MENG353 - FLUID MECHANICS

SOURCE: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUIDMECHANICS

MUNSON,P.GERHART,A.GERHART and HOCHSTEIN

CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS
FALL 2017 - 18

ASSOC.PROF.DR.HASAN HACIŞEVKİ
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EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY
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 A fluid is defined as:
“A substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress”.
 It is a subset of the phases of matter and includes
liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.

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 Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid

Solid Fluid
 Definite Shape and definite  Indefinite Shape and Indefinite
volume. volume & it assumes the shape
 Does not flow easily. of the container which it
occupies.
 Molecules are closer.
 Flow Easily.
 Attractive forces between the
molecules are large enough to  Molecules are far apart.
retain its shape.  Attractive forces between the
 An ideal Elastic Solid deform molecules are smaller.
under load and comes back to  Intermolecular cohesive forces
original position upon removal of in a fluid are not great enough to
load. hold the various elements of
 Plastic Solid does not comes back fluid together. Hence Fluid will
to original position upon removal flow under the action of applied
of load, means permanent stress. The flow will be
continuous as long as stress is
deformation takes place.
applied. 4
 Distinction between a Gas and Liquid

 The molecules of a gas are  A liquid is relatively

much farther apart than incompressible.
those of a liquid.  If all pressure, except that
 Hence a gas is very of its own vapor pressure,
compressible, and when is removed, the cohesion
all external pressure is between molecules holds
removed, it tends to expand them together, so that the
indefinitely. liquid does not expand
 A gas is therefore in indefinitely.
equilibrium only when it is  Therefore a liquid may
completely enclosed. have a free surface.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE
DESCRIBED QUALITATIVELY IN TERMS OF
CERTAIN BASIC QUANTITIES SUCH AS
LENGTH, TIME, AND MASS.

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 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
 Fundamental units are the units which are not dependent with any
other units like length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic
temperature, amount of substance, or luminous intensity in the
International System of Units, consisting respectively of the meter,
kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole etc are called fundamental
units. Some examples are as follows :-
 length is fundamental unit,meter is it's SI unit, m is it's symbol
 mass is fundamental unit,kilo gram is it's SI unit, kg is it's symbol
 time is fundamental unit,second is it's SI unit, s is it's symbol
 electric current is fundamental unit,ampere is it's SI unit, A is it's
symbol
 temperature is fundamental unit,kelvin is it's SI unit, K is it's symbol
 amount of substance is fundamental unit,mole is it's SI unit, mol is it's
symbol
 luminous intensity is fundamental unit,candela is it's SI unit, cd is it's
symbol
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 Physical quantity unit abbreviation

1 Mass kilogram [kg]

2 Length meter [m]

3 Time second [s]

4 Temperature Kelvin [K]

5 Amount of substance mole [mol]

6 Electric current ampere [A]

7 Luminous intensity Candela [cd]

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SI Units

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FPS Units

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1.3 ANALYSIS OF FLUID BEHAVIOR

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1.4 MEASURES OF FLUID MASS AND WEIGHT

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 Fluids Engineering

Reality

Fluids Engineering System Components Idealized

EFD, U D  B2  P2 Mathematical Physics Problem Formulation

AFD, U m CFD, U s  U SM
2
 U SN
2

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 Analytical Fluid Dynamics
• The theory of mathematical physics
problem formulation
• Control volume & differential analysis
• Exact solutions only exist for simple
geometry and conditions
• Approximate solutions for practical
applications
• Linear
• Empirical relations using EFD data
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 Analytical Fluid Dynamics
• Example: laminar pipe flow
UD
Assumptions: Fully developed, Low Re   2000

Approach: Simplify momentum equation,
integrate, apply boundary conditions to Schematic
determine integration constants and use
energy equation to calculate head loss
0
Du 0 p   u  2u 
2 0
    2  2   gx
Dt x  x y 
Exact solution :
u(r)  1 ( p)(R2  r 2)
4 x
8 du
 8 w  dy w  64
Friction factor: f
V 2 V 2 Re
Head loss:
p1
 z1 
p2
 z2  h f hf  f
L V 2 32 LV
 45
  D 2g  D2
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Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)

Definition:
Use of experimental methodology and procedures for solving fluids
engineering systems, including full and model scales, large and table
top facilities, measurement systems (instrumentation, data acquisition
and data reduction), uncertainty analysis, and dimensional analysis and
similarity.

EFD philosophy:
• Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the ability of the
expected test outcome, to achieve the test objectives within allowable
uncertainties.
• Integration of UA into all test phases should be a key part of entire
experimental program
• test design
• determination of error sources
• estimation of uncertainty
• documentation of the results
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 Purpose

• Science & Technology: understand and investigate a

phenomenon/process, substantiate and validate a theory
(hypothesis)
• Research & Development: document a process/system,
provide benchmark data (standard procedures,
validations), calibrate instruments, equipment, and
facilities
• Industry: design optimization and analysis, provide data
for direct use, product liability, and acceptance
• Teaching: instruction/demonstration

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 Full and model scale

• Scales: model, and full-scale

• Selection of the model scale: governed by dimensional analysis and similarity
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 Computational Fluid Dynamics
• CFD is use of computational methods for
solving fluid engineering systems, including
modeling (mathematical & Physics) and
numerical methods (solvers, finite differences,
and grid generations, etc.).
• Rapid growth in CFD technology since advent
of computer

ENIAC 1, 1946 IBM WorkStation

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 Purpose
• The objective of CFD is to model the continuous fluids
with Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and
discretize PDEs into an algebra problem, solve it,
validate it and achieve simulation based design
instead of “build & test”

• Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are

difficult to be measured by experiments: scale
simulations (full-scale ships, airplanes), hazards
(explosions,radiations,pollution), physics (weather
prediction, planetary boundary layer, stellar evolution).

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 Modeling
• Mathematical physics problem formulation of fluid
engineering system
• Governing equations: Navier-Stokes equations (momentum),
continuity equation, pressure Poisson equation, energy
equation, ideal gas law, combustions (chemical reaction
equation), multi-phase flows(e.g. Rayleigh equation), and
turbulent models (RANS, LES, DES).
• Coordinates: Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates
result in different form of governing equations
• Initial conditions(initial guess of the solution) and Boundary
Conditions (no-slip wall, free-surface, zero-gradient,
symmetry, velocity/pressure inlet/outlet)
• Flow conditions: Geometry approximation, domain, Reynolds
Number, and Mach Number, etc.

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■ MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
Experimental vs. Analytical Analysis
An engineering device or process can be studied either experimentally
(testing and taking measurements) or analytically (by analysis or
calculations).
 The analytical approach
 The experimental approach
(including the numerical
has the advantage that we
approach) has the
deal with the actual physical
advantage that it is fast and
system, and the desired
inexpensive, but the results
quantity is determined by
obtained are subject to the
measurement, within the limits
accuracy of the
of experimental error.
assumptions,
However, this approach is
approximations, and
expensive, time-consuming,
idealizations made in the
and often impractical.
analysis.
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 MODELING IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF
 Why do we need differential equations? PHYSICAL PROBLEMS.
The descriptions of most scientific
problems involve equations that relate the
changes in some key variables to each
other.
 In the limiting case of infinitesimal or
differential changes in variables, we obtain
differential equations that provide precise
mathematical formulations for the physical
principles and laws by representing the
rates of change as derivatives.
 Therefore, differential equations are used
to investigate a wide variety of problems in
sciences and engineering.
 Do we always need differential
equations? Many problems encountered
in practice can be solved without resorting
to differential equations and the
complications associated with them. 53
■ PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE

 Step 1: Problem Statement

 Step 2: Schematic
 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
 Step 4: Physical Laws
 Step 5: Properties
 Step 6: Calculations
 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

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