SMART ATTENDANCE USING RFID

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering Degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

BY

AKASH KUMAR. A (39140001)

SANJAY. K (39140048)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119

APRIL 2023
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of

AKASH KUMAR.A (Reg. No. 39140001) and SANJAY.K (Reg. No. 39140048)
who carried out the project entitled “SMART ATTENDANCE USING RFID" under
our supervision from November 2022 to April 2023.

Internal Guide
Dr. S. NIRMAL RAJ

Head of the Department

Dr. V. SIVACHIDAMBARANATHAN

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on_____________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

We AKASH KUMAR.A (Reg. No. 39140001) and SANJAY.K (Reg. No. 39140048)
hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “SMART ATTENDANCE USING
RFID” done by us under the guidance of Dr. S. NIRMAL RAJ is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

1.

2.

DATE:

PLACE: SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Board of

Management of SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project
and for completing it successfully. We are grateful to them.

We convey our thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDHITA., Dean, School of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Dr. V. SIVACHIDAMBARANATHAN,
Head of the Department, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for
providing us necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive
reviews.

We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our
Project Guide Dr. S. NIRMAL RAJ for his valuable guidance, suggestions and
constant encouragement paved way for the successful completion of our project
work.

We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff

members of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering who were
helpful in many ways for the completion of the project.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Attendance systems are commonly used in schools, colleges and offices etc.

Manual attendance method only used in many places. It is quite boring and it takes

much time for the staffs and they needs to take care of their records for long time.

So we have developed a project on IOT based smart attendance system using

Fingerprint sensor and using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). By using RFID

card, we can authenticate a person. First we need to Enroll all the information like

student ID, class, and finger print details. When student enter to the class room it

will read the student information using RFID attached with student id card then it will

check the finger print of the student after the verification success it will ask the lunch

type (veg/non veg). These information send to parents using SMS/email. It

automatically stores the information in a IOT cloud. So the staffs can access these

data’s at any time. Here we are using web server to store the Students data’s. If

unauthorized persons touch the senor, it will not take as a valid ID.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITRATURE REVIEW 2
2.1 SURVEY PAPERS 2

3 EXISTING SYSTEM 7
3.1 INTRODUCTION 7
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 9
3.3 DISADVANTAGES 10
3.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 10
3.5 IEEE STANDARDS 11

4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 12
4.1 INTRODUCTION 12
4.2 OBJECTIVE 12
4.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 13
4.4 METHODOLOGY 13
4.5 APPLICATIONS 14
4.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM 14
4.7 ADVANTAGES 15
4.8 DISADVANTAGES 15
4.9 RELATED WORKS 16

v
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.10 HARDWARE KIT OF SMART 15

ATTENDANCE USING RFID TAG 16
18

5 HARDWARE DETAILS 19
5.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 19
5.1.1 ESP 32 19
5.1.2 FINGERPRINT SENSOR R307 21
5.1.3 LCD 22
5.1.4 RFID 25
5.1.5 GSM 29
5.2 SOFRWARE REQUIREMENT 30
5.2.1 EMBEDDED C 30

6 CONCLUSION 32

7 SUMMARY 33

8 REFRENCES 35

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 Comparison of different technologies with RFID 17

tag system
5.1 LCD display pin description table 23

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Block diagram of RIAMS’s face recognition 9

module
3.2 Fake Face Identification 9
4.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System 13
4.2 Hardware Kit 18
5.1 ESP32 20
5.2 Fingerprint sensor R307 21
5.3 LCD display 22
5.4 LCD display pins 23
5.5 RFID tag 25
5.6 RFID in the Electromagnetic Spectrum 27
5.7 SIM800L GSM/GPRS module 29

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication

IOT - Internet of Things
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
RIAMS - Random Interval Attendance Management System
SAS - Smart Attendance System
UIN - Unique Identification Number

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The concept “Internet of Things” (IoT) has recently attracted growing

attention from both academia and industry. IoT is a scenario where devices (even
animals or people) are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to
automatically transmit data over a network without requiring human-to computer
interaction. IoT is a scenario where devices (even animals or people) are provided
with unique identifiers and the ability to automatically transmit data over a network
without requiring human-to computer interaction. RFID forms an essential block of
IoT where RFID devices are wireless microchips used for tagging objects for
automated identification. RFID can help to identify and to monitor items (products,
people, student, etc.) wirelessly within a specified distance (a few centimeters to
hundreds of meters). In this paper, we describe the proposed Smart Attendance
System (SAS) using RFID technology. Our framework utilizes RFID tags which allow
school/college to monitor the student attendance in and out of the class, upload the
data on Google Spreadsheet, send alert to parents using SMS/email and generate
a report quickly. When RFID tags pass through the read-range zone of the RFID
reader, the system will record data from the RFID tags to the database system which
could be a central server at the school. In Addition to schools, SAS is an automatic
integrated system used to assist in taking attendance in any organization. SAS
provides organization, efficiency, and convenience utilizing the trending
technologies of IoT. The ultimate benefits of this system to schools and
organizations is to automate the attendance system and save time. It will prevent
students from bunking classes through SMS sending feature to parents if they
subscribe to the service.

1
 CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 SURVEY PAPERS

 A.A. Olanipekun et al., (2017) have implemented a system called RFID

Based Automatic Attendance systems [3]. This attendance system
software has been developed using VB.net and database (Microsoft
Access). Each student has RFID tag attached with their Student ID card.
There is a serial connection amid computer and RFID reader also has
been maintained for connection between RFID and the computer system.
The RFID reader is placed at the lecture hall door. Whenever students
enter the lecture hall RFID reader read the RFID tag and it store the all
information (Entry time, Name, etc.) of students into database via serial
connection and maintain the system. Here admin of this system can view
all documents using the software interface by retrieving information from
database without any difficulties not like traditional system [3].

 Hasanein D.Rjeib et al., (2018) implemented an attendance system with

the combination of RFID and Web-Based system. This system uses a
RFID tag and reader for getting students’ attendance and read particular
student. Then this reader connects with Arduino microcontroller which
passes the RFID reader response to web server by using Arduino shield,
finally the attendance of students can be stored in web server by using
PHP and MySQL. The admin of the system can view all students
documents by login to this particular web based application and also can
view the student’s details using LCD displays [4]. Electronic copy
available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3372734

2
 Srivignessh PSS et al.,(2019) Found a system that, RFID and Pose
Invariant Face Verification for automatic attendance system. This system
works under two-factor verifications. In the first step, students need to
use RFID tag which is read by RFID reader. If the first step is succeeded
then it moves to second step of verification, if not, student becomes under
unrecognized category. The second step is Face verification, if the face
match with particular RFID tag then it marks attendance into database.
Missing the above both readings, the system identifies the fraud students.
This two-factor automatic system reduces the misuse of identity theft for
the purpose of getting attendance [5].

 Moth Myint Thein et al., (2020) Chaw developed a Students’ Attendance

Management System Based on RFID and Fingerprint Reader. This
system also works as two factor verification. In this system RFID reader
is connected with computer and computer has specific software to
measure automatic attendance of students which is developed by
Microsoft Visual studio and a SQL database also maintain in this system.
At the initial, every student must register his/her RFID tag and
Fingerprints and it is stored in the database. When students enter the
class room they need to use RFID tag and this will be reading by RFID
reader which checks the database to confirm the tag, if it is correct then
next verification starts. In second step fingerprint of the student is verified.
If it is matched then attendance will be stored in server. Admin can view,
edit and delete the system. Also, teachers have authentication to use this
system, they also can act as admin. This is very speed (since the RFID)
and secure system (finger print). In case, Tag can be used by others as
well but two factor mitigates the issues and attendance stored
automatically proper as well as there are fraud free actions [6].

 “Arduino Based Smart RFID Security and Attendance System with Audio
Acknowledgement” is developed by Yashi Mishra et al. (2017) SD card
module with RFID tag which carry different voice codes is used in this
system. The tag ID and code of the voice greeting stored in SD card
module. While a student enters the class room door, his / her RFID tag is

3
 being read. If the ID of the tag matched with stored data in the SD card
then particular person needs to use the voice greeting, if it is matched
then the door will be opened and the attendance will store in excel sheet.
Student can view the attendance detail using the LCD placed in Arduino.
Here Arduino working as microcontroller to connect LCD, RFID reader,
SD card module and so on. This system is also working as two-factor
verification process. Moreover, this system is very simple schematics
than other system because of very simple components and design. Also
here we get fast response with accuracy [7].

 Anil Kumar Shukla (2015) had been created a prototype system called
Microcontroller Based Attendance System Using RFID and GSM. This
system consists three at Mega16 microcontroller placed in between RFID
reader, GSM modem and computer. Each microcontroller has its own
purpose. The system starts whenever a teacher used his/her RFID tag to
enter the class room and students will enter the class room by swapping
their tag within five minutes. RFID reader reads RFID tag and sends the
signal to first microcontroller which analyses the signal of RFID reader
and opens class room door using IR signal which is influenced by a
motor. The signal is temporarily stored in microcontroller, when teacher
finishes his / her class he /she must swap the RFID tag again to the
reader and system decides automatically that the class is over. Thus,
microcontroller passes the temporary stored signal to computer database
as attendance. Electronic copy available at:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3372734 In case of absent of student, the
signal passes to GSM modem and it will send the message to parents of
the students who were not at the class. If any students go out before
teacher use finishing RFID tag which doesn’t count the status (present)
of the students. This system itself added advanced and reliable security
features. Thus students are not able to cheat the administration and
parents [8].

 Sandhya Konatham et al. proposed a system that working with RFID and
GSM. Here they have used microcontroller (LPC) as an intermediate

4
 amid GSM module and RFID. Whenever students enter the classroom,
they need to use their tag which read by RFID reader and it send to the
present signal to GSM module. If the ID of the tag does not match with
database it considered as unauthorized access. If it is okay then GSM
module send massage administration and parents. [9].

 Srinidhi MB et al., (2015) proposed a system that web based attendance

using four-tier architecture by using RFID and Biometrics. In this system
student’s and teacher’s RFID unique code will store into the database. A
RFID reader and fingerprint device are placed at the door of the
classroom. When students enter classroom, they need to use the RFID
tag which read by reader and verifies identify by comparing with database
whether the tag matches or not. Second level verification will be allowed
if and only if first level is succeeded. Verification with fingerprint is the
second step of the system and if the student’s finger print matches with
database then the attendance will be marked and stored into database,
if not there is no attendance for students. The fingerprint verification only
active in span of ten minutes including five minutes before the schedule
and after the schedule of class starting time. If anyone late then it denies
to provide attendance to particular student but students can stay at the
lectures and learn. Finally, SMS will send to the student’s parents about
inform particular students’ presence. This system is time oriented [10].

 H. K. Nguyen et al., (2014) developed a prototype for attendance

management system with the placement of a greater number of RFID
readers placed in room and there is a server application maintains via a
laptop. The reader and laptop or PC connected with the help of wireless
router or LAN connection. When a person enters the room, he / she
needs to use the RFID tag which reads by RFID reader and passes the
attendance to the server through wireless or LAN connection. Since
many RFID readers are placed, more than one person can get the
attendance simultaneously and get the higher efficiency than traditional
method [11]. Also, Muhammad Benny Chaniago and Apri Junaidi
suggested a system that working with RFID and Telegram Messenger

5
 Application. In this system students are needed to meet the teachers for
tapping of RFID tags. If it is matched with tag stored in the database, then
it sends to the attendance to the principal in the form of excel as well as
it sends a message to the specific student’s parent via Telegram
messenger [12].

 S. M. Anzar, (Member, IEEE), N. P. Subheesh, (Member, IEEE),

Alavikunhu Panthakkan, (Member, IEEE), shanid malayil, and Hussain
Al Ahmad, (Life Member, IEEE) (2021) In this paper, we introduce the
‘Random Interval Attendance Management System’ (RIAMS), which is
an innovative solution for attendance monitoring issues, students’
disengagement, and attendance faking during virtual learning. In RIAMS,
we employed a face recognition module built using the Dlib open-source
software library. In order to improve the efficiency of the system, we
introduced two ancillary modalities – verifying students’ responses to
CAPTCHAs and UIN (Unique Identification Number) queries. Both the
face recognition and ancillary modalities operate at random intervals of
time. This distinctive feature of randomness in our design ensures that
students’ attention and engagement in virtual learning are enhanced.
Furthermore, the RIAMS’ multimodal architecture and its sub-modalities’
adaptive weight system enable teachers to customize their attendance
strategy for every course. The output analysis of each of the RIAMS
modalities and the combined results emphasize the effectiveness and
reliability of our system in the attendance management for virtual
learning.

CHAPTER 3

6
 EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Random Interval Attendance Management System (RIAMS) is

based on a novel and innovative design, the first of its kind, which resolves the
unavailability of a proper attendance management system for virtual learning. The
experimental results show that the RIAMS device model is highly efficient and
scalable. Its modest design allows teachers to precisely monitor and manage
students’ attendance and generate reports as per the administrative requirements.
The automated system reduces wastage of time and manual labour involved in
tracking and managing attendance in virtual classrooms. RIAMS is very user-
friendly and robust and can be easily integrated with any existing virtual meeting
platform. It offers the following innovative and efficient features.

1) The proposed design has a robust and efficient AI-DL based face
recognition module, customized for virtual learning applications
with an added fake-face identification subsystem that monitors
only genuine faces in the virtual classroom.

2) Integration of ancillary modalities such as CAPTCHA and UIN

subsystems to RIAMS further improves its efficiency. Students’
responses to the queries provided by these subsystems, along
with the timestamps, help teachers in assessing students’
attention and engagement in virtual classrooms. Ancillary
modalities also help teachers in maintaining the attention span
(10-15 minutes) of students, by setting a minimum time interval
between each CAPTCHA and/or UIN query.

3) Both the face recognition module and ancillary modalities

(CAPTCHA and UIN) are designed to operate at random intervals
of time. The randomness ensures that students cannot predict at
which instant of time the attendance is going to be monitored. This

7
 can effectively reduce dropping out of participants during virtual
learning.

4) RIAMS’s final decision to register the attendance is obtained by a

multi-mode fusion of decisions from the face recognition,
CAPTCHA, and UIN subsystems. This multi-mode approach
enhances the adeptness of the system and reduces discrepancies
in attendance.

5) RIAMS requires only a nominal bandwidth for internet usage, as

the students’ video cameras are supposed to be ON only for short
periods at random intervals.

6) RIAMS has a novel, non-obvious, intelligible, and modest design

that can be suitably scaled as per the academic or industrial
attendance management requirements. This industrially relevant
design can be implemented worldwide for any virtual meeting in
post-COVID settings.

8
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 3.1: Block diagram of RIAMS’s face recognition module

Fig. 3.2: Fake Face Identification

9
3.3 DISADVANTAGES

This paper attempted to bring an efficient attendance management

system within the limitations of a prototype design. We developed the RIAMS as a
prototype model and implemented it in a pilot study with ten students only. Extensive
testing in large virtual classrooms with more students is yet to be carried out.
Moreover, the overall performance of the RIAMS could not be compared with other
attendance monitoring systems as its design is unique and novel. There are no
similar systems for attendance monitoring invirtual classroom susing the random
interval technique and ancillary modalities. We used the Dlib open source software
library for developing the RIAMS face recognition module as it is highly accurate
and efficient. Therefore the accuracy of the RIAMS face recognition module is
limited to Dlib’s accuracy. In our design, we considered only static weights for face
recognition and ancillary modalities. The scalability issues and potential problems
that may arise while adding further modalities into the RIAMS design are not
considered in this paper, as they fall outside the scope of the present work.

3.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

► The old RFID Tag reader is not enough just because it is not
accurate and can be easily manipulated.

► To ensure no-malpractice is done two step verification is done

(Fingerprint Recognisation).

► Also to avoid food wastage in our college we have added a system

in which Students are able to choose the type of food in the
morning.

10
3.5 IEEE STANDARDS

 IEEE 802.11(LAN) - This standard specifies the requirements for

wireless LAN (Local Area Network) products, including RFID readers
and tags, that can be used for attendance tracking and other
applications

 IEEE 802.15.4(MAC) - This standard defines the physical and MAC (Media
Access Control) layer specifications for low-rate wireless
personal area networks (LR-WPANs), which can be used for RFID-
based attendance tracking.

 IEEE 1599.2(LAN,WAN,WSN) - This standard provides guidelines for the

design and implementation of RFID-based attendance tracking systems.
It covers various aspects of the system, such as the hardware, software,
communication protocols, and security.

 IEEE 2410(Ethernet based IOT) - This standard specifies the

requirements for RFID-based location tracking systems, which can be
used for attendance tracking in large facilities, such as schools,
universities, and offices.

 IEEE 2917.1(EBAN) - This standard provides guidelines for the

deployment of RFID systems in educational institutions, including
attendance tracking systems

11
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In this proposed system RFID, Finger print sensor, GSM technologies are
used. When student enter to the class room it will read the student information using
RFID attached with student id card then it will check the finger print of the student
after the verification success it will ask the lunch type (veg/non veg).All the
information send to the parents through SMS/ Email.

4.2 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the proposed system is as follows

1. To save time and work. This system contains of two step

verification with an RFID tag and Fingerprint sensors.

2. To ensure No-Malpractice is done during the process. The first

process consists of scanning RFID tag, the second process
consists of Fingerprint recognition.

3. To let Know parent's about their Son/Daughter's Academic

performances. This can be done using a GSM, Where the parent's
get notified via SMS/Mail

4. To avoid food wastage, by asking the student to choose between

Veg and Non-veg.

12
4.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1. The main scope of the project is to reduce the time taken to take
Attendance during the class hours.

2. This gives the teacher more time to focus on class and teach more.

3. This also reduces the chance of malpractice for students to bunk

classes during class hours.

4. This project also aims to reduce in wastage of food, by asking

students to choose which type of food they need for afternoon.

4.4 METHODOLOGY

► The ESP32 chip acts as the core of the component. This chip
contains a total of 48 pins, which serves separate functions.

► The GSM is connected to the ESP32, This GSM sends Messages

using IOT. The data is stored in cloud.

► The RFID tag is given to the students. The RFID reader Reads
and collects data from the RFID tag.

► A secondary data analysis is done just to ensure no Malpractice is

done.

► After this process student should choose whether he needs Veg

or Non-Veg for the lunch. Which is provided by the college.

4.5 APPLICATIONS

13
 The main application of the project is to avoid manual data collection and
to use cloud and IOT based data collection to ensure no loss of data. And
help in the process of Food Management.

4.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM

GSM

RFID TAG CLOUD

RFID READER ESP32 NON VEG

FINGER
VEG
PRINT
SENSOR

Web Server

PC WEB SERVER

Fig. 4.1: Block Diagram of Proposed System

4.7 ADVANTAGES

Reports

14
 Well, the thing of calculations and generating reports is certainly a
frustrating job for many users. With IoT based attendance system, calculating your
attendance based revenues and generating reports will be much easier and fun. The
amount of time it saves will have a tremendous effect on your employee satisfaction
role.

Real time tracking

Mobiles and personal computers have been a great help to the IoT based
smart attendance system. The devices can keep a good track of the location of the
person checking back on the quality and viability of things around. Also, it can
improve safety and quality of life.

Decreased redundancy errors

Since the IoT system senses your presence based on an activity, the
chance for human errors and redundant data is reduced. The time and attendance
system based on the IoT technology has shown that 99% of data is accurate with
minimal human intervention.

4.8 DISADVANTAGES

1. RFID systems are often more expensive than barcode systems

2. RFID technology is harder to understand

3. Can be (debatably) less reliable

4. RFID tags are usually larger than barcode labels

5. Tags are application specific. No one tag fits all

6. Possibility of unauthorized reading of passports and credit cards. More

than one tag can respond at the same time

4.9 Related Work

15
 Our primary criteria is to review all studies that have used IoT technology
to track student attendance in order to determine which technology is the highest
quality and most effective. Numerous studies have suggested various strategies and
techniques for the intelligent monitoring system.

Recently, educational institutions have been attempting to use new

technology that can assist them in accurately recording attendance to improve their
attendance system. We mention Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as one of
these technologies. It consists of an RFID tag and an RFID reader and is becoming
more and more common in the detection industry. An effective way to monitor
schools is via RFID. For example, Shah S. N. et al. [23] developed a smart
attendance system utilising RFID tags that would enable schools to monitor student
attendance in and out of class and collect student data to make it accessible to
instructors and staff at any time and from any location.

Ayu M.A. et al. proposed an attendance system in a university setting

using Near-Field Communication (NFC) technology. It is a web-based attendance
system that consists of a web server and NFC components, and it is designed to
improve the current daily attendance registration and reduce the time spent on
recording attendance. Data is sent over a short distance via NFC, which is based
on RFID technology.

Microchip and RFID technologies are combined in Bluetooth Low Energy

(BLE), a wireless personal area network that offers various benefits. is designed to
have a far lower power usage than traditional Bluetooth. Another contemporary
technology used in school attendance is BLE. For instance, BLE beacons, a
smartphone, and a web service are all used in the smart attendance management
system that Zori B. et al. presented. The system's architecture solves the most
common problems that come up while monitoring student attendance, like frequent
efforts to cheat. We chose RFID technology above the other technologies discussed
in this section because of its affordable price and the many advantageous
characteristics it offers, as stated in Table.

Table 4.1: Comparison proposed system with existing systems

16
 NFC BLE RFID
Range -15 cm -50 cm -100 cm
Network type Point to Point WPAN Point to Point
Frequency HF UHF/HF LF/UHF/HF
Set-up Time -0.1S -9S -0.1s
Communication Two-Way Two-way One-Way
Power Consumption Varies with
Very-Low Very-low
Frequency
Cost of Device Very-Low High Low/High

A short-range wireless communication technology known as NFC (Near Field

Communication) operates within a range of roughly 15 cm. It is frequently used for data
transfer between devices, including smartphones and point-of-sale terminals, and
contactless payments. NFC has a high frequency (HF) operation and a quick setup time of
typically less than 0.1 seconds. NFC uses extremely little power and allows for two-way
communication. NFC-enabled devices are typically quite inexpensive.

A wireless communication technique known as BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) has an

operating range of roughly 50 cm to 100 cm. It is frequently used to link smartphones to
wearable gadgets like smartwatches and fitness trackers. BLE setup typically takes nine
seconds and can work at either high frequency (HF) or ultra-high frequency (UHF). BLE
utilises relatively little power and offers two-way communication. However, BLE-enabled
gadgets are typically more expensive than NFC-enabled gadgets.

A wireless communication technology called RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) has a range
of roughly 100 cm. It is frequently used to keep track of stock and assets, including automobiles
and shipping containers. Depending on the application, RFID can operate at low frequency (LF),
high frequency (HF), or ultra-high frequency (UHF). Setup occurs very quickly, usually in less than
0.1 seconds. One-way communication is supported by RFID, thus information can be read from
but not written to an RFID tag. Depending on the frequency being used, RFID devices use different
amounts of power. Depending on the application, RFID-enabled devices might be expensive or
inexpensive.

4.10 HARDWARE KIT OF SMART ATTENDANCE USING RFID TAG

17
 Fig.4.2: Hardware Kit

 IEEE 802.11(LAN)

 IEEE 802.15.4(MAC)

 IEEE 1599.2(LAN, WAN, WSN)

 IEEE 2410(Ethernet based IOT)

 IEEE 2917.1(EBAN)

18
 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE DETAILS

5.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1.1 ESP 32

The ESP32 chip comes with 48 pins with multiple functions. Not all pins
are exposed in all ESP32 development boards, and some pins cannot be used.

There are many questions on how to use the ESP32 GPIOs. What pins
should you use? What pins should you avoid using in your projects? This post aims
to be a simple and easy-to-follow reference guide for the ESP32 GPIOs.

ESP32 Peripherals

The ESP32 peripherals include:

 18 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) channels

 3 SPI interfaces

 3 UART interfaces

 2 I2C interfaces

 16 PWM output channels

 2 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC)

 2 I2S interfaces

 10 Capacitive sensing GPIOs

The ADC (analog to digital converter) and DAC (digital to analog

converter) features are assigned to specific static pins. However, you can decide
which pins are UART, I2C, SPI, PWM, etc – you just need to assign them in the
code. This is possible due to the ESP32 chip’s multiplexing feature.

19
 Although you can define the pins properties on the software, there are
pins assigned by default as shown in the following figure.

Fig. 5.1 : ESP32

The ESP32 chip contains two processing cores that can run at upto 240
MHz each, along with a variety of built-in peripherals such as Wi-Fi , Bluetooth, and
Ethernet connectivity, analog to digital converters, digital to analog converters, and
many more. It also has a large amount of on-board memory and supports various
types of external memory, making it suitable for running complex applications. The
ESP32 chip is programmed using the Arduino IDE and it also supports various
programming languages such as C, C++ and Python, etc.

Overall, the ESP32 is a powerful and versatile microcontroller chip that is

suitable for this type of projects which includes Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, low
power consumption and wide range of built-in external peripherals.

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5.1.2 Finger Print Sensor R307

Fig.5.2 : Fingerprint sensor R307

The R307 is a fingerprint sensor module that is commonly used in various

applications such as access control systems, time and attendance systems, and
security devices. It is a low cost optical sensor and that is capable of capturing and
storing up to 1000 fingerprint templates. The module uses a high speed DSP
processor and an optical sensor to capture and process fingerprint images.

The R307 fingerprint sensor module supports several communication

interfaces such as UART, TTL, and USB, making it easy to integrate into different
types of systems. It has a small form factor, measuring only 54*20*22 mm, which
makes it suitable for use in compact devices.

The R307 module provides a range of functions such as fingerprint

enrollment, fringerprint verification, and fingerprint deletion. It also includes features
like automatic finger detection and fake finger detection to prevent unauthorized
access.

To use the R307 module, you will need to connect it to a microcontroller

or a computer using one of the communication interfaces. The module can be
programmed using the provided SDK and sample code, which makes it easy to
integrate into various projects. Overall, the R307 fingerprint sensor module is a
reliable and cost effective solution for implementing biometric authentication in
various application.

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5.1.3 LCD

Fig.5.3: LCD display

The HD44780 supports a maximum of two lines of 16 characters each,

or one line of 20 characters. It communicates with a microcontroller or other host
device through a parallel interface, which typically requires at least six data lines
and a few control lines.

The controller provides a set of commands that can be used to control

the display, such as clearing the screen, setting the cursor position, and turning on
or off the display and cursor. The controller also provides a set of character
generation patterns that can be used to define custom characters for the display.
The HD44780 is compatible with a wide range of LCD display modules, which can
be easily interfaced with most microcontrollers or other embedded systems.

 Pin Description

The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 line, 2
line or 4 line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80characters,
whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 character make use of 2HD44780
controller. Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with2 controller has
16 Pins. Pin description is shown in the table below.

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 Fig.5.4: LCD display pins

LCD Pin Description

Pin No. Name Description

1. Vss Ground pin

2. Vcc +5v power supply

3. Vee Contrast setting

4. RS(Register select) RS = 0; Command register is selected

RS = 1; Data register is selected

5. R/W(Read/Write) R/W = 0; for writing

R/W = 1; for reading

6. E (Enable) When enable pin goes from high to low the LCD takes
command or data

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 7. D0 Data pin0

8. D1 Data pin1

9. D2 Data pin2

10. D3 Data pin3

11. D4 Data pin4

12. D5 Data pin5

13. D6 Data pin6

14. D7 Data pin7

15. LED+ Backlight +5v

16. LED- Backlight Ground

Table 5.1: LCD display pin description table

5.1.4 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

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RFID System

An RFID system consists of three components: an antenna and

transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (the tag). The
antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the
transponder. When activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna.

What is RFID?

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to read and capture
information stored on a tag attached to an object. A tag can be read from up to
several feet away and does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to
be tracked.

RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification.An ADC (Automated Data Colle

ction) technology thatuses radiofrequency waves to transfer data between a reade
r and a movable item to identify, categorize, track.Is fast and does not require phys
ical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item.Performs the op
eration using low cost components.Attempts to provide unique identification and b
ackend integration that allows for wide range of applications.

Fig.5.5 : RFID tag

Tags can be attached to almost anything

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  Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods

 vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel

Passive Tags

 Do not require power

 Draws from Interrogator Field

 Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB)

 Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet)

 Usually Write Once Read Many/Read Only tags

Active Tags

 Battery powered

 Higher storage capacities (512 KB)

 Longer read range (300 feet)

 Typically can be rewritten by RF Interrogators

RFID Reader

A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to

gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects. Radio
waves are used to transfer data from the tag to a reader.

Reader Functions

 Remotely power tags

 Establish a bidirectional data link

 Inventory tags, filter results

 Communicate with networked server(s)

 Can read 100300 tags per second

Frequency Ranges

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  Low frequency, or LF, (125 – 134 kHz)

 High frequency, or HF, (13.56 MHz)

 Ultra-high frequency, or UHF, (433, and 860-960 MHz)

Fig. 5.6 : RFID in the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio waves behave differently at the various frequencies, so it is

imperative to select the right frequency for your application.

For example, low-frequency tags have a long wave-length and are

better able to penetrate thin metallic substances. Additionally, LF RFID
systems are ideal for reading objects with high-water content, such as fruit or
beverages, but the read range is limited to centi-meters or inches. Typical LF
RFID applications include access control and animal tagging.

High-frequency tags work fairly well on objects made of metal and can
work around goods with medium to high water content. Typically, HF RFID
systems work in ranges of inches, but they can have a maximum read range of
about three feet (1 meter). Typical HF RFID applications include tracking library
books, patient flow tracking, and transit tickets.

27
 UHF frequencies typically offer much better read range (inches to 50+
ft. depending on the RFID system setup) and can transfer data faster (i.e. read
many more tags per second) than low- and high-frequencies. However, because
UHF radio waves have a shorter wavelength, their signal is more likely to be
attenuated (or weakened) and they cannot pass through metal or water. Due to
their high data transfer rate, UHF RFID are well suited for many items at once,
such as boxes of goods as they pass through a dock door into a warehouse or
racers as they cross a finish line. Also, due to the longer read range, other
common UHF RFID applications include electronic toll collection and parking
access control.

RFID APPLICATIONS

Manufacturing and Processing

 Inventory and production process monitoring

 Warehouse order fulfillment

Supply Chain Management

 Inventory tracking systems

 Logistics management

Retail

 Inventory control and customer insight

 Auto checkout with reverse logistics

Security

 Access control

 Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention

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Location Tracking

 Traffic movement control and parking management

 Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking

5.1.5 GSM

SIM800L GSM/GPRS module

Fig. 5.7: SIM800L GSM/GPRS module

At the heart of the module is a SIM800L GSM cellular chip from Simcom.
The chip’s operating voltage ranges from 3.4V to 4.4V, making it an ideal candidate
for direct LiPo battery supply. This makes it a good option for embedding in projects
that are short of space.

All the necessary data pins of the SIM800L GSM chip are broken out to
a 0.1″ pitch headers, including the pins required for communication with the
microcontroller over the UART. The module supports baud rate from 1200bps to
115200bps with auto-baud detection.

An external antenna is needed for the module to be connected to the

network. The module usually comes with a helical antenna that can be soldered onto
the module. The board also features a U.FL connector in case you want to keep the
antenna away from the board.

29
 There’s a SIM socket on the back! Any 2G Micro SIM card will work
perfectly. The correct direction to insert the SIM card is usually engraved on the
surface of the SIM socket.

Features

This module measures only 1 inch2, but packs a surprising amount of

features into its tiny frame. Some of them are listed below:

• Supports Quad-band: GSM850, EGSM900, DCS1800 and PCS1900

• Connect onto any global GSM network with any 2G SIM

• Make and receive voice calls using an external 8Ω speaker & electret
microphone

• Send and receive SMS messages

• Send and receive GPRS data (TCP/IP, HTTP, etc.)

• Scan and receive FM radio broadcasts

5.2 SOFRWARE REQUIREMENT

5.2.1 Embedded C

Embedded C is a set of language extension for the C Programming

language by the C Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist
between C extensions for different embedded systems. Historically embedded C
programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support
exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and
basic I/O operations.

Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g.,

main() function, variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements(if,
switch, case),loops(while, for),functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit
operations, macros, etc.

30
 During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were
developed using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no
mechanism to find what the program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used to
check for correct execution of the program .But they were too costly and were not
quite reliable as well .As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-
only as the programming language reduced and embedded systems moved onto C
as the embedded programming language of choice. C is the most widely used
programming language for embedded processors/controllers

31
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, adopting a smart attendance system based on RFID tag

technology has a number of benefits over conventional attendance systems. It offers
a quick, precise, and effective approach to track attendance, does away with manual
data entry, lowers the risk of fraud, and enables real-time attendance monitoring.
However, for the system to operate well, adequate deployment and upkeep are
crucial. The use of RFID-based attendance systems is projected to increase in the
future due to the growing acceptance of technology across a variety of industries.
While both old RFID system and the new RFID system have their advantages and
Disadvantages, the new system typically offers more advanced technology, higher
security, greater convenience and improved scalability and data analysis
capabilities.

32
 CHAPTER 7

SUMMARY

The project aims to develop a smart attendance system using RFID technology. The
system will be designed to track the attendance of students in a classroom
environment. RFID tags are used to identify each student and record their
attendance. The system will also be able to generate SMS and alert the parents if
students are absent. The system will be designed to be user-friendly and cost-
effective. The project will involve the development of the hardware and software
components of the system. The Hardware part includes a ESP32 pin, gsm, RFID
reader, RFID tag, Fingerprint recognition, options to choose between Veg and Non-
veg. The first process is to use the provided RFID tag which contains evey
information about the user. The arrival time, Date, Name of the user, Reg.no.,
department, Type of food are noted in a google sheet or the cloud storage. At first
the user needs to scan his RFID tag then he should verify using the fingerprint
recognition for secondary verification. The next step would be choosing the type of
food he needs for lunch. All interactions are done using a LCD display which is
simple and friendly to use.

The proposed system includes a double verification system with fingerprint recognition,
which provides enhanced security compared to the existing system that only has a
single verification system. Additionally, the proposed system uses RFID tags with
greater accuracy and range, which can be read at a rate of up to 200 tags per second,
compared to the RFID tags used in the existing system that have lesser range and
accuracy.

In terms of convenience, the proposed system offers the advantage of using the RFID
tags as a keychain, making them easy to carry, while the RFID cards used in the
existing system are larger in size and tough to carry. Moreover, the proposed system
requires minimal hardware tools as it uses Bluetooth and wi-fi, while the existing system
requires additional hardware parts like antennas.

33
The proposed system also offers the advantage of acquiring additional data like arrival
time, type of food, and departure time, which can be used for data analysis purposes. In
contrast, the data collected by the existing system is much lesser. Lastly, the proposed
system offers more scalability compared to the existing system, which is a large process
to change.

Overall, the proposed system appears to be an upgraded version of the existing system,
which offers several advantages in terms of technology, authentication, convenience,
integration, data analysis, and scalability.

While both old RFID system and the new RFID system have
their advantages and Disadvantages, the new system typically offers more
advanced technology, higher security, greater convenience and improved
scalability and data analysis capabilities.

34
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