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Singularity

The document outlines the process for estimating rotation and deflection in beams using Macaulay's Method, which simplifies the analysis of beams under various load conditions. It explains how to derive the elastic curve equation through integration of loading or moment functions, and introduces Macaulay functions for different load types. Several examples illustrate the application of this method to determine deflections and rotations in cantilevered and overhanging beams.

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2 views11 pages

Singularity

The document outlines the process for estimating rotation and deflection in beams using Macaulay's Method, which simplifies the analysis of beams under various load conditions. It explains how to derive the elastic curve equation through integration of loading or moment functions, and introduces Macaulay functions for different load types. Several examples illustrate the application of this method to determine deflections and rotations in cantilevered and overhanging beams.

Uploaded by

tashdidbinrashid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXAMPLE 4-5

Determine the general formula for estimating the rotation and deflection at any section of the beams shown
below. Also, find the maximum rotation and maximum deflection. Assume EI= constant.
Solution:

1
2
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2- Macaulay’s Method (Discontinuity Functions or Singularity Functions):
The method of integration, used to find the equation of the elastic curve for a beam, is convenient if the load or
internal moment can be expressed as a continuous function throughout the beam’s entire length. If several
different loadings act on the beam, however, this method can become tedious to apply, because separate
loading or moment functions must be written for each region of the beam.
In this method, we will find the equation of the elastic curve using a single expression, either formulated directly
from the loading on the beam, w = w(x), or from the beam’s internal moment, M = M(x). Then when this
expression for w is substituted into EI d4y/dx4 = w(x) and integrated four times, or if the expression for M is
substituted into EI d2y/dx2 =M(x) and integrated twice, the constants of integration will only have to be
determined from the boundary conditions. Macaulay functions, can be written in general form as:

Here x represents the location of a point on the beam, and a is the location where the distributed loading begins.
As stated by the equation, only when x ≥ a is <x-a>n=(x-a)n; otherwise it is zero. Integration of the Macaulay
function follows the same rules as for ordinary functions, i.e.

Three Macaulay functions corresponding, respectively, to n = 0, n = 1, and n = 2 are plotted in the figure shown.

4
Macaulay functions for a uniform and triangular load are shown in table below. Using integration, the Macaulay
functions for shear, V = ∫w(x) dx, and moment, M = ∫V dx, are also shown in the table.

5
EXAMPLE 4-6
Resolve the EXAMPLE 4-5, by using discontinuity functions method
Solution:

6
EXAMPLE 4-7
Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the cantilevered beam shown in the figure by using
discontinuity functions method. EI is constant.
Solution:

7
EXAMPLE 4-8
Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the cantilevered beam shown in the figure by using
discontinuity functions method. Assume a constant value of EI = 17 × 103 kN.m2.
Solution:

8
9
EXAMPLE 4-9
Using the singularity functions, determine the deflection equation of the overhanging beam loaded as shown
below. Also, find the value of EIy at the mid-span between the supports.
Solution:

10
H.W 1
Determine the equations of the elastic curve for the beam using the and coordinates.x1 x2. EI is constant.

H.W 2
Determine the equations of the elastic curve for the beam using the x coordinate. Specify the slope at A and
maximum deflection. EI is constant.

11

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