1.

Foundations of Research
Definition & Need for Research

• Research = Systematic, objective process to gather & analyze data for decision-
making.

• Business Research helps in:

o Solving problems (e.g., declining sales).

o Identifying opportunities (e.g., new markets).

o Reducing uncertainty in strategy.

Scientific Research Characteristics

1. Empirical – Based on observable evidence.

2. Logical – Follows reasoning.

3. Replicable – Repeatable for verification.

4. Objective – Unbiased conclusions.

Types of Research Questions

• Management Question: Broad business issue (e.g., "Why are profits falling?").

• Research Question: Specific inquiry (e.g., "Does poor customer service affect
sales?").

• Investigation Question: Data needed (e.g., "What % of customers complain

about service?").

Research Process (Iterative Steps)

1. Literature Review

2. Hypothesis Formation

3. Sampling & Data Collection

4. Analysis

5. Report Writing

Ethical & Legal Issues

• Ethics: Avoid deception, ensure privacy, informed consent.

• Legal: Copyright compliance, data protection (GDPR).

 2. Research Design
Types of Research Designs

Design Purpose Example

Exploratory Initial insights (qualitative) Interviews on customer

preferences

Descriptive Describe characteristics Survey on employee

(quantitative) satisfaction

Experimental Establish cause-effect A/B testing for ad impact on

(controlled) sales

Quasi- No random groups (real-world Comparing two branch

Experimental settings) performances

Variables

• Independent Variable (IV): Manipulated (e.g., price change).

• Dependent Variable (DV): Outcome measured (e.g., sales).

• Moderating Variable: Affects IV-DV relationship (e.g., age impact on price

sensitivity).

• Extraneous Variable: Uncontrolled confounders (e.g., economic trends).

Hypothesis Testing

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): No effect (e.g., "Training has no impact on productivity").

• Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Effect exists (e.g., "Training improves

productivity").

• Testing: Reject H₀ if p-value < 0.05 (significant result).

3. Data & Measurement

Primary vs. Secondary Data

Aspect Primary Data Secondary Data

Source Collected firsthand (e.g., surveys) Existing (e.g., reports, journals)

Cost High (time, resources) Low (readily available)

Accuracy More reliable for specific needs May be outdated/irrelevant

Measurement Scales

1. Nominal: Categories (e.g., gender: Male/Female).

2. Ordinal: Ordered ranks (e.g., satisfaction: Low/Medium/High).

3. Interval: Equal intervals, no true zero (e.g., temperature in °C).

4. Ratio: True zero exists (e.g., sales revenue).

Attitude Scaling Techniques

• Likert Scale: Agreement levels (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).

• Semantic Differential Scale: Opposite adjectives (e.g., "Friendly ___ ___ ___
Unfriendly").

Questionnaire Design Tips

• Avoid leading questions.

• Use simple, clear language.

• Mix open-ended and closed-ended questions.

4. Sampling
Probability vs. Non-Probability Sampling

Type Method Example

Probability Random selection (unbiased) Simple Random: Lottery method

Stratified sampling Divide by age, gender, etc.

Non-Probability Convenience or judgment-based Snowball: Using referrals

Sampling Errors

• Sampling Error: Natural variance (reduced by increasing sample size).

• Non-Sampling Error: Human mistakes (e.g., poor questionnaire design, wrong

data entry).
 5. Data Analysis & Report Writing
Descriptive Statistics

• Mean, Median, Mode: Measures of central tendency.

• Standard Deviation (SD): Measures data spread.

• Coefficient of Variation (CV): (SD ÷ Mean) – relative variability.

Graphical Representation

• Bar Chart: Comparison among categories.

• Histogram: Distribution of a continuous variable.

• Scatter Plot: Relationship between two variables.

Bivariate Analysis

• Pearson’s Correlation (r): Measures linear relationship (-1 to +1).

• Chi-Square Test: Tests independence between categorical variables.

• Regression Analysis: Predicts dependent variable (Y = a + bX).

Hypothesis Tests

• t-test: Compares two means (e.g., male vs. female salaries).

• ANOVA: Compares means across multiple (>2) groups (e.g., sales across
regions).

Report Structure

1. Title

2. Executive Summary

3. Methodology

4. Results (with tables/graphs)

5. Conclusion & Recommendations

2 Marks Questions
1. Define Hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a

starting point for further investigation. It suggests a relationship between two or more
variables. Hypotheses are important because they guide the research direction. They
are tested through study and analysis.

2. List the Parametric tests.

Parametric tests are statistical tests that assume underlying statistical distributions in
the data. Common parametric tests include:

• t-test

• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

• Pearson’s correlation

• Regression analysis
These tests are powerful and used when data is normally distributed.

3. Define Research Design.

Research design is a plan or blueprint that outlines how the research will be conducted.
It defines the study type, research questions, hypotheses, variables, and methods for
data collection and analysis. It ensures that the study will effectively answer the
research problem. Good research design improves reliability and validity.

4. List the types of Variables.

The main types of variables are:

• Independent Variable

• Dependent Variable

• Moderating Variable

• Extraneous Variable

• Control Variable
Each plays a different role in understanding and analyzing relationships in
research.

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5. List the Attitude Scaling Techniques.

Some common attitude scaling techniques are:

• Likert Scale

• Semantic Differential Scale

• Guttman Scale

• Thurstone Scale
These are used to quantify people's attitudes, feelings, or opinions in a
structured way.

6. List the types of Probability Sampling.

Types of probability sampling are:

• Simple Random Sampling

• Stratified Sampling

• Systematic Sampling

• Cluster Sampling
In probability sampling, every element in the population has a known, non-zero
chance of being selected.

7. Describe the characteristics of Good Research Report.

A good research report should be clear, concise, objective, and logical. It must be well-
organized and supported by evidence. It should include clear illustrations like tables or
graphs for better understanding. Accuracy, proper referencing, and reader-friendliness
are essential traits.

8. Define Reliability.

Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the measurement process. If

repeated measurements under unchanged conditions produce the same results, the
method is considered reliable. High reliability increases the trustworthiness of research
findings. It is a critical attribute of any good research instrument.

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9. Define Research. State two applications of research in business organisations.

Research is a systematic and scientific process of collecting, analyzing, and

interpreting information to answer questions or solve problems. In business, research is
applied to:

• Understand consumer needs (Market Research).

• Improve operational efficiency (Process Improvement Studies).

10. List the types of Research Design.

The types of research design are:

• Exploratory Research Design

• Descriptive Research Design

• Causal (Experimental) Research Design

Each serves different research purposes, from discovering new insights to
testing cause-effect relationships.

11. Define Measurement. List the problems in Measurement.

Measurement is the process of assigning numbers or symbols to attributes of entities

according to specific rules. Problems in measurement include:

• Lack of validity

• Lack of reliability

• Ambiguity in questions

• Respondent misinterpretation
Proper measurement ensures accurate and meaningful results.

12. State the Advantages of Sampling over Census.

Sampling requires fewer resources, less time, and less cost compared to a census. It
allows for quicker data analysis and decision-making. A well-chosen sample can
provide highly accurate and generalizable results. It is practical for large populations
where a full census is impossible.

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13. List the Hierarchy of Questions in Business Research.

The hierarchy of questions includes:

• Management Question

• Research Questions

• Investigative Questions

• Measurement Questions
This structure helps systematically break down broad business issues into
researchable parts.

14. Describe the Concept of Moderating and Extraneous Variables.

Moderating variables influence the strength or direction of the relationship between

independent and dependent variables. Extraneous variables are unwanted variables
that may affect the dependent variable. Both types of variables must be controlled
carefully to ensure accurate research outcomes.

15. Describe Paired Comparison Scale with Suitable Example.

In paired comparison scaling, respondents are presented with two options and asked to
choose one based on a criterion. Example: Choosing between Pepsi and Coca-Cola for
taste preference. It simplifies comparisons when multiple items are evaluated and
helps rank preferences.

16. State the Concept of Probability Sampling and Non-Probability Sampling.

In probability sampling, every member of the population has a known, non-zero chance
of selection (e.g., simple random sampling). In non-probability sampling, selection is
based on subjective judgment (e.g., convenience sampling). Probability sampling
produces more representative and generalizable results.

17. Define Hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a formal statement predicting the relationship between two or more

variables. It sets the direction for research and provides the basis for testing and
drawing conclusions. A good hypothesis must be testable and measurable. It narrows
down the scope of study.

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18. List the Parametric Tests.

Common parametric tests are:

• t-test

• ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

• Z-test

• Pearson correlation
Parametric tests are powerful when data meet assumptions such as normal
distribution and homogeneity of variance.

19. Define Research Design.

Research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed information. It ensures the study is organized and
logical. Proper design helps achieve the research objectives effectively. It minimizes
bias and maximizes reliability.

20. List Types of Variables.

Types of variables include:

• Independent Variables

• Dependent Variables

• Moderating Variables

• Extraneous Variables

• Control Variables
Understanding variables is crucial for establishing cause-effect relationships in
research.

21. List the Attitude Scaling Techniques.

Common attitude scaling techniques are:

• Likert Scale

• Semantic Differential Scale

• Guttman Scale

• Thurstone Equal Appearing Interval Scale

They help measure subjective elements like satisfaction, agreement, or
preference.

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22. List the Types of Probability Sampling.

The types include:

• Simple Random Sampling

• Stratified Random Sampling

• Systematic Sampling

• Cluster Sampling
Each ensures that samples are representative of the population to varying
degrees.

23. Describe the Characteristics of Good Research Report.

A good research report is factually accurate, logically organized, and clearly written. It
should be objective and concise with proper documentation. Visual aids like charts
enhance its readability. Conclusions and recommendations should be based on the
findings.

24. Define Reliability.

Reliability refers to the extent to which a measurement yields consistent results over
time. A reliable instrument will give the same results if the measurement is repeated. It
enhances the credibility of research. Low reliability reduces the validity of conclusions.

25. Define Sample.

A sample is a selected portion of a larger population that is studied to make inferences

about the population. It helps in saving time, cost, and effort. Sampling must be done
carefully to ensure representativeness. The quality of the sample directly impacts
research accuracy.

26. Define Alternate Hypothesis.

An alternate hypothesis (H₁) suggests that there is a statistically significant effect or

relationship between variables. It is accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected during
testing. It represents the researcher's expectation. It is crucial for conducting
meaningful hypothesis testing.

27. Explain the Concept of Scale.

A scale is a system for measuring or categorizing a variable. It assigns numbers or labels

to different degrees of a characteristic. Examples include nominal, ordinal, interval, and
ratio scales. Proper scaling ensures precision in data analysis and interpretation.

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28. Define Research Design.

Research design is a detailed plan that guides the researcher in collecting, measuring,
and analyzing data. It outlines how to conduct the study to answer the research
questions. A strong design ensures reliability, validity, and minimizes bias. It serves as a
research roadmap.

29. Explain Mean, Mode, Median.

• Mean: The average value of a dataset.

• Median: The middle value when data is arranged in order.

• Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

These measures are important for summarizing and understanding data
distributions.

30. Explain the Importance of Research.

Research is vital for creating new knowledge, solving existing problems, and supporting
informed decision-making. In business, it helps identify opportunities, understand
markets, and improve services. It reduces risks by providing reliable information.
Research drives innovation and competitiveness.

31. Explain the Concept of Regression.

Regression analysis examines the relationship between a dependent variable and one
or more independent variables. It helps in predicting future values and understanding
key influencing factors. Businesses use regression for forecasting sales, analyzing risks,
and strategic planning.

32. Enlist Application of Research in Finance.

Applications include:

• Investment Analysis

• Credit Risk Assessment

• Portfolio Management

• Financial Planning
Research in finance helps businesses make data-driven investment and risk
management decisions.

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33. What is Research? Why is Research Essential in Business, Give Two Reasons?

Research is a methodical process of collecting and analyzing information to increase

understanding. In business, research is essential to identify customer needs and assess
competition. It supports strategic planning and innovation. Without research,
businesses operate blindly and risk failure.

34. List the Stages in the Research Process.

The stages are:

• Problem Identification

• Literature Review

• Formulation of Hypotheses

• Research Design

• Data Collection

• Data Analysis

• Interpretation and Reporting Results

35. Discuss the Two Basic Means of Obtaining Primary Data.

The two main methods are:

• Surveys: Conducted through questionnaires or interviews to collect direct

responses.

• Observation: Involves recording behaviors or events as they happen naturally.

Both methods provide firsthand, original data for research.

36. Under What Circumstance Would You Recommend Stratified and Cluster
Probability Sampling?

Stratified sampling is recommended when the population has heterogeneous

subgroups needing proportional representation. Cluster sampling is used when the
population is naturally divided into groups (clusters), making it more convenient and
cost-effective for wide geographic areas.

37. What is Reliability?

Reliability is the consistency of a measure when repeated under identical conditions. A

reliable instrument provides the same results over time. High reliability boosts
confidence in research findings. It is a key indicator of research quality.

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38. Mention Two Major Differences Between Descriptive and Exploratory Type of
Research.

Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics or functions and is structured.

Exploratory research investigates unknown problems and is flexible. Descriptive
research answers "what" questions, while exploratory addresses "why" and "how". Both
are foundational to building research knowledge.

39. Explain in Short About Cross-Sectional Study Design.

A cross-sectional study collects data at one specific point in time across different
individuals. It helps identify patterns or correlations but cannot establish causality. It is
quick, cost-effective, and ideal for descriptive research. It provides a snapshot of the
studied phenomenon.

40. What Do You Understand About Extraneous Variables?

Extraneous variables are external factors that unintentionally influence the outcome of
research. They can create bias and affect the relationship between independent and
dependent variables. Researchers try to control them to ensure the validity of the study.
Examples include environment, participant mood, etc.

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5 Marks Questions
1. Differentiate between Probability and Non-Probability Sampling (Table Form)

Point Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Selection Random selection Non-random selection

Chance of Known, equal chance for all Not known or not equal
Selection

Basis Objective approach Subjective approach

Generalization Results are generalizable Results are not easily

generalizable

Examples Simple random, stratified Convenience, purposive

sampling sampling

Bias Low bias High bias

Cost and Time Expensive and time- Cheaper and faster

consuming

2. Differentiate between Null and Alternate Hypothesis (Table Form)

Point Null Hypothesis (H0) Alternate Hypothesis (H1)

Meaning Assumes no difference or no Assumes difference or effect

effect exists

Testing Tested directly to reject or fail to Considered if H0 is rejected

reject

Default True unless proven otherwise Proposed if evidence

Assumption supports

Example "The new drug has no effect." "The new drug is effective."

Objective To validate or invalidate To propose an alternative

assumptions finding

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3. Explain the Concept and Purpose of Research Design

Research Design is the overall plan or blueprint for conducting research. It outlines the
methods, tools, and techniques that will be used to collect and analyze data. The
research design ensures that the evidence obtained enables you to effectively address
the research problem logically and as unambiguously as possible.
The purpose of a research design includes:

• Structuring the research process.

• Minimizing bias and errors.

• Saving time and resources by planning in advance.

• Clearly defining the study’s methods for reliable and valid results.

• Allowing researchers to systematically conduct research activities. Types of

Research Designs are Exploratory, Descriptive, Diagnostic, and Experimental.
A good research design is critical for the credibility of findings and achieving the
objectives of research efficiently.

4. Discuss the Concept, Sources, Merits and Demerits of Secondary Data

Concept:
Secondary data refers to data that is collected by someone else for a purpose other
than the current research project but can be utilized by the researcher.

Sources:

• Government publications

• Business reports

• Research journals

• Newspapers

• Online databases

Merits:

• Cost-effective and time-saving

• Easier to access large datasets

• Useful for longitudinal studies

• Helps in formulating hypotheses

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Demerits:

• May be outdated or irrelevant

• Quality and accuracy issues

• Lack of control over data collection method

• May not perfectly fit the research purpose

Researchers must carefully evaluate the reliability and relevance of secondary data
before using it.

5. Differentiate between Correlation and Causation (Table Form)

Point Correlation Causation

Meaning Two variables are related One variable directly affects

the other

Direction No specific direction of influence Definite direction (cause →

effect)

Proof Does not prove cause-effect Proves cause-effect

relationship relationship

Example Ice cream sales and drowning Smoking causes lung cancer
increase in summer

Testing Observational studies Experimental studies needed

Dependency Variables move together One variable depends on

another

6. Discuss Cluster Sampling and Systematic Sampling with Example

Cluster Sampling:

• Population is divided into clusters, often based on location.

• Random clusters are selected and all elements in those clusters are studied.

• Example: Choosing 5 schools randomly and surveying every student in them.

• Advantage: Economical and practical for large populations.

• Limitation: Higher sampling error compared to simple random sampling.

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Systematic Sampling:

• Selection involves choosing every nth element from a list after a random start.

• Example: Selecting every 10th name from a company's employee list.

• Advantage: Simple and ensures even coverage of the population.

• Limitation: If list has a hidden pattern, it can bias results.

7. Differentiate between Primary and Secondary Data (Table Form)

Point Primary Data Secondary Data

Meaning Data collected firsthand for Data collected by others for

specific purpose different purpose

Sources Surveys, experiments, interviews Government reports, journals,

websites

Specificity Specific to the research needs May not fit perfectly

Time and Time-consuming and costly Quicker and cheaper

Cost

Accuracy More accurate and reliable (if May have biases or inaccuracies
properly collected)

8. Differentiate between Null and Alternate Hypothesis (Repeated) (Table Form)

(Same as Answer 2)

9. Explain the Concept and Purpose of Research Design (Repeated)

(Same as Answer 3)

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10. Explain the Types of Variables with Suitable Example

Variables are characteristics or properties that can take different values. They are
fundamental to research and statistical studies.

Types of Variables:

• Independent Variable: Variable that influences or causes change. (Example:

Amount of sunlight for plant growth)

• Dependent Variable: Variable that changes as a result of the independent

variable. (Example: Height of plants)

• Controlled Variables: Factors kept constant to prevent them from affecting the
outcome. (Example: Type of soil)

• Extraneous Variables: Unwanted variables that could affect the results

unintentionally.

Understanding variables helps researchers establish cause-effect relationships and

ensures accurate interpretation of results.

11. Explain the Practical Consideration in Research

Practical considerations are real-world factors a researcher must keep in mind while
planning and conducting research:

• Resources: Availability of time, money, and manpower.

• Feasibility: Practicality of conducting the research (geographic, ethical issues).

• Access to Data: Permission to collect and use data.

• Participant Availability: Willingness and number of participants.

• Technical Skills: Whether researchers have the required skills or need training.

• Ethical Issues: Ensuring no harm to participants and maintaining confidentiality.

Ignoring practical aspects can lead to project failure despite good theoretical
planning.

12. Compare and Differentiate Primary and Secondary Data (Repeated) (Table
Form)

(Same as Answer 7)

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13. Compare and Contrast In-depth Interview with Focus Groups (Table Form)

Point In-depth Interview Focus Group

Participants Single participant Group of 6-10 participants

Depth Very deep individual Variety of opinions through discussion

insights

Interaction One-on-one interaction Group dynamics and interaction

Control Higher control by Less control due to group behavior

researcher

Time and Time-consuming and Less time per participant, more cost-
Cost expensive effective

Example Interviewing a CEO Discussing new product design with

personally customers

14. What are the Advantages of Internet-based Questionnaires over Personal

Interviewing?

Internet-based questionnaires have many advantages over traditional personal

interviews:

• Cost-effective: No travel or interviewer costs.

• Time-saving: Faster data collection across geographies.

• Convenience: Respondents can complete it at their own time.

• Anonymity: Increases honesty in sensitive questions.

• Automation: Easy to process and analyze responses.

• Wider Reach: Can reach global audience simultaneously.

• Customization: Questions can be customized based on previous answers.

However, there can be disadvantages like low response rates and digital divide
issues.

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15. What are the Scientific Differences between Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and
Ratio Scales? (Table Form)

Scale Meaning Order Equal True Example

Interval Zero

Nominal Categories without order No No No Gender, Blood

group

Ordinal Categories with order Yes No No Ranking in

competition

Interval Numeric scale with equal Yes Yes No Temperature in

intervals Celsius

Ratio Numeric scale with equal Yes Yes Yes Weight, Height,
intervals and true zero Income

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10 Marks Questions
1. Design a questionnaire to assess the usage of Electric vehicles in Pune city.

Questionnaire:

1. Do you currently own an electric vehicle? (Yes/No)

2. If yes, which brand/model do you own?

3. What motivated you to purchase an electric vehicle? (Environment, Cost saving,

Government subsidy, Others)

4. How often do you use your electric vehicle? (Daily, Weekly, Occasionally)

5. How satisfied are you with the performance of your electric vehicle? (Very
satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral, Unsatisfied)

6. What challenges do you face while using an electric vehicle? (Charging

infrastructure, Battery range, Maintenance cost, Others)

7. Are public charging stations easily accessible to you? (Yes/No)

8. How long does it take to charge your vehicle fully? (Options: <4 hours, 4-6 hours,
>6 hours)

9. What is your average daily travel distance? (Options: <20 km, 20-50 km, >50 km)

10. Would you recommend electric vehicles to others? (Yes/No)

11. What improvements would you like to see in electric vehicles in Pune? (Open-
ended)

2. Develop a suitable sample design to assess the women entrepreneurs in Pune.

To assess women entrepreneurs in Pune, a stratified random sampling technique

would be appropriate. Pune has a diverse group of women entrepreneurs operating in
various industries like IT, fashion, food, education, and manufacturing.
First, the population will be divided into strata based on the type of industry. Within
each stratum, random samples of women entrepreneurs will be selected proportionally.
Sample Size: 200 respondents.
Strata:

• IT Startups

• Food and Catering Businesses

• Fashion and Apparel

• Education and Consultancy

• Manufacturing Units

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By stratifying, we ensure representation from different industries and get a balanced
view. Data will be collected via online surveys and telephonic interviews. This approach
reduces sampling bias and gives more accurate, industry-specific insights into
challenges, growth factors, and training needs of women entrepreneurs.

3. Prepare hypotheses (null & alternate) for following situations.

i) Effects of pandemic on stress level of IT employees:

• H₀ (Null Hypothesis): Pandemic has no significant effect on stress levels of IT

employees.

• H₁ (Alternate Hypothesis): Pandemic has significantly increased stress levels of

IT employees.

ii) Work attitude due to imbalance work-life:

• H₀ (Null Hypothesis): Work-life imbalance has no significant impact on

employees' work attitude.

• H₁ (Alternate Hypothesis): Work-life imbalance significantly affects employees'

work attitude.

4. The frequency distribution is given in the table. Construct a histogram and

determine the mode.

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Given the following frequency distribution, we want to calculate the mode:

Marks Frequency

20 - 25 50

25 - 30 70

30 - 35 80

35 - 40 180

40 - 45 150

45 - 50 120

50 - 55 70

55 - 60 50

Step 1: Identify the Modal Class

The modal class is 35 - 40, as it has the highest frequency (f₁ = 180).

Step 2: Values for the Formula

• L = 35 (lower boundary of the modal class)

• f₁ = 180 (frequency of the modal class)

• f₀ = 80 (frequency of the class before the modal class)

• f₂ = 150 (frequency of the class after the modal class)

• h = 5 (the width of the class intervals)

Step 3: Apply the Mode Formula

The formula for calculating the mode is:

Mode = L + ((f1 - f0) / (2f1 - f0 - f2)) * h

Substitute the known values into the formula:

Mode = 35 + ((180 - 80) / (2(180) - 80 - 150)) * 5

Step 4: Simplify the Calculation

Mode = 35 + ((100) / (360 - 80 - 150)) * 5

Mode = 35 + ((100) / 130) * 5

Mode = 35 + 0.769 * 5

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Mode = 35 + 3.846

Mode ≈ 38.85

Final Answer:

The mode is approximately 38.85.

5. Research Proposal: Assessing the Effectiveness of Employee Training on

Organizational Performance

Title:
Assessing the Effectiveness of Employee Training and Development on Organizational
Performance

Objective:

• To evaluate how training programs enhance employees' skills.

• To measure the impact of training on productivity and performance.

• To identify gaps in existing training programs.

Research Methodology:

• Sampling: Random sample of 300 employees from 5 organizations.

• Data Collection: Surveys and interviews.

• Tools: Regression analysis, SPSS.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: Training programs have no significant effect on organizational performance.

• H₁: Training programs have a significant positive effect on organizational

performance.

Expected Outcome:
Organizations with well-structured training programs will show better employee
performance, motivation, and retention.

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6. Research Proposal: Work-Life Balance Policies on Employee Satisfaction and
Retention

Title:
Impact of Work-Life Balance Policies on Employee Satisfaction and Retention

Objective:

• To study the effectiveness of work-life balance policies.

• To assess the relationship between work-life balance and employee retention.

Research Methodology:

• Sample Size: 250 employees from different industries (IT, Banking, Healthcare).

• Sampling Technique: Stratified random sampling.

• Data Collection: Structured questionnaire, interviews.

• Analysis Tools: Correlation and regression analysis.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: Work-life balance policies have no significant impact on employee

satisfaction and retention.

• H₁: Work-life balance policies positively impact employee satisfaction and

retention.

Expected Outcome:
Organizations with effective work-life balance policies will experience higher employee
satisfaction and lower attrition rates.

7. Questionnaire: Problems Faced by Railway Passengers

Questionnaire:

1. How often do you travel by Indian Railways? (Daily/Weekly/Monthly)

2. Rate your overall satisfaction with railway services (1–5).

3. What common problems do you face during travel? (Cleanliness, Punctuality,

Safety, Food Quality)

4. Are you satisfied with the cleanliness of trains and stations? (Yes/No)

5. Do you find ticket booking (online/offline) convenient? (Yes/No)

6. Have you ever faced issues regarding ticket availability? (Yes/No)

7. How would you rate the behavior of railway staff? (Good/Average/Poor)

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 8. What improvements do you expect from Indian Railways? (Open-ended)

9. Are you satisfied with the security measures taken during travel? (Yes/No)

10. Suggestions for Indian Railways: (Open-ended)

8. Research Design for VERVE Electric Car Promotion

Research Type: Descriptive Research

Objectives:

• Identify target market segments for VERVE.

• Understand customer expectations and satisfaction.

• Explore branding and repositioning strategies.

Sampling Method:

• Stratified random sampling of car users and potential EV buyers.

Data Collection:

• Surveys and focused group discussions.

Data Analysis:

• Descriptive statistics, brand perception analysis.

Justification:
As VERVE needs repositioning, a deep understanding of customer needs, problems,
brand perception, and pricing sensitivity is crucial. Both qualitative (focus groups) and
quantitative (surveys) methods will help. Involving celebrity promotion and catchy
branding can be assessed based on consumer feedback gathered during research.

9. Chi-Square Test Interpretation: Milk Producer

Hypotheses:

• H₀: Product preference is independent of income level.

• H₁: Product preference is dependent on income level.

Given:

• Calculated χ² = 51.036

• Table value (5% significance) = 14.860

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Interpretation:
Since calculated χ² (51.036) > table χ² (14.860), we reject the null hypothesis.
Thus, product preference is dependent on income level. Different income groups have
different preferences for products A, B, and C.

10. Research Proposal: Perception of Viewers Towards Streaming Media

Title:
Perception of Viewers towards Streaming Media Platforms (Netflix, Prime Video, etc.)

Objectives:

• To study the popularity of streaming services.

• To assess user satisfaction with pricing, content, and user experience.

Methodology:

• Sample Size: 400 respondents aged 18–45.

• Sampling Method: Convenient sampling (frequent users).

• Data Collection: Online survey.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: Viewers’ perception is not influenced by pricing and content variety.

• H₁: Viewers’ perception is significantly influenced by pricing and content variety.

Expected Outcome:
User satisfaction largely depends on affordability, exclusive content, and ease of
access.

11. Suitable Sample Design

i) Survey of 1000 Employees Regarding HR Policies

• Population: 1000 employees categorized into 4 groups (e.g., Managers,

Engineers, Technicians, Support Staff).

• Sample Design: Stratified Random Sampling.

• Justification:
Different categories might have different perceptions about HR policies.
Stratified sampling ensures representation from all groups, making results more
reliable.

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ii) Study of Work-Life Balance of Working Women in City

• Population: Working women across sectors (IT, Education, Healthcare,

Banking).

• Sample Design: Purposive Sampling.

• Justification:
Only working women will be included. Specific groups will be targeted to ensure
meaningful data collection on work-life balance.

12. Hypotheses (Null & Alternate)

i) Impact of Pricing on a Product

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): Pricing has no significant impact on the demand for the
product.

• Alternate Hypothesis (H₁): Pricing has a significant impact on the demand for
the product.

ii) Impact of Brand on Willingness to Pay

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): Brand does not affect the willingness to pay by
consumers.

• Alternate Hypothesis (H₁): Brand significantly affects the willingness to pay by

consumers.

13. Research Proposal: CSR Practices and Consumer Behavior

Title:
Exploring the Relationship between CSR Practices and Consumer Behavior

Objective:

• To study how CSR activities influence purchasing decisions.

• To evaluate consumer loyalty towards brands with strong CSR policies.

Methodology:

• Sample Size: 300 consumers across different sectors.

• Sampling Method: Judgment sampling.

• Data Collection: Questionnaire survey.

• Analysis Tools: Regression and correlation analysis.

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Hypotheses:

• H₀: CSR practices have no significant effect on consumer behavior.

• H₁: CSR practices have a significant positive effect on consumer behavior.

Expected Outcome:
Consumers prefer and are loyal to companies that actively participate in CSR initiatives.

14. Research Proposal: Customer Satisfaction in Indian Supermarkets

Title:
Study on Customer Satisfaction Levels in Indian Supermarkets

Objectives:

• To identify key drivers of customer satisfaction (pricing, quality, service,

ambience).

• To recommend strategies for enhancing customer experience.

Methodology:

• Sample Size: 500 customers from different supermarkets.

• Sampling Method: Systematic random sampling.

• Data Collection: Structured questionnaires.

• Analysis Tools: Descriptive analysis, Chi-Square test.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: Customer satisfaction is not affected by service and product quality.

• H₁: Customer satisfaction is significantly affected by service and product quality.

Expected Outcome:
Better service quality, pricing, and ambience will improve customer satisfaction and
loyalty.

15. Questionnaire: Financial Awareness Among Youngsters

Questionnaire:

1. Age group: (Below 18/18-25/26-30)

2. Are you aware of savings accounts? (Yes/No)

3. Do you invest in mutual funds or stocks? (Yes/No)

4. What percentage of your income/savings do you invest? (0-10%, 10-20%, 20%+)

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 5. Are you aware of income tax policies? (Yes/No)

6. Do you know about SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans)? (Yes/No)

7. Have you ever used financial apps (Groww, Zerodha, Paytm Money)? (Yes/No)

8. Are you aware of cryptocurrency investment options? (Yes/No)

9. How do you prefer learning about financial products? (Social

Media/Workshops/Schools/Others)

10. Suggestions for improving financial awareness among youth: (Open-ended)

16. Sample Design: Need of MBA Degree for Getting Placed in an MNC

Objective:
To assess whether an MBA degree is a significant factor in securing placement in
multinational companies (MNCs).

Population:
MNC employees and candidates who have appeared for interviews in the past.

Sample Size:
300 individuals (150 with an MBA and 150 without an MBA).

Sampling Method:
Simple Random Sampling.

Justification:
This method ensures that every individual, regardless of their background, has an equal
chance of being selected, providing a more generalized and unbiased perspective.

17. Levels of Measurement

Levels of measurement refer to the way in which data can be categorized or quantified.
There are four primary types:

1. Nominal Level:

o Data is categorized into distinct groups or categories without a

meaningful order.

o Example: Gender (Male, Female), Nationality (Indian, American).

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 2. Ordinal Level:

o Data can be categorized and ordered, but the distances between

categories are not uniform.

o Example: Education level (High school, Bachelor's, Master's).

3. Interval Level:

o Data has both order and equal intervals between categories, but there is
no true zero point.

o Example: Temperature in Celsius (the difference between 10°C and 20°C

is the same as between 30°C and 40°C).

4. Ratio Level:

o Data has order, equal intervals, and a meaningful zero point.

o Example: Height (5 cm, 10 cm, 100 cm), Weight (50 kg, 60 kg).

18. Descriptive vs. Exploratory Research

Aspect Descriptive Research Exploratory Research

Objective To describe characteristics of a To explore new areas and develop a

population or phenomenon. deeper understanding.

Nature It focuses on answering "what" It aims to answer "why" and "how"

questions. questions.

Methods Surveys, case studies, Interviews, focus groups, literature

observations. reviews.

Data Quantitative or qualitative data. Mainly qualitative data.

Type

Purpose To provide a snapshot of the To generate new ideas,

current state of affairs. hypotheses, or insights.

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19. Questionnaire on Rising Cardiac Arrests Among Youngsters

Questionnaire:

1. Age: (Below 18/18-25/26-30/31-40)

2. Do you have a family history of cardiac problems? (Yes/No)

3. Do you follow a healthy diet? (Yes/No)

4. How often do you exercise? (Daily/Weekly/Never)

5. Do you smoke? (Yes/No)

6. Do you consume alcohol? (Yes/No)

7. Do you experience stress on a regular basis? (Yes/No)

8. Are you aware of the symptoms of cardiac arrest? (Yes/No)

9. Have you ever undergone a health check-up? (Yes/No)

10. Suggestions for preventing cardiac problems in youngsters: (Open-ended)

20. Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Errors in hypothesis testing are broadly categorized into two types:

1. Type I Error (False Positive):

o Occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.

o Example: A medical test incorrectly identifies a healthy person as

diseased.

2. Type II Error (False Negative):

o Occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is actually false.

o Example: A medical test fails to detect a disease in a sick person.

Trade-off Between Errors:

Increasing the sample size reduces the chances of Type II errors but increases the
chances of Type I errors, so researchers must balance the risks based on their study
objectives.

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21. Research Proposal for Disposal of Electronic Waste in Pune City

Title:
Study on Effective Disposal Methods of Electronic Waste in Pune City

Objective:
To examine the current methods of electronic waste disposal in Pune, identify
challenges, and propose sustainable solutions for handling e-waste.

Methodology:

• Sample Size: 200 households and 100 businesses in Pune.

• Sampling Method: Stratified random sampling (based on type of household or

business).

• Data Collection: Survey questionnaires and interviews with e-waste disposal

facilities.

• Analysis Tools: Descriptive statistics, factor analysis.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: The current e-waste disposal methods are effective.

• H₁: The current e-waste disposal methods are not effective.

Expected Outcome:
Provide recommendations for improved e-waste recycling processes and raise
awareness among citizens and businesses.

22. Chi-Square Test for Fairness of Dice

Given:

• The dice was thrown 120 times, and the frequency of various faces is:

Face No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency 10 15 25 25 15 27

Calculated Chi-Square Value: 11.40

Critical Chi-Square Value (at 5% level of significance and 5 df): 11.070

Null Hypothesis (H₀): The dice is fair (each face should appear with equal probability).
Alternate Hypothesis (H₁): The dice is not fair.

Test Interpretation:
Since the calculated Chi-Square value (11.40) is greater than the critical value (11.070),

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we reject the null hypothesis. This indicates that the dice is not fair, and the observed
frequencies do not match the expected frequencies for a fair die.

23. Questionnaire for Household Appliance Purchase Plans

Questionnaire:

1. Age: (Under 25/25-35/35-45/Above 45)

2. How often do you purchase new household appliances?

(Annually/Biannually/Every 3+ years)

3. What type of appliances do you prioritize purchasing? (Refrigerators/Washing

Machines/Televisions/Other)

4. Are you likely to purchase appliances during sales or discount seasons? (Yes/No)

5. Do you consider energy efficiency while buying appliances? (Yes/No)

6. Which brand do you prefer for major appliances? (Open-ended)

7. How do you finance your major appliance purchases?

(Loans/Savings/Installments)

8. Do you conduct online research before purchasing appliances? (Yes/No)

9. Have you ever purchased a second-hand appliance? (Yes/No)

10. What factors influence your appliance purchase decision the most?
(Price/Brand/Features/Energy Efficiency)

24. Research Hypothesis

A research hypothesis is a statement or assumption that a researcher tests through

their study. It proposes a relationship between variables and predicts the outcome of
the study.

Qualities of a Good Hypothesis:

1. Testable: It can be supported or refuted through observation or experimentation.

2. Clear and Concise: It is specific and understandable.

3. Based on Theory: It must be grounded in existing literature or theory.

4. Measurable Variables: The variables must be measurable.

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Example of a Hypothesis:

• H₀ (Null Hypothesis): There is no significant difference in customer satisfaction

between online and offline retail shopping experiences.

• H₁ (Alternate Hypothesis): There is a significant difference in customer

satisfaction between online and offline retail shopping experiences.

25. Probability Sampling Methods

1. Simple Random Sampling:

o Description: Each individual has an equal chance of being selected.

o Merits: Easy to implement, minimizes bias.

o Drawbacks: Not suitable for large populations with diverse subgroups.

2. Stratified Sampling:

o Description: Population is divided into subgroups (strata), and random

samples are taken from each.

o Merits: Ensures all subgroups are represented, improves accuracy.

o Drawbacks: Requires knowledge of the population's structure, more

complex.

3. Systematic Sampling:

o Description: Select every nth individual from the population.

o Merits: Simple and faster than random sampling.

o Drawbacks: Can introduce bias if the population has a periodic pattern.

4. Cluster Sampling:

o Description: The population is divided into clusters, and some clusters

are randomly selected.

o Merits: Cost-effective for large, dispersed populations.

o Drawbacks: Less precise if the clusters are not homogeneous.

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26. Research Proposal on Pune-Based Households and Their Interest in Home
Gardening

Title:
Study on the Interest and Practices of Home Gardening Among Households in Pune

Objective:
To assess the level of interest and involvement in home gardening among Pune
households and identify factors influencing gardening practices.

Methodology:

• Sample Size: 300 households in Pune.

• Sampling Method: Stratified random sampling based on location (urban vs.

suburban).

• Data Collection: Structured questionnaires, home visits for practical

observation.

• Analysis Tools: Descriptive statistics, factor analysis.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: There is no significant difference in the level of interest in home gardening

among urban and suburban households.

• H₁: There is a significant difference in the level of interest in home gardening

among urban and suburban households.

Expected Outcome:
Insights into the factors encouraging or hindering home gardening, with
recommendations for government or NGO interventions to promote green spaces.

27. Sample Design for Work-Life Balance of Working Women in IT Industry (Pune)

a) Situation 1:

• Objective: To study work-life balance among working women in Pune's IT

industry.

• Sample Design:

o Population: All women working in the IT sector in Pune.

o Sampling Method: Stratified random sampling based on job role

(developer, manager, support staff, etc.).

o Sample Size: 200 women.

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 o Data Collection: Surveys distributed through IT companies and online
platforms.

o Analysis Tools: Descriptive statistics, regression analysis to understand

the relationship between work-life balance and job satisfaction.

b) Situation 2:

• Objective: To study employee satisfaction in a small-scale company (100

employees) regarding welfare policies.

• Sample Design:

o Population: 100 employees of the company.

o Sampling Method: Census sampling, as the population is small.

o Data Collection: Structured survey to be completed by all employees.

o Analysis Tools: Frequency distribution and correlation analysis.

28. Research Proposal on the Impact of CSR Practices and Consumer Practices

Title:
Exploring the Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Practices
and Consumer Behavior

Objective:
To understand how CSR initiatives by companies influence consumer purchasing
decisions and brand loyalty.

Methodology:

• Sample Size: 500 consumers from diverse product categories (e.g., food,
clothing, electronics).

• Sampling Method: Stratified random sampling based on demographic variables.

• Data Collection: Consumer surveys and interviews, focus group discussions.

• Analysis Tools: Regression analysis to examine the effect of CSR on consumer

behavior.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: CSR practices have no significant impact on consumer purchasing

decisions.

• H₁: CSR practices have a significant impact on consumer purchasing decisions.

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Expected Outcome:
Recommendations for companies on integrating CSR into their business strategies to
increase consumer loyalty and improve brand perception.

29. Research Proposal on Customer Satisfaction in Indian Supermarkets

Title:
Assessing Customer Satisfaction Levels in Supermarkets in India

Objective:
To evaluate the customer satisfaction levels in Indian supermarkets and identify factors
affecting satisfaction.

Methodology:

• Sample Size: 500 customers from 5 major supermarket chains in India.

• Sampling Method: Simple random sampling from customer databases.

• Data Collection: Surveys distributed at supermarket checkouts and online

platforms.

• Analysis Tools: Factor analysis and regression models to determine key drivers
of satisfaction.

Hypotheses:

• H₀: Customer satisfaction is not influenced by product variety, customer service,

and pricing in supermarkets.

• H₁: Customer satisfaction is significantly influenced by product variety,

customer service, and pricing in supermarkets.

Expected Outcome:
Insights into key drivers of customer satisfaction, providing supermarkets with
actionable strategies to improve customer retention.

30. Questionnaire for Financial Awareness Among Youngsters

Questionnaire:

1. Age: (Under 18/18-24/25-30)

2. Do you have a personal bank account? (Yes/No)

3. Do you invest in stocks, mutual funds, or any financial instruments? (Yes/No)

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4. Have you heard of financial planning? (Yes/No)

5. What is your primary source of financial information?

(Family/Friends/Internet/Financial Advisors)

6. How often do you track your expenses? (Weekly/Monthly/Quarterly/Never)

7. Are you familiar with the concept of credit scores? (Yes/No)

8. Do you have any insurance (Health/Vehicle/Life)? (Yes/No)

9. Do you save for retirement? (Yes/No)

10. How confident are you in your ability to make sound financial decisions? (Very
confident/Somewhat confident/Not confident)

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