Jss2 Home Economics Complete Note 2nd Term 4. It determines how families use their resources.

SCHEME OF WORK HOME ECONOMICS 5. Influences the behaviours of family member within and outside the family.
WEEKS TOPICS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE VALUES AND LIFESTYLE
1 Revision of last term’s work 1. Family
2 Impact of family values on lifestyles 2. Education what you learn in school
3 Family conflicts and crisis 3. Friends you keep
4 Family conflicts and crisis (contd.) 4. Movies, televisions, books, magazines e.t.c.
5&6 Hygiene and puberty 5. Neighbours and community contacts
7 Adolescence and sexuality 6. Religions trainings
8 Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV/AIDS 7. Cultures of the society.
9 & 10 Basic pattern drafting techniques and fashion designing
11 Revision WEEK: THREE
12 Examination TOPIC: FAMILY CONFLICTS AND CRISIS
A conflict is a struggle between two or more people who disagree. That struggle
WEEK: TWO may be verbal physical or both. Conflict range from little disagreements between
TOPIC: IMPACTS OF FAMILY VALUES AND LIFESTYLE friends, family members to violent battle between enemies. A family conflict is a
Value is the worth placed on an item. Value cannot be seen. Values are beliefs, struggle between two or more family members who disagree over issues. They
feelings or ideas of what is important, desirable and good. could be conflicts between husband and wife or between siblings.
TYPES OF VALUES CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN FAMILIES
1. Intrinsic values: these are values that are important for their own sake. They Conflicts can be caused by the following:
are higher values e.g. love, aesthetics, freedom, human dignity, truth etc. 1. Situational Causes: Any situation that dissatisfies people can cause conflict.
2. Instrumental values: these are values that help you to achieve the intrinsic or For instance, in families,
high values. E.g. orderliness and efficiency which can help you achieve aesthetic 2. When parent or parents show more love or attention to a child and neglects the
values in your home. Others are hard work, leisure, companionship etc. others.
3. Values that have intrinsic and instrumental worth: These are important for 3. When a husband fails to give the wife money for house – keeping.
their own sake and can also help you in achieving the higher values. E.g. 4. When children disobey their parent.
comfort, health, knowledge, religion, ambition, truth etc. 5. Personality Differences: No two individuals are the same, not even twins. An
MEANING OF LIFESTYLE individual difference arises from heredity and environment. Some people may be
Life style: is the particular way of life of a person, family, nation or a group of slow and quiet, while others could be fast, noisy and outgoing. These different
people. It is a clear and concise view of the kind of living that will bring behavioural patterns can bring about conflicts in the family.
satisfaction to a person, family and to other people. 6. Power Struggles: Conflicts can occur when people feel a need to be in control.
TYPES OF LIFE STYLES Power is the ability to influence another person. Each person will be struggle for
1. Roles and roles combination: e.g. employers and employees parents, spouse, power. This can occur between husband and wife. It can also occur between a
student. Each may have different ways of life; the different ways are based on the younger and an elderly brother or sister. In some cases, a boy might try to show a
roles performed by each person. girl that he is stronger than her.
2. Consumer practices: some people may be conspicuous consumers, others may MEANING OF FAMILY CRISIS
be moderate as seen in the types of housing decisions made by families, types of A family crisis is a situation that marks a turning point when things cease to go
food e.t.c. on as usual in the family. A crisis is a change in the normal way of life of the
3. Occupation and employment pattern: A person’s occupation and employment family. Crisis can be challenging; they need to be managed properly.
pattern will normally influence how he/she does a thing that is called the TYPES OF FAMILY CRISIS
lifestyles. 1. Arrival of a New Baby: The arrival of a new baby is normally a joy to the
IMPORTANCE OF VALUES SYSTEMS TO THE FAMILY family but it can also be a source of crisis in the following ways.
1. It determines the quality of life and life style of the family. a) The father may feel neglected as mother turns all her attention to the baby.
2. Determines the types of goals the family sets. b) Other children may also feel neglected and become jealous
3. It influence family decisions
c) Arrival of new baby means more pressure on family resources e.g more Clashes of personality
money will be needed for the baby’s needs.  Family should set family values, lifestyles, goals and standards.
d) It means more demand on the mother’s time and energy.  Where individuals have different value systems, the other members should
2. Clashes of Personality: Family members differ in their abilities, likes and know that, family must agree on how to accommodate such values.
dislikes. They also differ in the ways they react to situations. Some are fast while  Family rules should be acceptable to all members.
others are slow. In spite of all the differences, they are expected to agree with Loss of job/employment
each other and work together in harmony. However, when they disagree  Family goals will need to be reviewed.
seriously, there may be clashes in personality, and family crisis may occur.  Alternative employment must be sought
3. Loss of Job/ Employment: When a family member especially the bread  Family members may have to take on new responsibilities.
winner, loses his job a serious crisis results. Loss of job could be as a result of Divorce
unexpected retirement, retrenchment, redundancy, when the establishment is  The family members need to find ways of adjusting wherever they find
distressed and folds up in such situations family needs can no longer be met. For themselves.
instance, education of the children can come to a sudden end.  Parents need to agree on how to help the children
4. Divorce: Divorce means the break-up of a marriage. This is one of the most  Children should be allowed to communicate with parents
serious crises in any family. It is even more serious when children are involved  Counselling can help.
and parents disagree our custody. Divorce has negative effect on husband and Death of family members
wife, children and in – laws.  Each family members should take responsibility for the things he/she can do
5. Death of A Family Member: Death is traumatic. It causes severe emotional  Family should spend more time together and encourage each other.
shock. The death of a family member may shatter the trust of the other members.  The family may have to change or modify some of the family goals.
For instance, the death of the bread winner could mean the loss of hope for
children’s education. WEEK: FIVE AND SIX
TOPIC: HYGIENE AND PUBERTY
WEEK: FOUR HYGIENE
TOPIC: WAYS OF RESOLVING FAMILY CONFLICTS AND CRISIS Hygiene means one’s level of cleanliness. It is the practice of keeping yourself
Conflicts resolution is a process that occurs in five stages: and other surroundings clean, especially in order to prevent illness or the spread
1. Becoming aware of the conflict or problem of diseases.
2. Setting limits MEANING OF PUBERTY;
3. Arguing stage Puberty is the short span of time which marks the beginning of sexual
4. Negotiating and compromise maturation. This period differs between boys and girls. Boys generally reach
5. Following up. puberty at about the age of 14 years. Girls reach it at about 12 years of age. There
SOME IMPORTANT GUIDELINES IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION are individual differences Therefore, these periods cannot be the same for
1. Use words not fits everyone and for everybody.
2. Take a decision to resolve the conflict peacefully SIGNS OF PUBERTY IN BOYS
3. Try to talk in place other people will not distract you or interfere with your 1. Hair begin to grow on different parts of the body such as the armpit, pubic
efforts. region
4. When you talk, take turns. No one person should dominate the talking, every 2. Beard around the jaw and a moustache above the upper lip.
person must be given the chance to talk 3. Voice breaks and becomes deeper.
5. Use active listening and keep an open mind 4. There is change in general body appearance as muscles develop. The boy may
6. Show respect to the other person and recur respect from him/her. need Larger and new clothes.
7. Control your voice, tongue and speak the truth. 5. Sex organs develop. Sex glands called testicles produce spermatozoa or sperm.
WAYS OF MANAGING FAMILY CRISIS SIGNS OF PUBERTY IN GIRLS
Arrival of a new baby 1. The breasts develop.
 The family should plan and prepare properly before each new baby 2. The body changes.
 The father and other older children should be involved in some aspects of 3. Hair grows on her armpits and pubic region.
child care. 4. Menstruation begins.
5. There could be skin changes and problem such as pimples. CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE COMMON TO BOTH ADOLESCENT
MENSTRUATION BOYS AND GIRLS
This is the monthly flow of blood from the womb, through the vagina and this Adolescent boys and girls generally;
occurs in every woman of child bearing age. This period is called menstrual 1. Try to gain independence from their parents
period. It takes place after about every 25-30 days. This time, (the numbers of 2. Feel hungry easily, they are growing fast, they therefore need extra food
days before the next period) is called menstrual cycle. The menstrual period and 3. They become self-conscious, they may be bothered about their appearance
cycle differ from one person to another. 4. Have emotional changes. They can be anxious, moody or irritable
As soon as a girl starts menstruating, she becomes a woman. She can then 5. Could show concern about the future
become pregnant and have a baby if she has sexual relationship with a man. The SPECIAL NEEDS AND CHALLENGES OF ADOLESCENT
blood that flows during menstruation can produce a very bad odour if a person These challenges are the problems which the adolescent often face. The
fails to keep her body clean. It is therefore very important to keep your body very adolescent are neither children nor adults. They often have problems as they
clean during menstruation. This is called menstrual hygiene. relate with people. Their challenges include;
IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE 1. ADJUSTMENT: They have problem adjusting to their physical changes for
1. It helps people to cope with some physical conditions such as oily skin and instance, the girls have to cope with enlarged breast and menstruation, the boy
hair copes with changed voice and bigger penis. They are often uncomfortable,
2. It helps to remove body odour clumsy and anxious.
3. It results in better health 2. STATUS: They want to behave like adults, yet they are not fully adults. Boys
4. It give attractive appearance may try to smoke and girls may try putting on make- ups
5. It gives an individual the confidence needed to be in the company of mates. 3. INDEPENDENCE: Adolescents often want to do things their own way. They
BODY ODOUR do not like to be directed or guided by parents or other adults. This is often a
Body odour is an unpleasant smell that comes from the body source of problem
Causes of body odour 4. NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT: Adolescents want to excel, when they fail,
1. Poor hygiene during menstruation they become unhappy
2. Accumulation of dirt on the body 5. PEER PRESSURE: They often want to go along with their peers. There could
3. Failure to have bath regularly be negative influences from peer group, for instance, in dressing, feeling and
4. Using of body care products that smells badly expression of sexuality
5. Wearing dirty clothes and under wears. 6. PHYSICAL NEEDS: These arises as a result of the physical changes going on
PREVENTION OF BODY ODOUR in adolescent. These needs include:
1. Bathing regularly especially during the menstrual period and after exercises.  Balanced food needed for proper development
2. Observing good menstrual hygiene practices  New clothes to replace outgrown old ones
3. Wearing clean clothes  Girls will need brassiere as their breasts develop
4. Changing your underwear everyday NEEDS FOR PARENTAL UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT:
5. Using good perfumes and deodorants sparingly. Avoid heavy perfume. Parents should:
 Understand what their adolescent children are passing through
WEEK: SEVEN  Be more tolerant
TOPIC: ADOLESCENCE AND SEXUALITY  Communicate freely, advice and encourage adolescents.
MEANING OF ADOLESCENCE SEXUALITY INFORMATION
Adolescence is the period in every person’s life that lies between the end of Sexuality information is a planned process of education that faster the acquisition
childhood and the beginning of adulthood. It is a period of time a person matures and information of positive attitudes, beliefs and values as well as skills to cope
and moves from childhood to adulthood. This is a period of life when you with biological, physiological, socio-cultural and spiritual aspects of human
prepare to be an adult sexuality.
ADOLESCENT SOURCES OF SEXUALITY INFORMATION
An adolescent boy or girl is someone that is passing through the adolescent 1. School and colleges
period. 2. Churches and mosques
3. Television
4. Radio TREATMENT OF HIV/AIDS
5. Newspapers and magazines  At the moment, there is no known cure for HIV/AIDS.
6. Parents, elders and the community.  There are however, medicines that can help infected persons to fight off the
sickness that come with HIV/AIDS
WEEK: EIGHT  Antibiotics and other medicines can help people with HIV/AIDS to feel
TOPIC: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND HIV/AIDS much better and help to live longer.
Sexual activity comes with risks of sexually transmitted diseases/infections GUIDELINES FOR CARING FOR PEOPLE WITH HIV/AIDS
(STDs/STIs), including HIV/AIDS. While some can be treated, others cannot.  Provide a home where there is peace, rest, love and acceptance.
They can cause very serious damage to the body and even death. STD is an  Help them with household work so that they can have enough rest.
illness spread from one person to another through sexual contact.  Make them eat nutritious food
TYPES OF STDs  Give them love and support
1. GONORRHEA: This is caused by the bacterium “Neisseria gonorrhoea”. It is  Share their financial burden
spread through sexual contact between infected persons.  Wash their clothes and pay them regular visits.
 Itching and discharge from penis and vagina MEANING OF SELF MEDICATION
 Painful urination This is the process where a person prescribes a drug for self or gets someone else
 Can cause infertility other than a qualified professional to do so when he/she is sick.
 If a pregnant woman has the disease, her child’s eyes will be affected at CONSEQUENCES OF SELF MEDICATION
birth. 1. A person’s self-diagnosis of illness might be wrong, so you may buy the
2. SYPHILIS: It is caused by the bacterium “Treponema pallactium”. It is spread wrong drug for an illness.
through sexual contact between infected persons. 2. You may take the wrong dosage of drug even when the drug is suitable for the
 Sores on the sex organs illness.
 Fever, aches, rashes and hair loss. 3. There may be serious side effects of a given drug.
 At later stages, it affects the heart, eyes and brain. 4. There may be complications of the disease being treated.
 It can leads to insanity and death. 5. It can lead to other serious health conditions
3. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS): one of the most 6. It can lead to body resistance to abused drugs.
frightening of all STDs is AIDS. It is caused by: 7. It can leads to prolonged length of a sickness.
 A virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 8. It can lead to death.
 HIV enters the body of a person and kills the cells of the immune system.
 HIV makes the body weak and less able to fight sickness. WEEK: NINE
 People with HIV in their body go on to become sick with AIDS. AIDs results TOPIC: BASIC PATTERN DRAFTING TECHNIQUES AND FASHION
in death. DESIGNING
HOW HIV CAN BE SPREAD PATTERN DRAFTING
1. Having sex with someone who already has HIV The basic or foundation patterns often drafted are bodice, skirt and sleeve. These
2. Transfusion of infected blood are called blocks. They are drafted to the exact size of the body. They can then be
3. Use of a needle or blade that has been used on a person with HIV and not adapted or modified to any desired style.
sterilized afterwards. USES OF PATTERNS IN GARMENT CONSTRUCTION
4. Women with HIV can pass it to their babies. The baby becomes infected in  Pattern are used to direct or guide the cutting of fabric
any of these three ways;  They prevent serious mistakes in dress making
 While in the mother’s womb  They prevent waste of time in dress making
 At birth  They prevent waste of fabric
 Through the breast milk (breast feeding).  They make sewing easy
SIGNS OF HIV/AIDS  They reduce trial and error in sewing
 People with HIV/AIDS suffer sickness like fever, rashes and diarrhoea.
 They also lose weight TYPES OF PATTERNS
 Death is the final result.
There are basically two types of patterns. The drafted and the commercial 1. Take measurements over close-fitting garments or under garment. Wear flat
patterns. shoes.
DRAFTED PATTERNS: This is made to fit a particular person. A person’s 2. For accurate measurements, let a friend/classmate take your body
body measurements are first taken. Then the pattern is drafted to fit his/her size. measurements for you.
ADVANTAGES OF DRAFTED PATTERN 3. Measure accurately.
1. It can be made to fit a person perfectly. 4. Record each measurement as soon as it is made.
2. It can be adapted to any type of style. 5. Use a tape measure that does not stretch.
3. It is cheaper than commercial pattern 6. Pull the tape so that it is snug but not too tight
4. It can help to check the fit of a design before it is made into a garment. 7. Stand well when taking body measurements.
5. It is original, therefore can be unique. BASIC BODY MEASUREMENTS
6. It does not require alteration. Important measurements needed for making simple garment are:
DISADVANTAGES OF DRAFTED PATTERN For girls
1. It can only be useful to one person, the owner.  Bust: round the fullest part of the chest
2. Pattern drafting requires special skill.  Waist: round the smallest part of the trunk
COMMERCIAL PATTERNS: these are designed and made by experts to fit  Hip: round the largest part of the body below the waist
standard figure types using specific body measurements. They are available in  length of back bodice
different sizes. They are sold in special pattern envelopes. They can be found in  Skirt length
big shops. examples are “vogue”, “new look”, “simplicity”, “butterick”, “style”,  Across the chest.
“advance” e.t.c. For boys
ADVANTAGES OF COMMERCIAL PATTERN  Neck
1. They make sewing easy and accurate to body measurements.  Chest
2. They are made in many different styles and designs  Sleeve length
3. They have instruction sheets which show how to lay out, cut the fabric and  Length of back (bodice)
make up the garment.  Shirt length
4. Each pattern envelop contains information on the type and quality of fabric  Across back
needed.  Across the chest
5. It also states the sewing notions (such as zip or button) needed. PATTERN DRAFTING TOOLS AND THEIR USES
6. It saves time and reduce mistakes in garment making. 1. Tape measure; for measuring on the paper
DISADVANTAGES OF COMMERCIAL PATTERN 2. A metre for drawing lines
1. They are expensive 3. Pencil; drawing lines and writing on the drafted paper
2. They are not easily or readily available 4. French curve for shaping curved areas
3. They often require alteration or adjustment to fit the user’s size 5. Paper scissors; for cutting the drafting paper
4. They are light and can tear easily. 6. Eraser for cleaning wrong lines or drawings
PATTERN MARKINGS AND SYMBOLS 7. Brown paper; patterns are made on paper.
Commercial patterns always have different types of markings and symbols.
These show the dress makers how to use the patterns in making garments. The
marks should also be made in the drafted patterns.
TAKING BODY MEASUREMENTS
Tools for taking body measurements are:
1. Tape measure; for measuring on the body
2. Pencil; for writing down the measurements
3. Paper; for recording the measurements
4. A string; to be tied around the natural waistline.

GUIDELINES FOR TAKING BODY MEASUREMENTS