DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEGREE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE/TELECOMUNICATION

/EDUCATION IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING/BACHELOR OF EDUCATION
ELECTROMAGNETICS III LABORATORY MANUAL

Instructions:

Download this software and perform the lab experiments below

https://getintopc.com/softwares/electronics/keysight-advanced-design-system-

ads-2019-free-download/

Lab 1
Interactive Impedance Transformation: Lumped L
impedance Matching
Objectives
• To illustrate the basic of lumped-elements impedance matching.
• To demonstrate the use equations for calculation in schematic and data display
windows.
• To perform Impedance Matching Using Agilent Advanced Design System
(ADS) Software
Background
Impedance transformation serves many purposes in high frequency circuits, among them are
to:
1. Enable maximum power transfer between a source and load network.
2. To tune the performance of the circuit by controlling the impedance of the source
or load, for instance in low noise amplifier design the source impedance
determines the noise contribution of the amplifier. In oscillator design the load
impedance will affect the oscillation frequency.
In this lab, impedance transformation principle will be demonstrated using the ADS via
the interactive approach. The convention for terms used in impedance transformation is
shown in Figure 1.1. The impedance network used is the L impedance transformation
network. The L lumped impedance matching approach has two configurations, depending
upon the values of source resistance RS and load resistance RL. The schematics and
analytical expressions for the reactance and susceptance of the L network for the two cases
are shown in Figure 1.2.

For greater flexibility, we can use graphical method employing the Smith chart, which can
cater to matching network with more than two elements. The complexity of the analytical
expression grows exponentially with additional component, whereas the complexity of the
graphical method is only linearly dependent on the number of elements within the matching
network.

Figure 1.1 – Nomenclature of impedance transformation.

In this lab we want to transform a load impedance ZL = 100−j25 to ZI = 25+j15 at 500

MHz with configuration (a) from Fig. 1.2 for RL> Rs.
Performing Impedance Matching Using Agilent
Advanced Design System (ADS) Software
1. Create a new schematic design named LC_matching.dsn
a. Run the ADS version
b. From the main window of ADS, create a new project folder named LC Matching
under the directory “D:\ads_user\default\”.
 c. The new schematic window will automatically appears once the project is properly
created. Otherwise you can manually create a new schematic window by double

clicking the Create New schematic button on the menu bar .

2. Create the impedance matching circuit as shown in Figure 1.3:

a. From the Lump-Components palette, insert a series C capacitor and a shunt L

inductor.
Set their values to 0 pF and 0 nH respectively. Also insert an ideal DC block
b. Insert a Var Eqn (variable equation) from the Data Items palette. Edit and
assign the variables XL = −25, RL = 100 and Z0 = 50.
c. In the Eqn Based-Linear palette, insert a Zip_Eqn 1-port Z-parameter and set the
Z[1,1] value to RL+j*XL, our required load impedance.
d. Insert the S-parameters controller and sweep a single frequency point at
0.5GHz by setting Start and Stop frequencies to 0.5GHz. You may ignore the step
frequency.
e. Insert a single termination port, Term1 from the S-Parameters palette.
f. Insert a MeasEqn (measurement equation ) from the S-Parameters palette and
assign ZS = 25+j*15.
g. Arrange the circuit as the following:

3. Perform s-parameters simulation and create the display results

a. Click the Simulate button to run the simulation.

b. The ADS software will automatically invoke a data display window. The data
display window is used to show the result of the simulation. You can also

invoke the data display window manually by clicking the button .

c. Insert a Smith chart in the data display window as shown in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 – Inserting a Smith chart in the display area. Also shown equation button.

d. Right-click on the smith chart and click Item Options. You may change the
color and the thickness of the line of the Smith chart by using the Trace
Options tab as shown below

e. Also, change the smith chart format to display both the Z (impedance)
and Y (admittance) coordinates in the Plot Options tab.
 f. Your Smith chart should look similar to the one shown in Figure 1.7. Use a
Marker to display the complex value of the S11. Note that both impedance and
admittance coordinates are shown in the Smith chart.

Figure 1.7 –The Smith chart for S11 at 500 MHz as seen from component Term1.

g. Now we also want to show the S11 of the required image impedance Z I on the
Smith chart. This can be done by first calculating the S11 of ZI = 25+j15
using equation inserted into the data display area. The equation is shown
below. Note that S11 = I , the reflection coefficient of the impedance.

Figure 1.8 –Equation for finding S11 of the image impedance ZI (Note that we use ZS = ZI
 h. Now insert S11 for ZI as shown in Fig. 1.10. The resultant Smith chart
should be as shown in Figure 1.9. At this stage, save the data display as
LC_matching.dds.

Figure 1.9 – The final Smith chart, with the effect of adding C1 and L illustrated
Note:
The function of the L impedance transformation is to transform ZL = 100 − j25 into ZI = 25
+ j15 at 500 MHz. This is accomplished through the effect of adding a susceptance (as
created by C1) and a reactance (as created by L1). Using a graphical method such as Smith
chart allow us to visualize the effect of C1 and L1. These elements modify the position of
Marker m5, until it gradually reaches the position of Marker m6, as illustrated in Figure 1.10.
The position of m6 corresponds to ZI = 25 + j15 (at 500 MHz). When we achieved this, the
impedance transformation network design will be done.
 LAB II

OBJECTIVE
• Use of ADS to calculate Wavelength of Electromagnetic Wave in Dielectric Material
Background Theory
Transmission lines provide one media of transmitting electrical energy between the power
source to the load. Figure A shows three different geometry types of lines used at microwave
frequencies.

Figure A - Popular transmission lines.

The open two-wire line is the most popular at lower frequencies, especially for TV application.
Modern RF and microwave devices practice involves considerable usage of coaxial cables at
frequencies from about 10 MHz up to 30 GHz and hollow waveguides from 1 to 300 GHz.

A uniform transmission line can be defined as a line with distributed

elements, as shown in Figure B.
• R’ = Series resistance per unit length of line (Ω/m).
Resistance is related to the dimensions and conductivity of the metallic conductors;
resistance is depended on frequency due to skin effect.
• G’ = Shunt conductance per unit length of line ( ) G’ is related to the loss tangent
of the dielectric material between the two conductors. It is important to remember that
G’ is not a reciprocal of R’.
They are independent quantities, R’ being related to the various properties of the two conductors
while G’ is related to the properties of the insulating material between them.

Figure B -Transmission lines model

L ’ = Series inductance per unit length of line (H/m).
L’- Is associated with the magnetic flux between the conductors.
C’ = Shunt capacitance per unit length of line (F/m).
C’- Is associated with the charge on the conductors.
Naturally, a relatively long piece of line would contain identical sections as shown. Since these
sections can always be chosen to be small as compared to the operating wavelength. Hence the
idea is valid at all frequencies. The series impedance and the shunt admittance per unit length
of the transmission line are given by:
Z = R’ + JωL’
Y = G’ + JωC’

The expressions for voltage and current per unit length are given respectively
by equations (1) and (2):

Where the negative sign indicates on a decrease in voltage and current as z increases. The
current and voltage are measured from the receiving end; at z = 0 and line extends in negative
z-direction. The differentiating equations, (3) and (4), associate the voltage and current:

The above equations are known as wave equations for voltage and current, respectively,
propagating on a line. The solutions of voltage and current waves are:

These solutions are shown as the sum of two waves; the first term ,V1, indicates the wave
traveling in positive z-direction, and is called the incident wave, while the second term, V2,
indicates the wave traveling in the negative z-direction, and is called the reflected wave. γ is a
complex number that is called the propagation constant and can be defined as:

α is called the attenuation constant of the propagating wave, α is the real part while β is the
imaginary part and is called the phase constant. Thus, propagation constant γ is the phase shift
and attenuation per unit length along the line. Separating real and imaginary parts, we can get:
α is measured in nepers per unit length of the transmission line (1 neper = 8.686dB). β is
measured in radians per unit length of the transmission line. That means that β can be calculated
as:

Where λ is the wavelength or distance along the line corresponding to a phase change of 2π
radians. If the wavelength in free space is denoted by λ0, then:

Where c is the velocity of light in free space and vp is the velocity of electric
wave in a dielectric material.

Wavelength of Electromagnetic Wave in Dielectric Material

• Select a 50 cm length FR4 microstrip line, W idth = 3mm, Height =1.6mm, r = 4.6, Z0
= 50Ω, vp = 0.539c, eff = 3.446.

Figure 1 - 50 cm short circuit microstrip line

Figure 2 - Simulation of short circuit microstrip transmission line.

a) Simulate a short circuit λ/2 microstrip line according to Figure 2.

b) Draw a graph of the current as a function of time.
c) Explain the graph.
d) Find the distance where the current amplitude is minimum all the time.
e) Find the time where the current amplitude is minimum at every point on the
microstrip line. Save the data.
f) Find the position where the current amplitude is maximum and change the simulation
accordingly.
g) Draw a graph of the current as a function of time to prove your answer. Save the data.
h) Find the position where the current amplitude is minimum. Draw a graph of the
current as a function of time to prove your answer. Save the data.
 .LAB III
Transmission Line Modeling in ADS

Objective
In this project you are asked to perform some basic Transmission Line (TL) computations in

ADS. The simulations are done in the time-domain and involve a coax cable from the TLines-

Ideal palette in ADS. Figure 1 depicts the arrangement

Figure 1. A coax cable connected to a source and terminated by a resistor.

As you can see, COAX_MDS represents the coax cable with inner radius A of the inside
conductor and inside radius of the outer conductor Ri. The length is 12 mm, copper thickness
T is 0, and conductivities of the conductors are set to infinity (here 5.6x1020 S/m). Further,
µr=1, εr=1.0006, and the loss tangent is zero.
Questions
1. Based on the given data, compute inductance and capacitance per unit length of this
coax cable and determine the characteristic impedance. What is the wavelength for
f = 1GHz?
2. Plot the voltages at the beginning and end of the cable.

3. To achieve a delay of 330ps based on a 1GHz source frequency, how long does the cable
approximately have to be?

4. You now increase the frequency to 5GHz and you are required to implement a delay of
167ps. How long does the coax cable have to now?

5. For case 4) what happens if the load resistance is increased from 50Ω to 100Ω?

Note: As you run your simulations under different modeling conditions you have to adjust
StopTime and MaxTimeStep.