LECTURE 5: LECTURER

Antonius Suhartomo, B.Sc.,

DERIVATIVES M.Eng.Sc., M.B.A., Ph.D.
 AGENDA
 The Derivatives as a Function
 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
 The Chain Rule

8/30/2024 2
CHAPTER 3 DIFFERENTIATION
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3.1 THE DERIVATIVE AS A
FUNCTION
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DERIVATIVE FUNCTION
 At the end of Chapter 2, we defined the slope of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at the point
𝑥 = 𝑥0 where to be
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥0
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
 We called this limit, when it existed, the derivative of ƒ at 𝑥0 .
 We now investigate the derivative as a function derived from ƒ by considering the
limit at each point of the domain of ƒ.
 DEFINITION: The derivative of the function 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to variable 𝑥 is the
function 𝑓 ′ whose value at 𝑥 is
′
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥0
𝑓 𝑥 = lim ,
ℎ→0 ℎ
provided the limit exists.
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 ALTERNATIVE FORMULA
 If we write 𝑧 = 𝑥 + ℎ , then ℎ = 𝑧 − 𝑥 and ℎ
approaches 0 if and only if 𝑧 approaches 𝑥.
 Therefore, an equivalent definition of the
derivative is as follows (see Figure 3.1).
 Alternative Formula for the Derivative
′
𝒇 𝒛 −𝒇 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
𝒛→𝒙 𝒛−𝒙
𝑧 =𝑥+ℎ
ℎ → 0, 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑧 → 𝑥

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CALCULATING DERIVATIVES FROM THE
DEFINITION
 The process of calculating a derivative is called differentiation.
 To emphasize the idea that differentiation is an operation performed on a
function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , we use the notation
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑚.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
as another way to denote the derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 . 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑥1 + 𝑦1
= 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
 For instance,
𝑑 3 3
𝑥−4 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑 1 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
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EXAMPLE 1 APPLYING THE DEFINITION
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
SOLUTION:
Using definition:
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
1) 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim ℎ
ℎ→0
𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓 𝑥
2) 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim 𝑧−𝑥
𝑧→𝑥

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SOLUTION
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = thus the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 using limit
,
𝑥−1
′
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1 𝑥+ℎ 𝑥
= lim × −
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥+ℎ−1 𝑥−1
1 𝑥+ℎ 𝑥−1 −𝑥 𝑥+ℎ−1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏
= lim × − =
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥+ℎ−1 𝑥−1 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
1 𝑥 2 + ℎ𝑥 − 𝑥 − ℎ − 𝑥 2 − ℎ𝑥 + 𝑥 1 −ℎ
= lim × = lim ×
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥+ℎ−1 𝑥−1 ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥+ℎ−1 𝑥−1
−1 −1
= lim =
ℎ→0 𝑥 + ℎ − 1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥−1 2
SOLUTION
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = thus the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 using limit
,
𝑥−1
′
𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = lim
𝑧→𝑥
𝑧 𝑧 −𝑥𝑥
−
= lim 𝑧 − 1 𝑥−1
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
1 𝑧 𝑥−1 −𝑥 𝑧−1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏
= lim × − =
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧−1 𝑥−1 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
1 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑧
= lim × = lim ×
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧−1 𝑥−1 𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧−1 𝑥−1
−1 −1
= lim =
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥−1 2
SOLUTION
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = ,thus the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 using limit
𝑥−1
𝑑 𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑉 − 𝑈 𝑑𝑉
= 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈 = 𝑥; 𝑉 = 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑉 𝑉
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑥 = 1; 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑥−1 = 𝑥 − 1 =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑉 −𝑈 𝑑𝑉
Hence, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑉 𝑉2
𝑑 𝑥 1 𝑥−1 −𝑥 1 −1
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1 2
EXAMPLE 2 DERIVATIVE OF THE SQUARE
ROOT FUNCTION
(a) Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 for 𝑥 > 0.
(b) Find the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4.
SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, thus the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 using limit
′
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1
= lim × 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ
1 𝑥+ℎ+ 𝑥
= lim × 𝑥+ℎ− 𝑥 ×
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥+ℎ+ 𝑥
1 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥 1
= lim × = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥+ℎ+ 𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑥+ℎ+ 𝑥
1
=
2 𝑥
SOLUTION
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = , thus the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 using limit
𝑥−1
′
𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = lim
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
𝑧− 𝑥
= lim
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
1 𝑧+ 𝑥
= lim × 𝑧− 𝑥 ×
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧+ 𝑥
1 𝑧−𝑥 1
= lim × = lim
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧+ 𝑥 𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥
1
=
2 𝑥
SOLUTION
Find the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 =
𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4.
1
Given that tangent line is 𝑦′ 𝑥 = .
2 𝑥
Thus, for 𝑥 = 4,
′
1 1
𝑦 𝑥=4 = =
2 4 4
Therefore, the line equation, at 𝑥 =
4, 𝑦 = 2, is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
1 1
𝑦−2= 𝑥−4 →𝑦 = 𝑥+1
4 4
EXAMPLE 4 CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD
SUGAR
On April 23, 1988, the human-powered airplane Daedalus flew a record-breaking
119 km from Crete to the island of Santorini in the Aegean Sea, southeast of
mainland Greece.
During the 6-hour endurance tests before the flight, researchers monitored the
prospective pilots’ blood-sugar concentrations.
The concentration graph for one of the athlete-pilots is shown in Figure 3.4a, where
the concentration in milligrams deciliter is plotted against time in hours.
The graph consists of line segments connecting data points.
The constant slope of each segment gives an estimate of the derivative of the
concentration between measurements.

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EXAMPLE 4 CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD
SUGAR
 We calculated the slope of each segment from the coordinate grid and plotted the
derivative as a step function in Figure 3.4b. To make the plot for the first hour, for
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
instance, we observed that the concentration increased from about 79 to 93 .
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝐿
𝑚𝑔
 The net increase was ∆𝑦 = 93 − 79 = 14 . Dividing this by ∆𝑡 = 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 gave
𝑑𝐿
the rate of change as
∆𝑦 14 𝑚𝑔
= = 14 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
∆𝑡 1 𝑑𝐿
 Notice that we can make no estimate of the concentration’s rate of change at times
𝑡 = 1,2, ⋯ , 5, where the graph we have drawn for the concentration has a corner
and no slope.
 The derivative step function is not defined at these times.

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DIFFERENTIABLE ON AN INTERVAL; ONE-
SIDED DERIVATIVES
 A function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable on an open
interval (finite or infinite) if it has a derivative at each
point of the interval. It is differentiable on a closed
interval [a, b] if it is differentiable on the interior (a, b)
and if the limits
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎
lim+ 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ − ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓 𝑏+ℎ −𝑓 𝑏
lim 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 − ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑏
ℎ→0− ℎ
 exist at the endpoints (Figure 3.5).

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EXAMPLE 5 𝒚 = 𝒙 IS NOT
DIFFERENTIABLE AT THE ORIGIN
Show that the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 is differentiable on −∞, 0 and
0, ∞ but has no derivative at 𝑥 = 0.
SOLUTION:

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Right hand derivative, 𝑦 = 𝑥 at zero,
′
𝑓 0+ℎ −𝑓 ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 = 0 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ ℎ
= lim lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ > 0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim 1 = 1
ℎ→0

Left hand derivative, 𝑦 = −𝑥 at zero,

′
𝑓 0+ℎ −𝑓 ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 = 0 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
= lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ < 0
ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim −1 = −1
ℎ→0
WHEN DOES A FUNCTION NOT HAVE A
DERIVATIVE AT A POINT?
 A function has a derivative at a point 𝑥0 if the slopes of the secant lines
through 𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑓 𝑥0 and a nearby point 𝑄 on the graph approach a limit
as 𝑄 approaches 𝑃.
 Whenever the secants fail to take up a limiting position or become vertical
as 𝑄 approaches 𝑃, the derivative does not exist.
 Thus differentiability is a “smoothness” condition on the graph of ƒ.
 A function whose graph is otherwise smooth will fail to have a derivative at
a point for several reasons, such as at points where the graph has

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DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS ARE
CONTINUOUS
A function is continuous at every point where it has a derivative.
THEOREM 1: Differentiability Implies Continuity
If 𝑓 has a derivative at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
PROOF:
 Given that 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 exists, we must show that lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑐 , or
𝑥→𝑐
equivalently, that lim 𝑓 𝑐 + ℎ = 𝑓 𝑐 . If ℎ ≠ 0, then
ℎ→0
𝑓 𝑐+ℎ =𝑓 𝑐 + 𝑓 𝑐+ℎ −𝑓 𝑐
𝑓 𝑐+ℎ −𝑓 𝑐
=𝑓 𝑐 + ∙ℎ
ℎ
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DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS ARE
CONTINUOUS
 Now take limits as ℎ → 0. By Theorem 1
𝑓 𝑐+ℎ −𝑓 𝑐
lim 𝑓 𝑐 + ℎ = lim 𝑓 𝑐 + lim ∙ lim ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
′
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
=𝑓 𝑐 +𝑓 𝑐 ∙0=𝑓 𝑐

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THE INTERMEDIATE VALUE PROPERTY OF
DERIVATIVES
 Not every function can be some function’s derivative, as
we see from the following theorem.
 THEOREM 2: DARBOUX’S THEOREM
 If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are any two points in an interval on which 𝑓 is
differentiable, then 𝑓 ′ takes on every value between
𝑓 ′ 𝑎 and 𝑓 ′ 𝑏 .
 Theorem 2 (which we will not prove) says that a function
cannot be a derivative on an interval unless it has the
Intermediate Value Property there.
 For example, the unit step function in Figure 3.7 cannot
be the derivative of any real-valued function on the real
line.
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3.2 DIFFERENTIATION RULES
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POWERS, MULTIPLES, SUMS, AND
DIFFERENCES
 The first rule of differentiation is that the derivative of every
constant function is zero.
 Rule 1 Derivative of a Constant Function
 If 𝑓 has the constant value 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐, then
𝑑𝑓 𝑑
= 𝑐 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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RULE OF DIFFERENTIALS
 RULE 2 POWER RULE FOR POSITIVE INTEGERS
𝑓 = 3𝑥 −4
 If 𝑛 is a positive integer, then 𝑑
3𝑥 −4 = −4 3𝑥 −4−1
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 = −12𝑥 −5
𝑑𝑥
 RULE 3 CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE
 If 𝑢 is a differentiable function of 𝑥, and 𝑐 is a constant, then
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑢 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 RULE 4 DERIVATIVE SUM RULE
 If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥, then their sum 𝑢 + 𝑣 is differentiable
at every pint where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both differentiable. At such points,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢+𝑣 = + .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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EXAMPLE 3
The derivative formula
𝑑
3𝑥 2 = 3 ∙ 2𝑥 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
says that if we rescale the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 by multiplying
each 𝑦 −coordinate by 3, then we multiply the slope at each
point by 3 (Figure 3.9).

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EXAMPLE 6 FINDING HORIZONTAL
TANGENTS
Does the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 2 have any horizontal tangents? If so, where?
SOLUTION:

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0
4𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1 = 4𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 = 0
 Thus, horizontal tangents are,
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 1
 At the points,
0,2 , −1,1 , 1,1

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 RULE OF DIFFERENTIALS
 RULE 5 DERIVATIVE PRODUCT RULE
 If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable at 𝑥, then so is their product 𝑢𝑣, and
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 RULE 6 DERIVATIVE QUOTIENT RULE
𝑢
 If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable at 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑥 ≠ 0, then so is their product
𝑣
is differentiable at 𝑥, and 3
𝑥 4 0 − 3 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑓 = 3𝑥 −4 =
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢 𝑥4
𝑥 8
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 0
3
=
−12𝑥
=−
12
= −12𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2 𝑣 = 𝑥 4 , 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑥 3
𝑥8 𝑥5
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RULE OF DIFFERENTIALS
 RULE 7 POWER RULE FOR NEGATIVE INTEGERS
 If 𝑛 a negative integer and 𝑥 ≠ 0, then
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥

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EXAMPLE 12 TANGENT TO A CURVE
Find an equation for the tangent to the curve
2
𝑦=𝑥+
𝑥
at the point (1, 3) (Figure 3.11).
SOLUTION:
𝑑 2
𝑦 = 1 − 2 → 𝑦 ′ 𝑥 = 1 = 1 − 2 = −1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
 Line equation given slope and point 1,3 is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 3 = −1 𝑥 − 1 = −𝑥 + 1
 Thus, tangent line is
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4
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EXERCISE
The values of derivatives,
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , for 𝑓 ′ −3 , 𝑓 ′ 0 , 𝑓 ′ 1
2
2. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 + 1, for 𝐹 ′ −1 , 𝐹 ′ 0 , 𝐹 ′ 2
1
3. 𝑔 𝑡 = 2 , for 𝑔′ −1 , 𝑔′ 2 , 𝑔′ 3
𝑟
1−𝑧
4. 𝑘 𝑧 = , for 𝑘 ′ −1 , 𝑘 ′ 1 , 𝑘 ′ 2
2𝑧
2
5. 𝑝 𝜃 = 3𝜖𝜃, for 𝑝′ 1 , 𝑝′ 3 ,𝑝 ′
3
1
6. 𝑟 𝑠 = 2𝑠 + 1, for 𝑟 ′ 0 , 𝑟 ′ 1 , 𝑟 ′ 2
EXERCISE
The values of derivatives,
𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , for 𝑓 ′ −3 , 𝑓 ′ 0 , 𝑓 ′ 1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0 − 2𝑥 = −2𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ −3 = −2 −3 = 6, 𝑓 ′ 0 = 0, 𝑓 ′ 1 = −2
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥−1 2+ 1, for 𝐹 ′ −1 , 𝐹 ′ 0 , 𝐹 ′ 2
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 2 + 1 = 𝑢2 + 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 =𝑥−1→ = 𝑢′ = 1
𝑑𝑥
′ 2−1 ′
𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑢 + 0 = 2 𝑥 − 1 1 = 2𝑥 − 2
𝐹 ′ −1 = −2 − 2 = −4, 𝐹 ′ 0 = −2, 𝐹 ′ 2 = 2
EXERCISE
1
𝑔 𝑡 = for 𝑔′ −1 , 𝑔′ 2 , 𝑔′ 3
,
𝑟2
′
2 ′
2 ′
1 ′ 2
𝑔 𝑥 = − 3 → 𝑔 −1 = − = 2, 𝑔 2 = − , 𝑔 3 =−
𝑟 −1 4 3 3
EXERCISE
The values of derivatives,
1−𝑧
𝑘 𝑧 = , for 𝑘 ′ −1 , 𝑘 ′ 1 , 𝑘 ′ 2
2𝑧
′
2𝑧 −1 − 1 − 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑧 1
𝑘 𝑧 = 2 = 2 =− 2
4𝑧 4𝑧 2𝑧
1 1 1
𝑘 ′ −1 = − , 𝑘 ′ 1 = − , 𝑘 ′ 2 = −
2 2 4
2
𝑝 𝜃 = 3𝜃, for 𝑝′ 1 , 𝑝′ 3 ,𝑝 ′
3
1 −1 1 3 1 1 ′ 2 1
𝑝′ 𝜃 = 3 × 𝜃 =
2 ′
→𝑝 1 = ′
3, 𝑝 3 = , 𝑝 = 2
2 2 𝜃 2 2 3 2
EXERCISE
The values of derivatives,
1
𝑟 𝑠 = 2𝑠 + 1, for 𝑟 ′ 0 , 𝑟 ′ 1 , 𝑟 ′
2
′
1 1
−2 1
𝑟 𝑠 = 2𝑠 + 1 2 =
2 2𝑠 + 1
′ ′
1 1 1
𝑟 0 = 1, 𝑟 1 = , 𝑟′ = 2
3 2 2