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Slope & Deflection - Macaulay Functions

The document discusses discontinuity functions, which are used to describe loads or moments on beams that are not continuous throughout the beam's length. It introduces Macaulay functions to describe distributed loads and singularity functions to describe concentrated loads or moments. Macaulay functions follow standard integration rules, while singularity functions require operational calculus. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these functions to determine the equation of the elastic curve for beams with discontinuous loads or moments.

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61 views7 pages

Slope & Deflection - Macaulay Functions

The document discusses discontinuity functions, which are used to describe loads or moments on beams that are not continuous throughout the beam's length. It introduces Macaulay functions to describe distributed loads and singularity functions to describe concentrated loads or moments. Macaulay functions follow standard integration rules, while singularity functions require operational calculus. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these functions to determine the equation of the elastic curve for beams with discontinuous loads or moments.

Uploaded by

myra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Slope & Deflection -

Discontinuity Functions
The method of integration, used to find the equation of the
elastic curve for a beam, is convenient if the load or internal
moment can be expressed as a continuous function
throughout the beam’s entire length. Some of the examples
of such beams are shown below.

1 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Slope & Deflection -


Discontinuity Functions

• If several different loadings act on the beam, the integration


method becomes more tedious to apply, because separate
loading or moment functions must be written for each
region of the beam.

• Furthermore, integration of these functions requires the


evaluation of integration constants using both boundary
and continuity conditions.

2 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

1
Slope & Deflection -
Discontinuity Functions

• For example, the beam shown in Figure requires four


moment functions to be written. They describe the moment
in regions AB , BC , CD , and DE.

3 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Slope & Deflection -


Discontinuity Functions
Macaulay Functions
For purposes of beam deflection, Macaulay functions, named
after the mathematician W. H. Macaulay, can be used to
describe distributed loadings . These functions can be written
in general form as

𝑛 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 𝑎
𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑛
𝑥−𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎
where n ≥ 0

4 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

2
Slope & Deflection -
Discontinuity Functions
Macaulay Functions

𝑛 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 𝑎
𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑛
𝑥−𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎
where n ≥ 0

In the above Equation x represents the coordinate position of


a point along the beam, and a is the location on the beam
where a “discontinuity” occurs, namely the point where a
distributed loading begins .
5 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Slope & Deflection -


Discontinuity Functions
Macaulay Functions for different types of loadings

6 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

3
Slope & Deflection -
Discontinuity Functions
Important notes
Integration of Macaulay functions follows the same rules as
for ordinary functions, i.e.,

𝑛
𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑛+1
න 𝑥−𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

7 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Slope & Deflection -


Discontinuity Functions
Singularity Functions

𝑛 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 𝑎
𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑛
𝑥−𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎
where n ≥ 0

In the above Equation x represents the coordinate position of


a point along the beam, and a is the location on the beam
where a “discontinuity” occurs, namely the point where a
distributed loading begins .
8 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

4
Slope & Deflection -
Discontinuity Functions
Singularity Functions
These functions are only used to describe the point location
of concentrated forces or couple moments acting on a beam.
These functions can be written in general form as

−1 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎
w=P 𝑥−𝑎 =
𝑃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑎
This expression is referred to as a singularity function since it
takes on the value P only at the point x = a where the load
acts, otherwise it is zero.
9 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Slope & Deflection -


Discontinuity Functions
Singularity Functions
A couple moment, 𝑀𝑜 , can be written in general form as

−2 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎
w = 𝑀𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎 =
𝑀𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑎

This expression is referred to as a singularity function since it


takes on the value P only at the point x = a where the load
acts, otherwise it is zero.
10 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

5
Slope & Deflection -
Discontinuity Functions
Important notes
• Integration of the above two singularity functions (i.e. for
concentrated and internal moment) follow the rules of
operational calculus and yields results that are different
from those of Macaulay functions. Specifically,

න 𝑥−𝑎 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑛+1 , 𝑛 = −1, −2

11 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Slope & Deflection -


Discontinuity Functions
Important notes
• Concentrated forces and distributed loads are positive
upward, and couple moments are positive clockwise.

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Slope & Deflection -
Discontinuity Functions
Problem 1
Apply discontinuity functions to describe the loading or
internal moment for the beam shown in Figure.

13 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Slope & Deflection -


Discontinuity Functions
Problem 2
Determine the Equation of the elastic curve for the
cantilevered beam shown in Figure. EI is constant.

15 Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

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