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Chapter 1 - Introduction - Notes

The course EMMQ 2144 - Fluid Mechanics A aims to teach students about fluid properties, pressure principles, buoyancy, flow measurement methods, and the effects of velocity and acceleration on fluids. Students will learn to generate equations related to fluid mechanics, outline pressure measurement methods, and apply principles like Archimedes' and Bernoulli's equations. Assessment includes written exams, continuous assessment tests, and assignments, with a focus on attendance as per university regulations.

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10 views101 pages

Chapter 1 - Introduction - Notes

The course EMMQ 2144 - Fluid Mechanics A aims to teach students about fluid properties, pressure principles, buoyancy, flow measurement methods, and the effects of velocity and acceleration on fluids. Students will learn to generate equations related to fluid mechanics, outline pressure measurement methods, and apply principles like Archimedes' and Bernoulli's equations. Assessment includes written exams, continuous assessment tests, and assignments, with a focus on attendance as per university regulations.

Uploaded by

reagannjeri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics A

EMMQ 2144
EMMQ 2144 - Fluid Mechanics A

Course Objective/Purpose
The aim of this course unit is to enable the students to
 Understand the properties of fluids and the principle of

pressure at a point and centre of pressure.


 Understand the Equipment/ instruments used for pressure

measurement
 Understand the principle of buoyancy, Stability and
Metacentre
 Understand flow measurements methods, types of fluid

flow and the effects of velocity and acceleration on a fluid


particle
EMMQ 2144 - Fluid Mechanics A
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course unit, the student should be able to:
 Generate equations for viscosity, surface tension, Bernoulli’s
equation.
 Outline pressure measurements methods

 Determine centre of pressure and total pressure.

 Use Archimedes principle and Bernoulli’s equation in solving

problems, determine metacentric height.


 Identify types of fluid flow, types of energy of a fluid in motion.

 Carry out flow measurements, pitot tube, Venturi, orifice


EMMQ 2144 - Fluid Mechanics A

Assignments & Examinations:


 Exams – Written, 70 % (Letter grading (A-E)

 CATs – 20 %

 Assignments - 10 %

 Attendance: According to the university regulations,

students must attend at least 70 % of the lecture hours.


Otherwise, the student gets NA (Not attended) from the
course.
 Apart from the university regulations, it is of student’s

benefit to attend all of the lecture hours.


EMMQ 2144 - Fluid Mechanics A

Reference Books:
 Cengel, Y., & Cimbala, J., (2013). Fluid Mechanics
Fundamentals and Applications (3rd ed.).
McGraw-Hill.
 White, F. M. (2011). Fluid Mechanics (7th ed.).
McGraw Hill Education.
 Kundu, P. K. (2011). Fluid Mechanics (5th ed.).
Academic Press.
EMMQ 2144 - Fluid Mechanics A

Course Description / Content


 Properties of Fluids: Density, Specific weight, Specific volume, Specific gravity, Viscosity,
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Surface tension, Capillarity, Compressibility and Bulk
modulus, Vapour pressure.
 Fluid Statics: Definition of pressure, Pascal’s law, Pressure variation in a Static Fluid.
Measurement of Pressure: Manometers, Mechanical gauges, Transducers. Hydrostatic forces:
Resultant pressure and Centre of pressure, Forces on immersed plane and curved surfaces, design of
Sluice and lock gates.
 Relative Equilibrium: Uniform linear acceleration, Rotation about a vertical axis, Forced vortex.
Stability and floatation: Buoyancy and Centre of Buoyancy, Types of equilibrium, Stability of
submerged and floating bodies, meta centre and meta centric height, determination of meta centric
height, Oscillation (Rolling) of a floating body.
 Fluid Kinematics: Description of fluid motion, Types of fluid flow, Types of flow lines, Rate of
flow, Continuity equation, Circulation and vorticity, Velocity potential and stream function, Flow
nets.
 Fluid Dynamics: Types of energy for a liquid in motion, Euler's equation, Bernoulli's equation,
Applications of Bernoulli's equation, Pitot, Venturi, Small and large orifices, Notches, Weirs, Power
of a stream of fluid, Hydraulic and energy grade lines. Head losses.
EMMQ 2144 - Fluid
Mechanics A

Chapter 1
Introduction and Basic
Concepts
Fluid Mechanics
 Fluids essential to life
 Human body 65% water
 Earth’s surface is 2/3 water
 Atmosphere extends 17km above the earth’s surface
 Affects every part of our lives/Applications of FM
 Weather & climate
 Vehicles: automobiles, trains, ships, and planes, etc.
 Environment
 Physiology and medicine
 Sports & recreation
 Many other examples!
Weather & Climate
Tornadoes Thunderstorm

Global Climate Hurricanes


Vehicles
Aircraft Surface ships

High-speed rail Submarines


Environment
Air pollution River hydraulics
Physiology and Medicine
Blood pump Ventricular assist device
Sports & Recreation
Water sports Cycling Offshore racing

Auto racing Surfing


FM in Engineering & Science
FM in Engineering & Science
Many other examples!
What is a Fluid?
 Substances with no strength
 Deform when forces are applied
 Include water and gases

Solid: Deforms a fixed amount or breaks


completely when a stress is applied on it.
Fluid: Deforms continuously as long as any shear
stress is applied.
What is Mechanics?
The study of motion and the forces which cause (or prevent) the
motion.

 Statics: The study of forces acting on the particles or bodies at


rest.
 Dynamics: The study of forces acting on the particles and

bodies in motion.
Fluids Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics

AFD EFD CFD

- Analytical Fluid Dynamics

- Experimental Fluid Dynamics

- Computational Fluid Dynamics


Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD)
 The theory of mathematical physics
problem formulation
• Definition and fluids properties
• Fluid statics
• Fluids in motion
• Continuity, momentum, and energy principles
• Dimensional analysis and similitude
• Surface resistance
• Flow in conduits
• Drag and lift
Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)
Definition: Use of experimental methodology and
procedures for solving fluids engineering systems,
including full and model scales, large and table top
facilities, measurement systems (instrumentation, data
acquisition and data reduction), uncertainty analysis, and
dimensional analysis and similarity.

EFD philosophy:
 Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the
ability of the expected test outcome, to achieve the test
objectives within allowable uncertainties.
 Integration of Uncertainty Analysis into all test phases
should be a key part of entire experimental program
 test design
 determination of error sources
 estimation of uncertainty
 documentation of the results
Applications of EFD

Application in science & technology Application in research & development

Picture of Karman vortex shedding Tropic Wind Tunnel has the ability to create
temperatures ranging from 0 to 165 degrees
Fahrenheit and simulate rain

EFD – “hands on” experience


Applications of EFD (cont’d)

Example of industrial application

NASA's cryogenic wind tunnel simulates flight


conditions for scale models--a critical tool in
designing airplanes.

Application in teaching

Fluid dynamics laboratory


Full and model scale

• Scales: model, and full-scale


• Selection of the model scale: governed by dimensional analysis and similarity
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

 CFD is use of computational methods for


solving fluid engineering systems, including
modeling (mathematical & Physics) and
numerical methods (solvers, finite differences,
and grid generations, etc.).
 Modelling and Simulations
Purpose
 The objective of CFD is to model the continuous
fluids with Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and
discretize PDEs into an algebra problem, solve it,
validate it and achieve simulation based design
instead of “build & test”

 Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are


difficult to be measured by experiments: scale
simulations (full-scale ships, airplanes), hazards
(explosions, radiations, pollution), physics (weather
prediction, planetary boundary layer, stellar
evolution).
Properties of Fluids

 Property: Any characteristic of a system


- Density
- Viscosity
- Surface tension
- Capillary
- Compressibility
- Elasticity
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Sample Questions
Sample Questions Cont…

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