83

DESIGN OF SLAB

Design Constants:

fc’ - 20.7MPa

fy - 276 MPa
𝐤𝐍
Wconcrete - 23.54 𝐦𝟑

Minimum Clear Cover - 20 mm

SLAB 1: (Both ends Continuous)

L 10
= 2.5 = 4 > 2 ∴ One-way Slab
S

(Consider 1-m strip)

Solving for h:
𝑙 𝑓𝑦
h= 28 (0.4 + 700)

2500 276
= (0.4 + 700)
28

= 70.92 mm ≈ 100 mm
 84
Loadings

Dead Load

Floor Finish = 1.10 kPa

Self Weight of Slab =(23.54)(0.10)

= 2.354 kPa

Wall Partition (Plastered) = 2.98 kPa

Total Dead Load: = 6.43 kPa

Live Load

Stores (Retail) = 4.8 kPa

Factored Load:

Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

Wud= 1.2(6.43)(2.5)

= 19.29 kN/m

Wul= 1.6(4.8)(2.5)

= 19.2 kN/m

Wu= 19.29 + 19.20

= 38.50 kN/m

Effective depth (d) = h – CC – 0.5(bar ϕ)

= 100 – 20 – 0.5(12)

= 74 mm

Clear Span (ln) = 2.5 – 0.30

= 2.2 m
 85
Solving for Moment Coefficients:
𝑤𝑙𝑛 2
(Moment at Midspan) Mup = 16

(38.50)(2.2)2
= 16

= 11.65 kN-m

𝑤𝑙𝑛 2
(Moment at Support) Mun = 11

(38.50)(2.2)2
=
11

= 16.94 kN-m

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Main Bars at Midspan)

Mu = ∅bd2 𝑅𝑛

11.65(1000)2 = (0.90)(1000)(74)2 (𝑅𝑛 )

Rn = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟕

R = fc’𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
2.36(𝑅)
1− √1−
𝑓𝑐′
ω = 1.18

2.36(2.127)
1− √1−
20.7
ω = 1.18

ω = 0.120

𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔 = 𝑓𝑐′

𝜌(276)
0.120 = 20.7

ρ = 0.009

Checking the value of 𝝆:

√𝑓𝑐′ √20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4(276) = 0.0041
4𝑓𝑦
 86
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 276 = 0.0051
𝑓𝑦

or (whichever is the greater)

Therefore use 𝝆 = 0.009

0.3643𝛽𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦

0.3643(0.85)(20.7)
= 276

= 0.0232

Since 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , use 𝝆 = 0.009

As
𝜌 = bd

AS = 0.009(1000)(74)

AS = 666 mm2

Using 12 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
= 4
666

= 169.82 mm → 150mm

Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 3t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

3t = 3(100) = 300 mm < 450 mm > 150 mm

Therefore, use 150 mm as the spacing for main bars.

 87
Assume Steel Yields:
0.003

a c
d
d-c
Et

Actual As:

(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
150mm = 4
As

As = 753.98 mm2

0.85fc’ab = Asfy
As fy
𝑎 = 0.85 fc′ b

(753.98) (276)
= (0.85) (20.7) (1000)

𝒂 = 11.83 mm

a = βc

11.83 = 0.85c

c = 13.92 mm

Checking the Strain

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
74−13.92 8.35

𝜺𝒕 = 0.0129

fy
𝜀𝑦 = 200,000

276
=
200,000

𝜺𝒚 = 0.00138
 88
Since 𝜺𝒕 > 𝜺𝒚 , steel yields! Assumption is correct.

Moment Capacity of Concrete (MU Capacity)

MU = ∅(Mn)
𝑎
= 0.9[0.85(fc’)ab(d - 2 )]
11.83
0.85(20.7)(11.83)(1000)(74 − )
=0.9[ 2
]
10002

MU = 12.75 kN-m > 11.65 kN-m PASS!

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Main Bars at Support)

Mu = ∅bd2 𝑅𝑛

16.94(1000)2 = (0.90)(1000)(74)2 (𝑅𝑛 )

Rn = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝟕

R = fc’𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
2.36(𝑅)
1− √1−
𝑓𝑐′
ω = 1.18

2.36(3.437)
1− √1−
20.7
ω = 1.18

ω = 0.187

𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔 = 𝑓𝑐′

𝜌(276)
0.187 = 20.7

ρ = 0.014
 89
Checking the value of 𝝆:

√𝑓𝑐′ √20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4(276) = 0.0041
4𝑓𝑦

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 276 = 0.0051
𝑓𝑦

or (whichever is the greater)

Therefore use ρ = 0.0051

0.3643𝛽𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦

0.3643(0.85)(20.7)
=
276

= 0.0232

Since 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , use 𝝆 = 0.014

As
𝜌 = bd

AS = 0.014(1000)(74)

AS = 1,036 mm2

Using 12 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) =
As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
= 4
1,036

= 109.17 mm → 100 mm

Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 3t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

3t = 3(100) = 300 mm < 450 mm > 100 mm

Therefore, use 100 mm as the spacing for main bars.

 90
Assume Steel Yields:
0.003

a c
d
d-c
Et

Actual As:

(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
100mm = 4
As

As = 1130.97 mm2

0.85fc’ab = Asfy
As fy
𝑎 = 0.85 fc′ b

(452.39) (276)
= (0.85) (20.7) (1000)

𝒂 = 17.74 mm

a = βc

7.10 = 0.85c

c = 20.87 mm

Checking the Strain

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐

𝜀𝑡 0.003
= 20.87
74−20.87

𝜺𝒕 = 0.0076

fy
𝜀𝑦 = 200,000

276
=
200,000

𝜺𝒚 = 0.00138
 91
Since 𝜺𝒕 > 𝜺𝒚 , steel yields! Assumption is correct.

Moment Capacity of Concrete (MU Capacity)

MU = ∅(Mn)
𝑎
= 0.9[0.85(fc’)ab(d - 2 )]
17.74
0.85(20.7)(17.74)(1000)(74 − )
=0.9[ 2
]
10002

MU = 18.30 kN-m > 16.94 kN-m PASS!

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Temperature Bars)

As = 0.0018bt for Grade 400

As = 0.002bt for all other grades

Max S = 5t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

As = 0.002bt

As = 0.002(1000)(100)

= 200 mm2

Using 10 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(102 )
( )(1000)
= 4
200

= 392.70 mm → 350 mm

Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 5t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

5t = 5(100) = 500 mm > 450 mm > 350 mm

Therefore, use 350 mm as the spacing for temperature bars.

 92
SLAB 2: (One end Continuous)

L 10
= =5>2 ∴ One-way Slab
S 2

(Consider 1-m strip)

Solving for h:
𝑙 𝑓𝑦
h= (0.4 + )
24 700

2000 276
= (0.4 + 700)
24

= 66.19 mm ≈ 100 mm

Loadings

Dead Load

Floor Finish = 1.10 kPa

Self Weight of Slab =(23.54)(0.10)

= 2.354 kPa

Total Dead Load: = 3.45 kPa

Live Load

Stores (Retail) = 4.8 kPa

Factored Load:

Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

Wud= 1.2(3.45)(2)

= 8.28 kN/m

Wul= 1.6(4.8)(2)

= 15.36 kN/m

Wu= 8.28 + 15.36

= 23.64 kN/m
 93
Effective depth (d) = h – CC – 0.5(bar ϕ)

= 100 – 20 – 0.5(12)

= 74 mm

Clear Span (ln) = 2 – 0.30

= 1.7 m

Solving for Moment Coefficients:

𝑤𝑙𝑛 2
(Moment at Midspan) Mup = 14

(23.64)(1.7)2
=
14

= 4.88 kN-m

𝑤𝑙𝑛 2
(Moment at Support) Mun = 10

(23.64)(1.7)2
= 10

= 6.83 kN-m

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Main Bars at Midspan)

Mu = ∅bd2 𝑅𝑛

4.88(1000)2 = (0.90)(1000)(74)2 (𝑅𝑛 )

Rn = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟏

R = fc’𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
2.36(𝑅)
1− √1−
𝑓𝑐′
ω = 1.18

2.36(0.991)
1− √1−
20.7
ω =
1.18

ω = 0.049
 94

𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔 = 𝑓𝑐′

𝜌(276)
0.049 = 20.7

ρ = 0.0037

Checking the value of 𝝆:

√𝑓𝑐′ √20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4(276) = 0.0041
4𝑓𝑦

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 276 = 0.0051
𝑓𝑦

or (whichever is the greater)

Therefore use 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0.0051

0.3643𝛽𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦

0.3643(0.85)(20.7)
= 276

= 0.0232

Since 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , use 𝝆 = 0.0051

As
𝜌 =
bd

AS = 0.0051(1000)(74)

AS = 377.4 mm2

Using 12 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
= 4
377.4

= 299.67 mm → 250mm
 95
Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 3t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

3t = 3(100) = 300 mm < 450 mm > 250 mm

Therefore, use 250 mm as the spacing for main bars.

Assume Steel Yields:

0.003

a c
d
d-c
Et

Actual As:

(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
250mm = 4
As

As = 452.39 mm2

0.85fc’ab = Asfy
As fy
𝑎 = 0.85 fc′ b

(452.39) (276)
= (0.85) (20.7)
(1000)

𝒂 = 7.10 mm

a = βc

7.10 = 0.85c

c = 8.35 mm
 96
Checking the Strain
𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
74−8.35 8.35

𝜺𝒕 = 0.024

fy
𝜀𝑦 = 200,000

276
= 200,000

𝜺𝒚 = 0.00138

Since 𝜺𝒕 > 𝜺𝒚 , steel yields! Assumption is correct.

Moment Capacity of Concrete (MU Capacity)

MU = ∅(Mn)
𝑎
= 0.9[0.85(fc’)ab(d - 2 )]
7.10
0.85(20.7)(7.10)(1000)(74 − )
=0.9[ 2
]
10002

MU = 7.92 kN-m > 2.44 kN-m PASS!

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Main Bars at Support)

Mu = ∅bd2 𝑅𝑛

6.83(1000)2 = (0.90)(1000)(74)2 (𝑅𝑛 )

Rn = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟔

R = fc’𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
2.36(𝑅)
1− √1−
𝑓𝑐′
ω = 1.18
 97
2.36(1.386)
1− √1−
20.7
ω = 1.18

ω = 0.070

𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔 = 𝑓𝑐′

𝜌(276)
0.070 = 20.7

ρ = 0.0053

Checking the value of 𝝆:

√𝑓𝑐′ √20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0041
4𝑓𝑦 4(276)

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0051
𝑓𝑦 276

or (whichever is the greater)

Since 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , use 𝝆 = 0.0053

0.3643𝛽𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦

0.3643(0.85)(20.7)
=
276

= 0.0232

Since 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , use 𝝆 = 0.0053

As
𝜌 = bd

AS = 0.0053(1000)(74)

AS = 377.4 mm2

Using 12 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
= 4
377.4

= 299.67 mm → 250mm
 98
Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 3t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

3t = 3(100) = 300 mm < 450 mm > 250 mm

Therefore, use 250 mm as the spacing for main bars.

Assume Steel Yields:

0.003

a c
d
d-c
Et

Actual As:

(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
250mm = 4
As

As = 452.39 mm2

0.85fc’ab = Asfy
As fy
𝑎 = 0.85 fc′ b

(452.39) (276)
= (0.85) (20.7)
(1000)

𝒂 = 7.10 mm

a = βc

7.10 = 0.85c

c = 8.35 mm
 99
Checking the Strain
𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
74−8.35 8.35

𝜺𝒕 = 0.024

fy
𝜀𝑦 = 200,000

276
= 200,000

𝜺𝒚 = 0.00138

Since 𝜺𝒕 > 𝜺𝒚 , steel yields! Assumption is correct.

Moment Capacity of Concrete (MU Capacity)

MU = ∅(Mn)
𝑎
= 0.9[0.85(fc’)ab(d - 2 )]
7.10
0.85(20.7)(7.10)(1000)(74 − )
=0.9[ 2
]
10002

MU = 7.92 kN-m > 4.49 kN-m PASS!

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Temperature Bars)

As = 0.0018bt for Grade 400

As = 0.002bt for all other grades

Max S = 5t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

As = 0.002bt

As = 0.002(1000)(100)

= 200 mm2
 100
Using 10 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(102 )
( )(1000)
= 4
200

= 392.70 mm → 350 mm

Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 5t or 450 mm whichever is lesser

5t = 5(100) = 500 mm > 450 mm > 350 mm

Therefore, use 350 mm as the spacing for temperature bars.

 101
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STAIRWAY

Design Constants:

fc’ - 20.7 MPa

fy - 276 MPa
kN
Wconcrete - 23.54 m3

Minimum Clear Cover - 20 mm

SERVICE LOAD:

Liveload = 4.8 kPa

Miscellaneous Liveload = 0.5 kPa

Floor Finish = 1.1 kPa

Miscellaneous Deadload = 0.5 kPa

STAIR DETAIL:

Tread (T) = 0.35 m

Riser (R) = 0.25 m

L = 2.5 m
 102
Number of steps per flight

1st = 10 steps

2nd = 10 steps
 103
Solving for t (Both Ends Continuous):
𝑙 𝑓𝑦
t = 28 (0.4 + 700)

2500 276
= (0.4 + 700)
28

= 70.92 mm ≈ 100 mm

Effective depth (d)

d = h – CC – 0.5(bar ϕ)

= 100 – 20 – 0.5(12)

= 74 mm

DEAD LOAD

Weight of steps = (1/2)(R)(Wconcrete)

= (1/2)(0.25)(23.54)

= 2.94 kPa

√𝑅2 +𝑇 2
Weight of Slab = (t) Wconcrete) ( )
𝑇

√0.252 +0.352
= (0.1) (23.54) (
0.35

= 2.89 kPa

Total Dead Load = 1.1 + 0.5 + 2.94 + 2.89

= 7.43 kPa

LIVE LOAD

Livel Load = 4.8 + 0.5

= 5.3 kPa

Factored Load:

Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

= 1.2(7.43)(2.5) + 1.6(5.3)(2.5)

= 43.49 kPa
 104
Solving for Moment Coefficients:

(Moment at Midspan)
𝑤𝑙𝑛 2
Mup = 16

(43.49)(2.5)2
= 16

= 16.99 kN-m

(Moment at Support)
𝑤𝑙𝑛 2
Mun = 11

(43.49)(2.5)2
= 11

= 24.71 kN-m

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Main Bars at Midspan)

Mu = ∅bd2 𝑅𝑛

16.99(1000)2 = (0.90)(1000)(74)2 (𝑅𝑛 )

Rn = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟕

R = fc’𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
2.36(𝑅)
1− √1−
𝑓𝑐′
ω = 1.18

ω = 0.187
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔 = 𝑓𝑐′

𝜌(276)
0.187 = 20.7

ρ = 0.014

Checking the value of 𝜌:

√𝑓𝑐′ √20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4(276) = 0.0041
4𝑓𝑦

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
= 276 = 0.0051

or (whichever is the greater)

 105
Therefore use 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0.0051

0.3643𝛽𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦

0.3643(0.85)(20.7)
= 276

= 0.0232

Since 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 > 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 , use 𝝆 = 0.014

As
𝜌 = bd

AS = 0.014(1000)(74)

AS = 1,036 mm2

Using 12 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

𝛑(𝟏𝟐𝟐 )
( )(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
= 𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟔

= 109.17 mm → 100mm

Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 3t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

3t = 3(100) = 300 mm < 450 mm > 100 mm

Therefore, use 100 mm as the spacing for main bars.

Assume Steel Yields:

0.003

a c
d
d-c
Et
 106
Actual As:

(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S)= As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
100mm = 4
As

As = 1,130.97 mm2

0.85fc’ab = Asfy
As fy
𝑎 = 0.85 fc′ b

(1130.97) (276)
= (0.85) (20.7) (1000)

𝒂 = 17.74 mm

a = βc

17.74 = 0.85c

c = 20.87 mm

Checking the Strain

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐

𝜀𝑡 0.003
74−20.87
= 20.87

𝜺𝒕 = 0.0076

fy
𝜀𝑦 =
200,000

276
= 200,000

𝜺𝒚 = 0.00138

Since 𝜺𝒕 > 𝜺𝒚 , steel yields! Assumption is correct.

Moment Capacity of Concrete (MU Capacity)

MU = ∅(Mn)
𝑎
= 0.9[0.85(fc’)ab(d - 2 )]
 107
17.74
0.85(20.7)(17.74)(1000)(74 − )
=0.9[ 2
]
10002

MU = 18.30 kN-m > 16.99 kN-m PASS!

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Main Bars at Support)

Mu = ∅bd2 𝑅𝑛

24.71(1000)2 = (0.90)(1000)(74)2 (𝑅𝑛 )

Rn = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝟒

R = fc’𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
2.36(𝑅)
1− √1−
𝑓𝑐′
ω =
1.18

ω = 0.293
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔 = 𝑓𝑐′

𝜌(276)
0.293 = 20.7

𝝆 = 0.022

Checking the value of 𝝆:

√𝑓𝑐′ √20.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4(276) = 0.0041
4𝑓𝑦

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
= 276 = 0.0051

or (whichever is the greater)

Therefore use ρ = 0.0056

0.3643𝛽𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦

0.3643(0.85)(20.7)
= 276

= 0.0232

Since 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 , use 𝝆 = 0.022

 108
As
𝜌 = bd

AS = 0.022(1000)(74)

AS = 1,628 mm2

Using 12 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
= 4
1628

= 69.47 mm → 60 mm

Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 3t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

3t = 3(100) = 300 mm < 450 mm > 60 mm

Therefore, use 60 mm as the spacing for main bars.

Assume Steel Yields:

0.003

a c
d
d-c
Et

Actual As:

(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(122 )
( )(1000)
60mm = 4
As

As = 1884.96 mm2

0.85fc’ab = Asfy
As fy
𝑎 = 0.85 fc′ b
 109
(1884.96) (276)
= (0.85) (20.7) (1000)

𝒂 = 29.57 mm

a = βc

29.57 = 0.85c

c = 34.79 mm

Checking the Strain

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐

𝜀𝑡 0.003
=
74−8.35 8.35

𝜺𝒕 = 0.0034

fy
𝜀𝑦 = 200,000

276
= 200,000

𝜺𝒚 = 0.00138

Since 𝜺𝒕 > 𝜺𝒚 , steel yields! Assumption is correct.

Moment Capacity of Concrete (MU Capacity)

MU = ∅(Mn)
𝑎
= 0.9[0.85(fc’)ab(d - 2 )]
29.57
0.85(20.7)(29.57)(1000)(74 − )
=0.9[ 2
]
10002

MU = 27.73 kN-m > 24.71 kN-m PASS!

Spacing of Reinforcement Bars: (Temperature Bars)

As = 0.0018bt for Grade 400

As = 0.002bt for all other grades

Max S = 5t or 450 mm whichever is lesser

 110
As = 0.002bt

As = 0.002(1000)(100)

= 200 mm2

Using 10 mm ϕ bar:
(Area of 1 bar)(1000)
Spacing (S) = As

π(102 )
( )(1000)
= 4
200

= 392.70 mm → 350 mm

Checking the Spacing Bars

Max S= 5t or 450 mm which ever is lesser

5t = 5(100) = 500 mm > 450 mm > 350 mm

Therefore, use 350 mm as the spacing for temperature bars.