suhail 's ChemisTricks
 çdlaolmium f i l l c

incomplete, On
15th, 16h and 17h have their outermost shell
elements of group 13th, 14h, Besicles, trAnsition
: p-DloCk elements oR outernost ns vel 9s nenultimate shells incomplete.
elemcnts have their (r1-1) do ns²,
Otner hand, the transition clectronic configuration of transition clements 1s
d-orbitals, Theretorc. the d-orbital.
metals have partially filled d-orbital or have a fully 1illed
non-transition elements either do not bnve a
tie otner hand, the nP
clements is ngl2 or ns²
Therefore, the electronic configuration of non-transition
zinc ( 2 = 9
scandium (Z = 21) is atransition element but
QUEST1ON: On what ground can you say that strongly reducing while
would you account for the following: () OF the d'species, Cr* is
rAOON: HOW aqueous SOlution
stronglv reducing Gii) Cobalt(iI) is stable in
manganmese(li) is strongly oxidising. (ii) Cr2* is
oxidised, (iv) The d' configuration is very unstabie
Dut in the presence of complexing reagents it is casily
ions.
strongly oxidising a8ent
ANSWER (1) The nuclear charge of Mn'* is greater than that of Cr2* that is why Mn* acts as
while Cr isstrongly reducing in nature.
(1) Cr** has ad' configuration. While acting as a reducing agent, it gets oxidised to Gr (electronic onfiguration, d).
This d² configuration can be written as t', configuration, which is a morestable configuration. In the case of Mn
(d), it acts as an oxidizing agent and gets reduced to Mn* (d'). This hás, an exactly half-filled d-orbital and is highly
Stabie.

(iii) Co(1) is stable in aqueous solutions. However, in the presence of strong field complexing reagents, it is oxidized
to Co (III). Although the 3*d ionization energy for Co is high, but the higher amount of Crystal Field Stabilization
Energy (CFSE) released in the presence of strong field ligands overcomes this ionization energy.
(iv) The ions in d' configuration tend to lose ofeelectrons rapidly so that it can have a stable electronic
configuration i.e. d°-configuration. Also, the hydration oNattice energy is more than sufficient to remove the only
electron present in the d-orbital of these ions. Therefore, these ions actwas reducing agents.
GENERAL PRÖPERTIES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Nearly, all transition elements show. high typical metallic properties such as high
tensile strength,
ductiiity, high thermal and electrical conductivity. Zn, Cd, Hg and Mn are exceptions to this. 9muolna
1. METALLIC CHARACTER: All transitionelements are metallic in nature i.e., they have strong
metallic bonds, This is due to
the presence of unpaired electrons. Thiss gives rise to properties like
high density, high enthalpies of
atomization, and high melting and boiling points.
OXILATION STATES: D-block elements show variation in their valencies and
oxidation states because they loose their
electrons not onlyorn but also '(n=1)dsubshell. The number of
oxidation states of cach jon increases up to Mn, after which it
sNNTACMAa +2
+2 +2
Co
+2
+2 +2
Cun
+1
+3 +3
decreases due to the èlectron pairing? in d-orbitals. Besides, the +9

+4)
+5 +5
stronger attraction betweenpfotons and electrons is also observed +G +6

because of which more energy is required to remove the

electrons.

|1.. From the aboýe table, it is evident

IMPORTANT
that the maximum no. of oxidation states is shown by Mn, varying from +2
number of öxidation states increases on moving from to +7. The
Sc to Mn. On moving fromn Mn to
states decreases due to the decrease in the Zn, the number of oxidation
2. It can be easily seen that all,
number of unpaired electrons, 1

other metals display +2 oxidation

more stable in the first half of the first states, except Sc. This oxidation state
row transition elements with becomes more and
Oxidation state is attained by the loss of the two 4s increasing atomic no. i.e., Sc to Mn. Actually, +2
also increases from Ti (+2) to Mn electrons by these metais. Since, the no. of
(+2), the stability of +2 state d-electrons in (+ 2) state
increases (as d-orbital' is becoming more and more
hall
Written by: MRSUHAIL
Youtube Channel: Suhail's ChemisTricks
Page 2 ot 14
 filled). Mn (+2) has d clcctrons (as d-orbital is becoming morc and more half-filled). Mn (+2) has do clectrons t:ha is
half-filled d sub-shell, which is highly stable).
B. The relative stability of the +2 oxidation state seincreases on moving from top to bottom. This is because on moving from
top to bottom, it becomes more and more difficult to remove the third clectron from the d-orbital due to tt
involvement of f-orbital
4. Cu in the first series of transition metals cxhibits +1 oxidation state most frcqucntly because it has the iectre
configuration 3d10 4sl, After the removal of one clectron, its inncr shell is fully filled.
5. The transition elements in lowCr oxidation states (+2 and +3) form ionic bonds and hence, show basic character
whereas transition elements in higher oxidation statcs form covalent bonds and thus, shows acidic chararer. For
example,in chromate ion (CrO4 2:), the bonds lormed betwcen chromium and oxy gen are covalent.
Oxygen or fluorine can oxidise the metal to its higher oxidation state bccause of theirsmall size and high
electronegativity. The ability to oxidize the metal is found grcater in O2 as compared to F2. It is because oxygen :s
positive. charges on a transition metal wi.ie
divalent and fluorine is monovalent. It means one oxygen atom develops two
fluorine does only one.
towards oxidation to their +3 state because it is known that
Mn2 has hali
7. Mn2* compounds are more stable than Fe2+ its
hand, Fe2* hasncompletely filled d-orbital' i.e., d6. Hence.
filled d-orbitals i.e., d5 configuration. On the other oxidation states.
Therefore, Fe2 easily gets oxidised to Fe3*
configuration changes to a more stable 3ds configuration.
exhibit variablc oxidationstates. .
QUESTION: G Name a transition element which does not
Cr;0, < MnO,?
would you account for the increasing oxidising power inthe series Vo'* <
QUESTION: How
central atom. The oxidation
oxidising power of a compound depends on the oxidation number of the
ANSWER: The minimum. Hence.
while that of Cr in Cr,0, is lower and that of V in Mne; is
number of Mn in MnO4 is maximum,
power in the series VO3 Cr,0, <MnO, is Gbserved.
the increasing oxidising f e t l gel tabln aJte
Cror Fe* and why?
QUESTION: Which is a stronger reducing agent
rate of a chemical
catalytic properties i.e., they can increase or decrease the
PROPERTIES: d-block elementshave
3. CATALYTIC l-metals is due to the following
reasons:
transition,metals
reaction. The catalytic activity of can form intermediate products with various
reactants.
thereby
of oxidation states and activate the reacting species.
a) They show a variety compounds which can adsorb and
of forming interstiial Ala es
b) They are also capable Can Say hawe hee
incomplete or empty d-orbitals.
c) Presence of
vd) Large surface area
catalyst.
Co can be used as a
complexes, e.g., Fe, Ni, V>Os, Pt, Mo,
e) Ability to form
catalyst are: Haber's Process.
> Some examples of catalyst in the synthesis
ofammonia by
IronMolybdenumact as,a, oxidation ofSO: to SOs.
a)
pentoxide (V2Os) is used for catalytic
b) Vanadium manufacture of polythene. the d-block
catalyst in the comparison of s-block elements because
employed as a reactive in
c) {TiCkis Transition elements are less
REACTIVITY: disproportionation.
4. @HEMICAL enthalpy. they undergo
elementshave high ionisation because
aqueous solution
unstable in
compounds are Cuz* + Cu
Many copper () 2Cu* Bue
Red
disproportionation reaction: >2CrO,+ Cr
+ 4H;0
Other examples of 3CrO,+ 8H* 2H,0
2MnO4+ MnO + Page 3 of
3MnO. + 4H* ChemisTricks
Channel:Suhail's
Youtube
IL
bå:M R, SOHA
 J. MAGNETIC PROPERTY: Based on magnetic properties, d-block elements are of
two types:
) DiAMAGNETIC: The d-block clements which have paircd
electrons are called diamagnetie.
D) FARAMAGNETIC: The d-block elements which have
uwaçred electrons are called par'amagneic.
The magnetic moment ariscs from the
electronic can be calculated from the relation
spin
=Vn(n+2) B.M.
(0= no. of unpaired electron and u = magnetic moment in Bohr Magenton (B.M.) unit.
*MAGNETIC MOMENTS OF SOME lONS OF THE
Ion
TRANSITION ELEMENTS:
Electronic Number of Calculated magnetic
Sc3+
Configuration unpaired clectrons moments (B.M.)
3d0
TË3+
3d! 1 1.73
Ti2+ 3d2 2
V2+ 2.83
3d3 3
Cr2+ 3.87
3d4
Mn2+ 4.90
3d5
5
Fe2+ a 5.92
3d6 4
Co2+ 4.90
3d7
3
Ni2+ 3.87
2
Cu2+
3d9
2.83
r The 1
large number of unpaired 1.73
electrons in transition metals makes their
with each other because of
stronger interatomic interaction. This bonding Dery strong. It means they are tightly bound
transition metals higher. interaction also makes the atomization
enthalpy of
QUESTION: Why do the transition elements exhibit
QUESTION: Calculate the higher enthalpies of
magnetic(moment ofa divalent ion in atomisation?
ANSWER: u=Vn(n+2) = V5(5+2) = 5.92 aqueous solution if its atomic number is 25.
QUESTION: Calculate the 'spin ornly'magnetic
moment of Ma) ion (Z = 27)
345 4g2
ANSWER: Do YouRSELF
lUESTION: In the series Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z 30), the
mol. Why? enthalpy of atomization of zinc is the
lowest, i.e., 126 kJ
QUESTION: What can be inferred from the
magnetic moment values of the all paied e
Examples foliowing complex species?
K,[Mn(CN)J Magnetic
2.2
Moment (BM)
(Fe(H,0)J* 5.3
K,[MnC1)
5.9
ANSWER: Magnetic moment is given as u = Vn (n +2)
For valuie in =1, = /l (2) =
1.732, For value n = 2, u = /2 (2 +2) = 2.83
For value n =3,å = /3 (3 +2) =
3.87, For value n = 4, å = /4 (4 +2) = 4.899
For value n = 5å = /5 (5 +2) =
5.92
(i) K,(Mn(CN)J/n(n+2) =2.2
We cansee from the above
calculation that the given value is closest to n=l.,
Oxidation state. This means that Mn has 5 Also, in this
electrons in the d-orbital, Hence, we can say complex, is in the +2
Mn
ligand that causes the pairing of that CN is a strong field
(i1) [Fe(H,0).]2*, yn(n+2) =5.3
electrons.
We can see from the ahove
calculation that the given value is closest to n = 4. Also, in
OXidation state. This means that Fe has 6 this complex, Fe is in the +2
electrons in the d-orbital. Hence, we can say that H,O is a
weak field ligand
Written by: MR SOHAIL Youtube Channel: Suhail's ChemisTricks
Page 4 of 14
 and does not cause the pairing of
electrons.
(ii) K-[MnCl] , Vn(n+2) =5.9
We can see from the above
calculation that the given value is closest to n = S. Also, in this
oxidation state. This means that Mn has S electrons in the complex, Mn is in the +2
and does not cause the pairing of
d-orbital. Hence, we can say. that Cl is weak field
l:gand
electrons.
> Palladium placed in Nickel
group is an exception. It should be
because of having Sso, 4d10 electronic paramagnetic in nature but it is diamagnetic in nature
6
configuration.
FORMATION OF COLOURED COMPOUND OR ION: Most of the compounds of d-block elements are coloured o: they give
coloured solution when dissolved in water. d-block elements form
coloured ions
because ligand H2O and NH, etc. develop a magnetic field on
'd-orbital' due to
which it splits into tag and eg energy levels. This process is called d-d
splitting. The
difference between tzg and es sets of energy is equal to the energy of visible light. Hence due
to d-d transítion (tr e:) coloured
Compounds are obtained.
> Ions having O or dl0 electronic configuration doesn't
showd-d transition, hence, they are colourless. Due to
and Hg2* are colourless ions.
Configuration Example Colour
3do Sc3t
Colourless
3d0 Ti*
3d! TË3+
Colourless
V4
Purple
Blúe
3d2 V3 Green
3d3 V2
Violet
3d3 Crso Violet
3d4 Mns Violet
3d4 Blue
3ds Mn, Pink
3ds Fe3+ Yellow
3d6 Fe2* Green
j3d63d7 Co,Co Bluepink
348 Green
3d9 Blue
3d10 Colourless
NH jLeuty
FORMATION OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS: Compounds which have a central metal atom or ion surrounding by a no. of e
oppositely charged ions On neutral molecules are called coordination compound or complex compoand. D-block elements form these Am
types of compounds due to the following reasons:
(a) Availability of v¡cant d-orbitals to acept electron pairs from ligands, (b) Variable oxidation states (e) Small size and high
charge density
8. ALLOY FoRMATION: Tr¥nsition metals form a large no. of alloy because of having a similar size. Such alloys are hard and
have high melting points and are resistant to corrosion. Actually, alloys Alloy. Composition
are the homogenotSution in which the atoms of one metal are Brass Cu (50%-80%) and Zn (5020°%)
Bronze Cu (90%-93%) and Sn (10-70°)
distributed randomly (among the atoms of other metal). Examples of Cu (88%), Sn (10%) and Zn (2°)
Gun metal
some alloys: Bell metal Cu (80%) andSn (20?-)
used to produce steels.
> The best knowun ferrous alloys are chromium, manganese, vanadium which are
(NON-STOICHIOMETRIC cOMPOUNDS): Transition metals form interstitual
9. FORMATION OF INTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS
d-block elements. They retain metallic conductivity. In these
compounds in which small atoms are trapped in interstitial sites of

Page 3 od 14
Written by: MR, SOHAIL Youtube Channel: Suhail 's ChemisTricks
 have a high melin
elements is not found definite. Besides, they are chemically inert and
compounds, the stoichiometry of
point. Example:- FesH (FeHs) ,VH.s6 , MnaN.
10. VARIATION IN ATOMIC AND IONICSIZE: Atomic size of transition clements 1s
1,70 Third Gorio
less than that of s-block elements but greater than that of p-block elements. On 1.60

moving from left to right in 3d, 4d and 5d series of transition elements, the
-, 1.5o
Second sories
atomic radiidecrease because of effective nuclear charge and screening effect of
irner electrons. Inthe same way, the ionic radius decreases from left to right and
1.30
increases from top to bottom.
1.20
The curves in Fig. show an increase from the first (3d) to the second (4d) series of -írst sories
1,10

the elements but the radiiof the third (5d) series are virtually the same as those of 1.00

the corresponding members of the second series. This phenomenon is associated B Group
1

with the intervention (involvement) of the 4f orbitals which must be filled before
the Sd series of elements begin.
I 20N12ATION ENTHALPY: In 3d series of elements, the ionization energy increases tql Mn but after this, it shows randomness
hecause they have adifferent order of stability. For example, d', d' and d'are considered as electronicconfiguration.
hà heck eiements, Zn, Cd and Hg haue higher ionization. enthalpy, in coFparison of othe transition elements because they
ave the stable electronic confiquration.
12. STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL (E): The E' (M*/M) values depend onionisation enthalpies,
sublimation enthalpies,
aiomization enthalpy and Hydration enthalpy. The Transition elements have higher standard electrode potential than that of
hydrogen but some have lower. Hence, eeuo an
i. The transition metals (having lower standard electrode potential than "suh am t Hz.
that of hydrogen) produce hydrogen gas on reaction with acids.
ii. Cu, Ag, Ag. Pt, Au can not produce hydrogen from acid beçause
their standard electrode potential is higher than that of hydrogen.

º All sroperties described above areshown by transition elements i.e., d-block

series have r.any properties different.from those of elements but the first transition
heavier transition element due tu the following reasons:
(a) Smal! size (b) Proper shielding of outerm0St S!
shellelectrons by 3'd-orbital' (c) little difference in energy of 3d and 4s orbitals.
Su pesioce tebe
Sheee

lotonic aisinease 80
y
Nueleas ceae ole eeae
eutny 29e 14 rotom &o

79rni aiom euha Lpy anee.

30nijoion euthalyl YO Lovaleu bool bauate ou.

boten
3 s2 Written by: MR.SVHAIL
Youtube Channel: Suhail's
ChemisTricks Page 5 f 14
 OUESTI0:: For the first row
(M'/M) -1.18
transiion
Mn metals the
Fe
E
values are:
- 0.91 Co
Explain the irregularity in the
"-1,18
0.44 0.28 0.25 +0.34
Ni Cu

ANSWER: The E (M"/M) values tbove values. Mn e oe

which are relatively nuch depend on ionisation
enthalpíes ep+6,H) andtole
also the ogay ba
less for (a,H,
OMUESTION: Why is the E' valuc for manganese and
vanadíum.
ANSWER: The E" (M²/M) values the Mn'/Mn couple much more sublimation enthalpies
electrons from 4s only. After that,depend on
ionísation enthalpies negative as zive above? Explain.
also.
the renoval of two it attans stabilíty because of When Mn converts into
- electrons from Mn has having stablexd² Mn².it looses two
couple much more
negative.
Iow íonization enthalpy that electronic configuration. Actually,
is why the E
AOUESTION:
Explain.
Why is the E value for the
Mn"/Mn' couple much more positiv than
value for the Mn'/Mn
ANSWER: The E° (M"/M2') that for Cr"/Cr² or Fe"/Fe
values depend on
electron from 3d. After that, ít íonisatíon enthalpies also. When Mn
the removal of one becomes unstable because of having stable d converts into M: it looses or
electrons from Mn has electronic
that for Cr*/Crz or ionization enthalpy that iswhiy thê E°configuYation
couple much more positive than higher ACuali"
importance. Fe/Fe, This also explaíns why the +3 value for the Mn/Mn
state of Mn is of litte
QUESTION: The E (M2/M) value for
consider its high A,H° and low AhyaHO).copper is positive (+0.34V). What is possibl÷ the
reason for this? (Hint:
ANSWER: The E° (M2/M) values depend on
Hydration enthalpy. Copper has a high energy ionísation enthalpies, sublimation
enthalpies, atomization
hydration energy. Hence, theenthalpy
value for copper is positíve. of atomization and low ar.d
E (M/A)
QUESTION: For M²/M and M*/M2 systems, th¿ EO
Cr*/Cr - 0.9V values for'some metals are as
Cr*/ -0:4 V follows:
Mn/Mn -1.2V
Fe?* /Fe -0.4V Mn/Mn? +1:5V
Use this data to
Fe/Fe2 +0.8 V
comment upon:
(i) The stability of Fe in
acíd solution as compared to that of Cr or
can be oxidised as compared to a Mn and (ii) The ease with
similar proess for either chromium or whih iron
ANSWER: (P) The E° yalue for Fe/Fe2" is hígher than manganese metal.
that for
reduction of Fe0Feis easier than the reduction of Mn* to Cr/Cr?* and lower than that for Mn/Mn² So. the
Mn?*, but not as easy as the reduction of Cr
Hence, Fe" is rmore stable than Mn*, but less stable to Cr:
than Cr*. These metal ions can be
order of their stability as Mn < Fe <Cr*. arranged in the increasing

(ií) The reduction potentíals for the given pairs

increase in the following order. Mn*/Mn < Cr/ Cr < Fe/Fe. So, the
oxidation of Fe to Fe2" ís not as easy as the oxidation of Cr to Cr2" and
the.Qxidation,of Mn to Mn. Thus, these
metals can be arranged ín the increasing order of their ability to get oxidised as: Fe
< Cr < Mn.

OxiDEs AND OxOANION Or METALS; These oxides are generally formed by the reaction of
metals with oxvgen at high
temperature.
1) Potassium dichromate (K2CrnQ:): It is used in leather industries as an oxidant. It is generally prepared from iron chrome
(FeCr:O4). When iron chromite is reacted with sodium carbonate in the presence of air, sodiunm chromate s obtained.
FeCrO, + 8NazCO, + 70 ’ &NazCrO4+ 2Fe,O,+ 8CO:

Written by: MR, SOHAIL Youtube Channel:

Suhail's ChemnisTricks Page 7 of 1
ter that, the yellow solution of sodium chromate is acidifed with sulphuric acid to prepare sodium dichromate (Na:Cr:O,).
2Na;CrO, + 2H' -’ NaCrnO,+ 2Na + H;0
In the last step, sodium dichromate is teated with KCI toform potassium
dichromate as tollows:
Na¿CnO, + 2KCI ’ K¿Cr0, + 2NaCI
The chromates and dichromates are interconuerdible in agueous solution depending upon pi of the souion,
Ihe oxtdation state of chromium is found same in both chromate and
dichromate.
2 CrO,+ 2H+ + Cry0 +H,0 Aowhen ptt <)
(Tellow) (Orange)
Cr;0 + 2 OH ’ 2 CrO, +H;0 (when pH >7)
(Orange)
STRUCTURE OF CHROMATE AND DICHROMATE 1ONS: The chromate (Yellow)
10n S
tetrahedral while the dichromate ion consists of two
tetrahedral, sharing one 231°b1 pr:
corner with Cr-O-Cr bond angle of 13i
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: Sodium/potassium dichromate are a strong Chron1ate io:1 Dicl1ronate
oxidising The stuucture of chrormate (CrO:-) and dichro:ate (Cr.0-:-)ioas
agent. Its oxidising action can be represented as follows:
Cr:0, + 14H* ’ 2Cr + 7H;0
It oxidizes iodides to iodine; sulphide to
sulphur; tin(|l) to tinTV) and iron(1) to iron(II).
61 L+6e
3H:S ’6H+3S t6e
3Sn²+ -’3Sn*+ 6e
6Fe2+ 6Fe*+ 6e
The fully ionicequation in which CrO,; acts as oxidi_ing agent (for
above reachion) is shown below:
CrO, + 14H" 6Fe 2Cr* + 6Fe + 7H;0
When SOz is passed through acidified K2Cr20?solution, acolourless solution observed. Hence, SO2 can be
is
Used to test K2Cr2O7.
2) Potassium permanganate (KMnO4):.Forthe preparation of KMnO4,
the reaction of MnO: with an alkali potassium hydroxide
(KOH) is carried out in the presence of oxygen This reaction produces dark green K2MnO4 which gives potassium
permanganate in an acidic solution.
2MnO, 4AKOH + O, -’ 2K.MnO4+ 2H:O
3K2MnO4+ 4H* ---- 2KMnO, + MnO2 + 2H20
PROPERTIES
1. At 513 K, KMhO, decomposes to giye KMnO,, MnO and O:.
2KMnO4 2K2Mn0, + Mn:+ O:
2. KMnO4 is astrong oxidizing agent. It oxidizes different compounds in different mediums. The equation when KMnO4 acts as
'san oxidizing gent in
Acidic medium Neutral medium: Basic medium:
Mn02+ 8H^ 5e ’ Mn2+ +4H20 MnO4 + 2H20 +3e’ Mn02 + 40H Mn04 + e ’ MnO2
IN ACIDICSOLUTION,
1) It oxidizes iron() ion to iron([II) ion: MnO + 8H* + 5Fe?+ -’ Mn* + SFe + 4H,0
2) It oxidizes oxalic acid to CO: and H.0: 2MnO + 16H* +5C20.* ----2Mn'* + 10CO; + 8H;0
3) It oxidizes iodide to iodine: 2MnO + 16H* + 101 2Mn?* + Sl2 + 8H:0
4) It oxidizes sulphide to sulphur: 2MnO + 16H* + 25-* -’ 2Mn'* + 25 + 8H;0

Written by: MR, S UHAIL Youtube Channel: Suhail's ChemisTricks Page 8of 14
 2Mi' 50/ ,0

IN NEUTNAL TAINILY ALNALINE SOLUION,

Mn0 260 Mi"

STNUCTUNE OF PERMIANGANAT AND MANGANATE IONI

taN NHC ctne the anet anionn ofthe feet trnniton verten In ttene oxonons, the eonral metul r hhit thr

A'LICATIONSOP d-uLOCK ELEMENTS

1. Zine is used to galvanise (cvat) ito or steet to savitletally poet tlem (om eoroubn.
: The zine layer cun te put wn the im'eel otjevt ty chenkeal ex plyseally dplng it into abath of molten znc
3. Corper is alloyedwith nicket tu aive 'upro-ndekel', an attracive hard warlng ailverymetal for coins ld upei
cAn alsobt alloyed with AlAr the same pupose
4. The alloy BRONZE is a nixture of copper andtln (Sn) an iustronger than coppir and juat an Coroson reustant
$. The alloy BRASS Îs amiNture ot' copper and zine. Jt is a muel more hard-Wearing metal than copper (to0 soft) and zinc (too
britle) but is more malleable than bronae or tangng oreuttin it into alhape.
6. Copper is used in electrieal wiring levause it isdotondueto of electrleity.
7. NICKEL is alloyed with copper to give jethyo-nicke", an ityagtlVe hard wearlng hilvery' metal for coins.
s. Stecl is an alloy based on iron nixed wlth carbon and usually,other metalu addedtoo.
9. Oxide of cobalt (CoO) is uscd to produeeabtue, colour ln the glass, Bexldes, Co iN uned in the making of the msgnct hecaure
Co is ferromagnetic in naturc.
TUE INNERTRANSITION SLEMENTS (-UL0CK LLLMENTS)
The f-block consistsgtwo series lnthanoid (the fourtecn clenents folowing lanthanum) and actinoids (the fourteen elements
following actiniyn),
LANTIANOn; TH¹ clemetN whoNe lastlectron isprenent in 4fotbital are cnlled lanthanokcda. Lanthancids are 14 clement: from
cerium (58) to luteyum (z), Theyenehnleevtromicemlyurntkom of lanthanokda w:
Whee 'n' hcll
Flectionle contizuration of onthunldew
glement 8ymbol Cleotronlo Contlguratlon
LAnthanum
Cerium
Pr
222
69
Praseodymtum
Neodymium Nl
Promethium l'm
Samariun1
Europiun
Gndolinium

Written by: K, SUNAT Youbnbe (Chamelh Nuhal's Cheniariekx

 (Xel4f"6s?
65 (Xe<4fio6s 2
Tb
Terbium 66 (Xe)4fl6s'
Dysprosium Dy
Ho 67 (Xe<4fl2 6s2
Holmium 68 |Xe<4f3 6s2
Erbium 69 (Xel4fl4 6s?
Tm
Thulium 70 (Xe<4fl4 5d! 6s2
Yb
Ytterbium 71
Lu
Lutetium You Look.
Heavily Even Though
Girls That Drink states in addition
College Party Never Produce Slimy European exhibit +2 or +4 oxidation
1. Late lanthanoids also
state, Some
2 Lanthanoids exhibit mainly +3 oxidation
forms salts in +4 oxidation state. Yb, Tm, Sm, b show
to -3. For examples, cerium show +4 oxidation state while
Dysprosium(Dy)
Prascodymium(Pr), Terbium(Tb), and completely filled 4f
subshelI.
J. Cerium(Ce), associated with empty, hal(-fled
*2 oxidation state
because of extra stability calculate its magnetiC
configuration of Ce' ion and
the electronic
QUESTION:_Use Hund's rule to derive
fornmula?
moment on the basis of'spin-only'
ANSWER: Ce : (Xe]4f 6s?
Ce':[Xel4f
Magretic momentcan be calculated as: u =/n(n+2) [n = number of unpaired electrons]
in Ce, n =2.
Therefore, u =/2(2+2) ) = /8 = 2.828 BM

calledàctinoids. Actinoids are 14 elements from thorium

ACTINOIDS: The elements whose last electron is present in 5f orbital are
(90) to lawrencium (103). The general electronic çonfiguration of actinoids is:
(n-2)-4 n-l)d' ns
Where n 7h shell
Elecronic configuration of actinoids
Elements Symbol Electronic Configuration
Actinium (Rn]5f 6d! 7s²
Thorium Th [Rn]6d² 7s²
Protactinium [Rn) 5f2 6d'7s²
Uranium |Rn] 5 6d'7s²
Neptunium [Rn) 5f 6d'7s²
Plutoníum |Rn) 5S 6d'7s²
Amefiétum (Rn]5f7 7s?
Curium [Rn]5f? 6d! 7s
Berkeliu1n (Rn) S 7s'
Californiun [Rn) 5[0 7s'
Einstenium |Rn) 5 7s
Fermium (Rn) 5ft2 7s'
Mendelevium (Rn) Sfl3 7s
Nobeltum (Rn) Sf 7s²
Lawrencium |Rn) 5fl 6d' 7s²
Although Theoretical Pay Unusual Never Iroduce Able Chemistry Bclieve Caretul Experiments nd Noble Laws

PROPERTJES OF LANTHANQIDS: They are paramagnetic in nature, They are coloured due to the presenoe of
unpaird elecrons.
They show a special type of contraction. They react with non-metal.

Writtenby: MR, SUIIA0E Youtube Channel: Suhal 's Chemisicks Page 10 of 14

 MiscuMETAL; lt is a well-known alloy which onsists oe a
(-%)and traes of S, C,Ca and Al, A goo deal lanthanod metal (-959%) and iron
podue bullets, shell and lighter int.
of
mischmetal is used in Mg:baNql Ni Composltlon
alloyto La
Ce

DeEERINCES R/NLANTlLANODS AND ACTINODS Nd

1. LANTHANODS IHeavies, ete

Electronie coniguration of
ii, +3
lanthanoids is |Xel40.14 5(0.1 i.
AcTINOIDA
Electronie configuration of actinotdn in
oxidation state is most common (Rn|5P 4 t0
nlong vith +2 and ii,
iii. Except Actinotda alao ahow higher
iv. The Promethium, they are non - radionctive, +4, +5, +6 and 7, uÑidation stes al hn
magnetic ii.
than those of properties lanthanoids are less complex iv,
of They re ralioactive
actinoids, The magnetie
v,
Atomic/ionic radius of prodertien of the netinoda
complex than thÍke
actinoids lanthanoicls is less than that of
v. nhlanthanoida.
vi,
Lanthanoids are less reactive than actinoicds Atomic/ionie raliusoAçtinotda in rger thn tht ot
> The vi.
lanthangjcda.
chemistry of actinoids is highlå Actindls are
mqre reiçlive thnn
above, complicated unlike the chemistry o the lanthanoil lanthnhods
ue to some reasons,
LANTHANQID CONTRACTION: In lanthanoid series witlh dreni
increasesin
atomic radiusòrionic radiùsatomjënothere
well as ionic radii. Thisregular decrease in is a prógressive decrease in
atomic A
thing is observed in the is nown ns lanthanoid contraction. When
actinoid series, the observed contraction is the same
greater than lanthanoid contraction termed as ctinoid contraction. Actinoid
because 5f clectrons provide poor shieldiDg from contraction is
Reason: As we move along the element to clement in the actinord series
by the nucleus also
increases.
lanthanoid/actinoidserics, the nuclear charge increases,as a result, the attraction onthe clectrons
Consequences of lanthanoid contraçtion:
(i) The lonisation enthalpy of 5d
trnnsition. series is higher than that of 3cl nnd 4d transition series
Contraction. because of la:ithanod
(ii)The atomic radius of atomic rndii of Z: (2 m 40) and Hr (Z 72) are ncarly the same just because ot
contraction. lnthanod
(iii) The metallic radiisof 5d serics nd 4d serics are
virtually the SAme just because of lanthanoid contraction that IN why
the members o5dand4d series hive too much similaritics in their
physical and chemical properties.
QUESTION: Compare thengeneral characteristlcs of the flrst serles of the transition metals with those of the
second and third, series metals., jn the respcctive vertical columns, Glve speclal emphasis on the
following
pointstI) electronic configurations, (i)oxicdation states, (il) lonisatlon cnthalples and (iv) atomic sizes.
ANSWER: (1) Inthe 1, 2d and 34 transition serles, the 3d, 4d and 5' d-orbital's are respectively filled.
We know that elements in thc same vertical columnn generally have slmllar electrontc configuratlons In the first
trànsitlonseries, two elements show unusual electronlc conflguratlons:
Cr(24) 3ys
Cu(29) = 34° 4s'. Simllarly, there are exceptions in the sccond transltlon serles. These are:
Mo(42)- 4d' 5s!
Tc(43) 4d° 5s!
Ru(44) = 4d" 5s!
Rh(45) 4d" 5s!
Pd (46) 4dº 5s°
Ag(47) 4di° 5s'
Youtube Chmnel: Suhail's CheisTricks Tigc TToTTT
Written by: M R, S'O
 There are some exceptions in the third transition series as well. These
are:
W(74) = 5d* 6s²
P78) 5d° 6s!
Au (79) - 5di0 6s!
AS a result of tlhese exceptions, it happens many times that the electronic configurations of the elements present in
he same group are dissimilar.
|0in each of the three transition series the number of oxidation states shown by the elements is the
maxXimum in
|the middle and the minimum at the extreme ends. However, +2 and +3
oxidation states are quite stable rOr all
lements present in the first transítion series. All metals present in the first
transitíon series form stable compounds
n he +2 and +3 oxídation states. The stability of the +2
and +3 oxidation states decreases in the second and the
hird transition series, wherein higher
oxidation states are more important.
For exanple (Fe(CN),]*, [Co(NH,)]", [Ti(H,0),|3* are stable
complexes, but no such complexes are known for the
SCOnd and third transition series such as Mo, W, Rh, In. They form
complexes in which their 'oxidation states are
high. For example: WCI,, ReF,, RuO4, etc.
(1) In each of the three transition series, the first
ionisation enthalpy increases fromn left to right. However, there are
some eNCeptions. The first ionisation enthalpies of the third
second transition series. This occurs due to the poor transitionseries are higher than th0 se of the first and
shielding effect of 4f electrons in the third transition series.
Certain elements in the second transition series have
higher first ionisation enthalpies than elements
LO the same vertical column in the first corresponding
transition series.
There are also elements in the 2nd transition series
whose first ionísationenthalpYes are lower than
e! :ments corresponding to the same those of the
vertical column inthe 1 transition series.
i) Atomic size generally decreases from left to
right acro_s a period. Now, among the three
sizes of the elements in the second transition transition series, aiomic
series are greater than those of the elements
Ine vertical column in the first
transition series.However, the atomic sizes of the corresponding to the
Scies arc virtually the same as those of the elements in the third transition
corresponding members in the second transition series. This s due to
lanthanoid contraction.
TU V
A Co

Ro
Hai ni

Written by: MR. SUHAIL Youtube Channel: Suhail's Che.isTricks

Page 12 of 14