CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

IGCSE UNIT-5

DR.SML
IIP INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
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1. Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is a fertiliser.

Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate.[2] 35%
2. Iron(II) sulfate decomposes when heated strongly.
2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
15.20 g of FeSO4(s) was heated and formed 4.80 g of Fe2O3(s).
[Mr, FeSO4 = 152; Mr, Fe2O3 = 160]
Calculate the percentage yield for this reaction.[3] 60%
3. Relative atomic mass is the average mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element.
The percentage of the naturally occurring atoms in a sample of copper is shown.

63 65
Cu Cu
70% 30%

Deduce the relative atomic mass of copper in this sample.

Give your answer to one decimal place.[2] 63.6%
4. On analysing the crystals, the student found that one mole of the hydrated iron(II) sulfate
crystals, FeSO4•xH2O, had a mass of 278 g.
Determine the value of x using the following steps:

• calculate the mass of one mole of FeSO4

• calculate the mass of H2O present in one mole of FeSO4•xH2O
• determine the value of x. [3] 7
5.In an experiment ,all the water was removed from 1.23g of MgSO4.xH2O.
The mass of MgSO4 remaining was 0.60g.
[Mr: MgSO4 = 120; Mr: H2O = 18]
Determine the value of x using the following steps.

• Calculate the number of moles of MgSO4 remaining.

• Calculate the mass of H2O given off.
• Determine the value of x. [3] 7
6. Nitrates such as ammonium nitrate are used as fertilisers.
The final stage in the production of ammonium nitrate is shown in the equation.
Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4NO3 + CaCO3
Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate that can be produced from 820 g of
calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, using the following steps.
The relative formula mass, Mr, of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 = 164.

• Calculate the number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 in 820 g. 5

• Deduce the number of moles of NH4NO3 produced. 10
• Calculate the Mr of NH4NO3. 80
• Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate produced.[4] 800g

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7. Calcium chlorate(V), Ca(ClO3)2, is made by reacting calcium hydroxide with chlorine gas.
6Ca(OH)2 + 6Cl2 Ca(ClO3)2 + 5CaCl2 + 6H2O
(a) 8.88 g of calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas are mixed together.

(i) How many moles is 8.88 g of calcium hydroxide?[2] 0.12

(ii) How many moles of chlorine gas is 7200 cm3?[1] 0.3
(iii) What is the maximum number of moles of calcium chlorate(V) that can be made from
8.88 g of calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas?[1] 0.02
(iv) What is the maximum mass of calcium chlorate(V) that can be made from 8.88 g of
calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas?[2] 4.14g
The experiment is repeated using different amounts of calcium hydroxide and chlorine gas.
The maximum mass of calcium chlorate(V) that can be made in the experiment is 4.84 g.
(v) The actual mass of calcium chlorate(V) made in the experiment is 3.63 g. 75%
Calculate the percentage yield.[1]
8. Calcium nitrate crystals are hydrated and have the formula Ca(NO3)2•xH2O where x is a
whole number of molecules of water.
The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.
Ca(NO3)2•xH2O(s) → Ca(NO3)2(s) + xH2O(g)

(i) State the term used to describe the calcium nitrate after the molecules of water have been
removed.[1] anhydrous
(ii) The student heats a sample of Ca(NO3)2•xH2O and forms 2.46 g of Ca(NO3)2 and 0.0600
moles of H2O.
Determine the value of x. Use the following steps.

• Calculate the Mr of Ca(NO3)2. 164

• Determine the number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed. 0.015
• Determine the value of x in Ca(NO3)2•xH2O.[3] 4
9. Na2SO4•xH2O(s) → Na2SO4(s) + xH2O(g)
In an experiment, 1.61 g of Na2SO4•xH2O is heated until all the water is given off. The
mass of Na2SO4 remaining is 0.71 g.
[Mr: Na2SO4,142; H2O,18]
Determine the value of x using the following steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of Na2SO4 remaining. 0.005
• Calculate the mass of H2O given off 0.9
• Calculate the number of moles H2O given off 0.05
Determine the value of x.[4] 10
10. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3
• Calculate the volume of O2 gas, at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.), needed to
produce 1260g of HNO3. Use the following steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of HNO3. 20
• Deduce the number of moles of O2 that reacted. 5
• Calculate the volume of O2 gas that reacts at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).[4]
120dm3
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11. Sodium chloride is an ionic salt. It can be made by reacting sodium with chlorine gas.
The equation for this reaction is shown
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
Calculate the volume of chlorine gas, in cm3 , that reacts to form 2.34g of NaCl.
The reaction takes place at room temperature and pressure.[3] 480cm3
12. Calculate the volume of chlorine gas, Cl2(g), at room temperature and pressure, that reacts
completely with 400g of TiO2(s) using the following steps.
TiO2(s) + 2Cl2 (g) + 2C(s) TiCl4(g) + 2CO(g)
• Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr , of TiO2. 80
• Calculate the number of moles in 400g of TiO2. 5
• Determine the number of moles of Cl2 that react with 400g of TiO2 . 10
• Calculate the volume of Cl2 that reacts with 400g of TiO2 . 240dm3
13. Ammonia reacts with chlorine. The chemical equation is shown.
2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)
(i) Calculate the volume of chlorine, measured at room temperature and pressure, needed to
react completely with 0.68g of ammonia.[3] 1.44dm3
14. 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure when 12.6g
of NaHCO3 is heated using the following steps:
• determine the mass of one mole of NaHCO3 84
• calculate the number of moles of NaHCO3 used 0.15
• determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide formed 0.075 1.8dm3
• calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure.[4]
15. When solid copper(II) nitrate is heated copper(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are
formed.
2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Calculate the volume of nitrogen dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure when
4.7g of Cu(NO3)2 is heated.
Use the following steps:
• calculate the mass of one mole of Cu(NO3)2 188
• calculate the number of moles of Cu(NO3)2 used 0.025
• determine the number of moles of nitrogen dioxide formed 0.05
• calculate the volume of nitrogen dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure.[4]
1.2dm3

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16. The equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is shown.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
25.0cm3 of aqueous hydrogen peroxide forms 48.0cm3 of oxygen at room temperature and
pressure (r.t.p.).
Calculate the concentration of aqueous hydrogen peroxide at the start of the experiment using
the following steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of oxygen formed. 0.002
• Deduce the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide that decomposed. 0.004
• Calculate the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in mol/dm3.[3] 0.16mol/dm3
17. The equation for the reaction is shown.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Calculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) formed, in g/dm3 , when 0.345g of sodium is added
to 50.0cm3 of distilled water. Assume there is no change in volume.
Use the following steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of Na added. 0.015
• Determine the number of moles of NaOH formed. 0.015
• Calculate the concentration of NaOH in mol/dm3 . 0.3
• Determine the Mr of NaOH and calculate the concentration of NaOH in g/dm3 .[5] 12g/dm3
18. A student wanted to find the concentration of some dilute sulfuric acid by titration.The
student found that 25.0 cm3 of 0.0400 mol/dm3 NaOH (aq) reacted exactly with 20.0 cm3
of H2SO4(aq).Calculate the concentration of the H2SO4(aq) in mol/dm3 using the following
steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25.0cm3. 0.001 0.0005
• Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that reacted with the 25.0cm3 of NaOH(aq).
• Calculate the concentration of H2SO4(aq) in mol/dm3.[3] 0.025
19. 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
A 25.0cm3 portion of Na2CO3(aq) was placed in a conical flask with a few drops of a suitable
indicator. It was titrated against HCl(aq) of concentration 0.180mol/dm3 .
20.0cm3 of HCl(aq) was required to reach the end-point.
• Calculate the concentration of the Na2CO3(aq), in mol/dm3 , using the following steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of HCl used in the titration. 0.0036
• Calculate the number of moles of Na2CO3 contained in the 25.0cm3 portion of
Na2CO3(aq). 0.0018
• Calculate the concentration of the Na2CO3(aq) in mol/dm3 [4] 0.072mol/dm3

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20. Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate in a neutralisation
reaction.
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)
In a titration, 0.200mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate was used to neutralise
20.0cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid of concentration 0.150mol/dm3 .

(i) Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid used in the titration. 0.003
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate needed to neutralise the
dilute sulfuric acid. 0.006
(iii) Calculate the volume, in cm3 , of 0.200mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate
needed to neutralise the dilute sulfuric acid. [3] 30cm3
21. In a titration, a student added 25.0cm3 of 0.200mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide to a
conical flask.
The student then added a few drops of methyl orange to the solution in the conical flask.
Dilute sulfuric acid was then added from a burette to the conical flask. The volume of dilute
sulfuric acid needed to neutralise the aqueous sodium hydroxide was 20.0cm3 .
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(i) What was the colour of the methyl orange in the aqueous sodium hydroxide?[1]
(ii) Determine the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g/dm3.
• Calculate the number of moles of aqueous sodium hydroxide added to the
conical flask 0.005
• Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid added from the burette. 0.0025
• Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in mol/dm3 . 0.125
• Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g/dm3 .[4] 12.25
22. The formula for crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4•5H2O.
Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is made by reacting copper(II) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.
The overall equation is shown.
CuO + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4•5H2O
The crystals are made using the following steps:
step 1 50.0cm3 of 0.200mol/dm3 dilute sulfuric acid is heated in a beaker. Powdered
copper(II) oxide is added until the copper(II) oxide is in excess. Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is
formed.
step 2 The excess copper(II) oxide is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.
step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until a saturated solution is formed.
step 4 The saturated solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.
step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.
Calculate the maximum mass of copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4•5H2O, that can form using
the following steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in 50.0cm3 of 0.200mol/dm3 H2SO4. 0.01
• Deduce the number of moles of CuSO4•5H2O that can form. 0.01

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• The Mr of CuSO4•5H2O is 250. Calculate the maximum mass of CuSO4•5H2O that can
form.[3] 2.5g
23. An organic compound made from sodium azide has the composition by mass: 49.5% carbon,
7.2% hydrogen and 43.3% nitrogen.
Calculate the empirical formula of the organic compound.[3] C4H7N3

24. Sulfur dioxide reacts with aqueous sodium sulfite to produce a compound with the following
composition by mass: 29.1% Na, 40.5% S and 30.4% O.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.[3] Na2S2O3
25. Many organic compounds, such as alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters, contain the
elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.
(a) Compound R has the following composition by mass: C, 60.00%; H, 13.33%; O, 26.67%.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound R.[2] C3H8O
(b) Compound S has the empirical formula C2H4O and a relative molecular mass of 88.
Calculate the molecular formula of compound S.[2] C4H8O2
26. Nickel(II) iodide crystals are hydrated. A sample of hydrated nickel(II) iodide crystals has the
following composition by mass: Ni, 14.01%; I, 60.33%; H, 2.85%; O, 22.81%.
Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrated nickel(II) iodide crystals.[2] NiI2H12O6
27. Fluorine reacts with sulfur to form a compound which has 25.2% sulfur by mass and a
relative molecular mass of 254.
Determine the molecular formula of this compound.[3] S2F10
28. Compound X has the following composition by mass.
H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.[2] H3PO3

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