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Cc_eeg 222 Lecture Note

The lecture notes cover three-phase electrical systems, focusing on delta and star connections, their conversions, and the calculations of line and phase voltages and currents. Key concepts include the definitions and relationships between line voltage, phase voltage, line current, and phase current in both star and delta configurations, along with examples illustrating these principles. Additionally, the notes include worked examples to demonstrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

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2 views9 pages

Cc_eeg 222 Lecture Note

The lecture notes cover three-phase electrical systems, focusing on delta and star connections, their conversions, and the calculations of line and phase voltages and currents. Key concepts include the definitions and relationships between line voltage, phase voltage, line current, and phase current in both star and delta configurations, along with examples illustrating these principles. Additionally, the notes include worked examples to demonstrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

Uzor Jemima
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EEG 222: LECTURE NOTES

Course Content
Three phase: delta and star conversion, Line and phase voltages. Complex notation and its
application to RLC circuits.

THREE PHASE: Delta and Star Conversion


 In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three
conductors carrying alternating voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the
period.
 A three-phase system may be arranged in delta (∆) or star (Y) (also denoted as wye in
some areas).
 A wye system allows the use of two different voltages from all three phases, such as a
230/400 V system which provides 230 V between the neutral (center hub) and any
one of the phases, and 400 V across any two phases.
 A delta system arrangement only provides one voltage, but it has a greater
redundancy as it may continue to operate normally with one of the three supply
windings offline.
 Three branches in an electrical network can be connected in numbers of forms but the
most common among them is either star or delta form.
 In delta connection, three branches are so connected, that they form a closed loop. As
these three branches are connected nose to tail, they form a triangular closed loop; this
configuration is referred as delta connection.
 On the other hand, when either terminal of three branches is connected to a common
point to form a Y like pattern it is known as star connection.
 It is worth noting that these star and delta connections can be transformed from one
form to another. For simplifying complex network, delta to star or star to delta
transformation is often required. Figure A below represents Star connection while
Figure B represents Delta connection.
Figure 1: Star and Delta connection
Delta to Star Conversion
The replacement of delta or mesh by equivalent star connection is known as delta–star
transformation. The two connections are equivalent or identical to each other if the
impedance is measured between any pair of lines. That means, the value of impedance will be
the same if it is measured between any pair of lines irrespective of whether the delta is
connected between the lines or its equivalent star is connected between that lines.

Figure 2: Delta and Star connected resistors


Consider a delta system whose three corner points are A, B and C as shown in the Figure 2.
Electrical resistance of the branch between points A and B, B and C, and C and A are R 1, R2
and R3, respectively. The resistance between the points A and B will be,

Now, one-star system is connected to these points A, B, and C as shown in the Figure 2.
Three arms RA, RB and RC of the star system are connected with A, B and C, respectively.
Now, if we measure the resistance value between points A and B, we will get,
Since the two systems are identical, resistance measured between terminals A and B in both
systems must be equal.

Similarly, resistance between points B and C being equal in the two systems,

And resistance between points C and A being equal in the two systems,

Adding equations (I), (II) and (III) we get,

Subtracting equations (I), (II) and (III) from equation (IV) we get,

The relation of delta – star transformation can be expressed as follows:


 The equivalent star resistance connected to a given terminal is equal to the product of
the two delta resistances connected to the same terminal divided by the sum of the
delta connected resistances. If the delta connected system has same resistance R at its
three sides, then equivalent star resistance r will be,

Star to Delta Conversion


For star – delta transformation we just multiply equations (v), (VI) and (VI), (VII) and
(VII), (V) that is by doing (v) × (VI) + (VI) × (VII) + (VII) × (V) we get,
Now dividing equation (VIII) by equations (V), (VI) and equations (VII) separately we get,

Worked Example (See attachment)


LINE AND PHASE VOLTAGE
What is Line voltage?
In a three-phase power system, the potential difference between the two phases is called line
voltage (typically phase to phase). Alternatively,
Line voltage is simply the voltage that a power line delivers to its destination, or the point
where it is being used. It is denoted by VL-L .

For example, our domestic power supply is three phases, 440 Volts. Here 440 volts means the
phase-to-phase voltage is 440.
However, in a single-phase system, a voltage of 230 volts means that the potential difference
between the phase to neutral is 230 volts.

Mathematically, in a star connection, the line voltage is given by:

Accordingly, line voltage = 1.732 times of phase voltage.

In delta connection, line voltage is given by:

Line voltage = Phase voltage.


Worked example
1., Calculate the phase voltage if the line voltage is 460 volts, given that the system is a three-
phase balanced star connected system.
Answer: We know, Vphase = Vline / √3 = 460 / √3 = 265.59 volts.

What is line current:


The measure of current in one phase before the star or delta arrangement of the component is
called line current (typically input current in a motor or output current in the alternator). In a
three-phase balanced system, it may be R phase current or Y phase current or B phase
current.
It is denoted by IL ampere.
In star connection:

Line current= phase current. (This can be obtained from applying Kirchhoff’s current rule.)
In delta connection:
Line current t= phase current. (This can be obtained from applying Kirchhoff’s voltage rule)

What is phase voltage?


In a three-phase system, the potential difference between one phase to the neutral point is
called phase voltage. It is denoted by Vph volts.

Star Connection:

Phase voltage = Line voltage divide by 1.732

In Delta Connection:

To summarize, Line current is the current through any one line between a three-phase source
and load. Phase current is the current through any one component comprising a three-phase
source or load.

What is Phase current?


Phase current is the measure of the current inside of star connection or delta connection of the
three-phase system. It is denoted by Iph.
In star connection:
Phase current = Line current
In delta connection:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed path is equal to
zero.
Kirchhoff’s Current law states that for a parallel path, the total current entering a circuits
junction (node) is exactly equal to the total current leaving the same junction.

Worked Examples
1., The input power to a 3-phase AC motor is measured as 5kW. If the voltage and current to
the motor are 400V and 8.6A, respectively, determine the power factor of the system?
Power P = 5000W,
line voltage VL = 400 V,
line current, IL = 8.6A and power P =√3 VLIL cos φ. Hence,
power factor = cos φ = P √3 VLIL = 5000 √3 (400) (8.6) = 0.839
2., Three loads, each of resistance 30, are connected in star to a 415 V, 3-phase supply.
Determine
(a) the system phase voltage, (b) the phase current and (c) the line current.
Solution
A ‘415 V, 3-phase supply’ means that 415 V is the line voltage, VL

(a) For a star connection, VL = √3Vp, hence phase voltage, Vp = VL/√3 = 415 /√3
= 239.6 V or 240 V
correct to 3 significant figures
(b) Phase current, Ip = Vp/Rp = 240/30 = 8 A
(c) For a star connection, Ip = IL Hence the line current, IL = 8 A
3., A 415V, 3-phase AC motor has a power output of 12.75kW and operates at a power factor
of 0.77 lagging with an efficiency of 85 per cent. If the motor is delta-connected, determine
(a) the power input, (b) the line current and (c) the phase current.
Solution
(a) Efficiency = power output/power input.
Hence, (85/100) = 12.750/ power input from which, Power input = 12. 750 × 100 / 85
= 15 000W or 15Kw
(b) Power, P = √3 VLIL cos φ, hence
(c) line current, IL = P/ √3 (415) (0.77) = 15 000/ √3 (415) (0.77) = 27.10A
(d) For a delta connection, IL =√3 Ip,
Hence, Phase current, Ip = IL/√3 = 27.10 /√3 = 15.65A
4. , A 400V, 3-phase star connected alternator supplies a delta-connected load, each phase of
which has a resistance of 30 ohms and inductive reactance 40 ohms. Calculate (a) the current
supplied by the alternator and (b) the output power and the kVA of the alternator, neglecting
losses in the line between the alternator and load. A circuit diagram of the alternator and load
is shown in the Figure below.

Solution
(a) Considering the load: VL = 400V.
Phase current, Ip =Vp / Zp
Vp = VL for a delta connection, Hence Vp = 400V.
Phase impedance, Zp = √ (R2+XL2) =√ (302 +402) = 50.
Hence Ip =Vp / Zp =400 / 50=8A. For a delta-connection,
Line current, IL =√3 Ip =√3 (8) =13.86 A.
Hence 13.86A is the current supplied by the alternator.
(b) Alternator output power is equal to the power dissipated by the load
i.e. P =√3 VLIL cos φ, Where cos φ = Rp/Zp = 30/50 = 0.6. Hence P =√3 (400) (13.86) (0.6)
= 5.76kW.
Alternator output kVA,
S =√3 VLIL =√3 (400) (13.86) = 9.60 kVA.

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