ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPRESSION PROPERTIES OF

RECYCLED CRUSHED TILES AS A PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE

FOR CONVENTIONAL COARSE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE

Checked and Approved for Proposal/Final

Signature:
Name of Adviser: Engr. Christ John L. Marcos
Date Signed: 10/16/2024

by:

Borromeo, Cloyd Emzon P.

Dacena, Christine Joy V.

Gabuya, Divine Grace C.

A Thesis submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological

Engineering in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in

Structural Engineering

Mapua University

Intramuros, Manila

October 2024
 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation of and read and approved the
thesis manuscript prepared by Cloyd Emzon P. Borromeo, Dacena, Christine Joy V.
and Divine Grace C. Gabuya entitled “Assessment Of The Compression Properties
Of Recycled Crushed Tiles As A Partial Substitute For Conventional Coarse
Aggregate In Concrete” and that the said thesis was successfully presented to be
examined by the Thesis Defense Committee.

______________________________

Engr. Christ John L. Marcos

As members of the panel of the Thesis Defense Committee, we certify that we have
examined the manuscript and hereby recommend its acceptance as fulfillment of the
thesis requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Structural Engineering.

______________________________ ______________________________

Panel Member Panel Member

______________________________

Panel Member

This thesis is hereby approved and accepted by the School of Civil, Environmental, and
Geological Engineering as fulfillment of the thesis requirements for the degree in
Bachelor of Science in Structural Engineering.

______________________________

Gilfor B. Estores, PhD

ii
 DEDICATION

The researchers would like to dedicate this study to the following:

Teachers,

Students,

School Administrators,

Public, and

Future Researchers

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In expressing their most profound gratitude for anyone who supported and

assisted in the making of the research, the researchers are wholeheartedly grateful that

their knowledge strengthened, and wisdom deepened and that the conducted research

has come to success;

To Mapua University Intramuros, the academic institution that gave the

researchers an opportunity to write and conduct their research, as well as the privilege

to contribute to the academic community. For providing the training ground in

preparation for their endeavors, for the intuition that operated the professional making

of practical research of the researchers.

To Engr. Christ John L. Marcos, research methods professor and research

adviser, enabled the researchers to pursue their academic feat and provided them with

the best possible personnel for their learning process, which was much needed for the

completion of the research. Who poured knowledge onto them and lent a guiding hand

in the building process of the paper and consultation purposes. For his professional

guidance in completing their research;

To the team of researchers who stayed and faced the challenge. For all the

priceless learning experiences and the connections formed. Words are not enough to

express the meaning of gratitude for the success of this and the individual future

endeavors—Cloyd Emzon Borromeo, Dacena, Christine Joy V. and Divine Grace

Gabuya.

iv
 Lastly and to Almighty God, who bestowed resilience and strength during the

rough roads of the process. For his undying love that gave them the strength to continue

and accomplish the research.

v
 ABSTRACT

This study investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating

recycled crushed tiles as a partial substitute for conventional coarse aggregate in

concrete mixes. The research focuses on assessing the compression properties of

concrete, including compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and strain

characteristics, when utilizing recycled crushed tiles at a varying replacement level

limited until standard concrete strength is reached. The study examines the strain

behavior of concrete containing recycled aggregate through a comprehensive review of

existing literature. Key findings from related studies highlight the influence of several

factors, such as aggregate properties, mix proportions, and curing methods, on the

compression properties of concrete incorporating recycled materials. The research

methodology involves secondary research utilizing data from reputable sources and

analyzing experimental findings from related studies. Data gathering tools, including

literature review templates and data extraction forms, are employed to collect and

analyze relevant information systematically. Concrete mix designs with varying

percentages of recycled crushed tiles are developed, and compression tests are

conducted to evaluate the impact of incorporating recycled materials on concrete

performance. Compression tests on concrete specimens, highlighting trends in

compressive strength development and failure modes observed under load. The study

also compares the physical properties of traditional aggregates with recycled waste

materials, providing insights into their suitability for concrete production.

Keywords: Concrete, Compression Strength, Recycled Crushed Tiles, Aggregate

Properties

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................. i

THESIS APPROVAL PAGE..................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION............................................................................................................ iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... ix

DEFINITION OF TERMS......................................................................................... x

ACRONYMS............................................................................................................. xii

1.0 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ..........................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem......................................................................... 4

1.3 Research Question..................................................................................... 4

1.4 Objectives of the Study............................................................................. 5

1.4.1 Primary Objective........................................................................5

1.4.2 Specific Objectives.......................................................................5

1.5 Theoretical Framework..............................................................................5

1.6 Scope and Limitations................................................................................7

1.6.1 Scope.............................................................................................7

1.6.2 Limitations...................................................................................7

1.7 Significance Of The Study..........................................................................8

vii
2.0 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................................10

2.1 Conventional Coarse Aggregates in Concrete........................................10

2.2 Recycled Aggregates in Concrete............................................................12

2.3 Compression Properties of Recycled Materials.....................................13

2.4 Effects of Partial Substitution with Recycled Materials.........................14

2.4.1 Compressive Strength................................................................14

2.4.2 Modulus of Elasticity.................................................................15

2.4.3 Strain Characteristics................................................................16

2.5 Durability and Environmental Considerations......................................17

2.5.1 Durability of Concrete with Recycled Aggregates...................17

2.5.2 Environmental Considerations in Concrete Production........18

2.6 Statistical Treatment in Investigating Concrete Properties..................19

3.0 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.......................................................................21

3.1 Research Design........................................................................................21

3.2 Data Gathering Tools................................................................................22

3.3 Conceptual Framework............................................................................23

3.4 Research Procedures................................................................................24

3.4.1 Preparation and Acquisition of Materials................................24

3.4.2 Concrete Mix Design..................................................................25

3.4.3 Sample Preparation...................................................................25

3.4.4 Compression Testing.................................................................25

3.4.5 Modulus of Elasticity and Strain Characteristics

3.4.6 Feasibility and Limitations Assessment...................................26

3.5 Statistical Treatment................................................................................26

viii
 3.5.1 Analysis of Variance (Anova)....................................................26

3.5.2 Regression Analysis...................................................................27

3.5.3 Interpretation Of Results..........................................................27

REFERENCES …..................................................................................................... 29

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Assessment of the Compression Properties of Recycled Crushed Tiles as a

Partial Substitute for Conventional Coarse Aggregate in Concrete...................23

x
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Coarse Aggregate - These are larger particles of materials such as gravel, crushed

stone, or recycled concrete used in concrete mixes.

Feasibility - In construction, feasibility refers to the practicality or viability of a project

or design. It involves assessing factors such as cost, time, resources, and technical

constraints to determine whether a project can be successfully completed.

Fine Aggregates - Also known as sand, these are smaller particles of materials such as

natural sand, crushed stone sand, or crushed gravel sand used in concrete mixes.

Modulus of Elasticity - Also known as Young's modulus, it is a measure of the stiffness

or rigidity of a material. In construction, it is used to quantify the elasticity of materials

like concrete, steel, or wood, describing how much they will deform under a given load.

Strength - In construction, strength refers to the ability of a material to withstand

applied loads without failure. For concrete, strength is typically measured in terms of

compressive strength, which is its ability to resist crushing forces.

Sustainability - In construction, sustainability refers to the practice of designing,

constructing, operating, and maintaining buildings and infrastructure in a way that

meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations

to meet their own needs.

Tiles - Thin objects usually square or rectangular in shape, commonly made of ceramic,

stone, metal, or glass, used to cover floors, walls, roofs, and other surfaces for

decorative or functional purposes in construction.

Water - In construction, water is a crucial component of concrete mixes. It's used to

hydrate the cement and facilitate the chemical reaction that binds the concrete

ingredients together.

xi
Waste Reduction - This refers to efforts aimed at minimizing the amount of waste

generated during the construction process.

xii
 ACRONYMS

RCTA - Recycled Ceramic Tile Aggregates

RAC - Recycled Aggregate Concrete

RMA - Recycled Mixed Aggregates

GOS - Glacial Outwash Sand

RAP - Recycled Asphalt Pavement

RCA - Recycled Concrete Aggregate

RPM - Recycled Pavement Material

RAS - Recycled Asphalt Shingle

LCA - Life Cycle Assessment

CTA - Ceramic Tile Aggregate Waste

IJRASET - International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology

xiii
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, known for

its strength, durability, and versatility. Concrete consumption is increasing as

urbanization and infrastructure development increase. Its ability to be molded into

various shapes and sizes makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, from

residential homes to massive industrial complexes. The use of concrete implies the use

of cement, water, fines, and coarse aggregate as well. Aggregates are a critical

component in the construction industry, serving as the granular base material that forms

the bulk of concrete and asphalt. They provide structural integrity, enhance durability,

and contribute to the overall stability of the finished construction product. Use of

recycled crushed tiles as a partial substitute for conventional coarse aggregate gravel in

concrete helps to mitigate overexploitation and manage waste effectively.

The strength of concrete is primarily influenced by the characteristics and

strength of the coarse aggregate, as it comprises the largest portion of the concrete’s

volume. The physical properties of a coarse aggregate affect the durability, workability,

and structural performance of the concrete. Coarse aggregate is composed of irregular

broken stones, or it can occur around a gravel. Structural concrete contains broken

stones or rocks like granite and limestone or gravel. Coarse aggregate such as gravel

used due to its availability and the role of this aggregate was to enhance the strength of

the material. However, concerns about the sustainability and environmental impact of

1
continuous gravel extraction have prompted research into alternative materials.

According to Abegaz et al. (2020), the Highest compressive strength was achieved from

concrete containing crushed quartzite, followed by concrete containing river gravel.

Aginam C.H. et al. (2013), compared the compressive strength of concrete made from

gravel (both washed and unwashed) with crushed granite. The study of Aginam their

findings showed increased strength with longer curing times, with unwashed gravel

consistently producing the lowest compressive strength.

According to Bendixen et al. (2021), the interconnections between global

aggregate resource management and the United Nations Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs) highlight several critical challenges to achieving a sustainable future.

These include the direct and indirect impacts of aggregate extraction on human health,

the broader system-level effects on ecosystems and the essential services they provide,

and the difficulty of meeting the rising global demand for aggregates. Addressing these

issues requires balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social

well-being, while mitigating the long-term consequences of resource depletion.

This seeks to explore the potential of recycled crushed tiles as a sustainable

alternative to conventional coarse aggregate in concrete production. By examining the

compression properties, including compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and

strain characteristics, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the feasibility

of utilizing recycled materials to enhance the sustainability of construction practices.

The impact of replacing conventional coarse aggregate with recycled crushed tiles on

the mechanical performance of concrete. Specifically, the study aims to determine how

2
this substitution affects key compression properties, while also evaluating the practical

limitations of using recycled materials in concrete mixtures.

In this study, the UTM will be used to assess the compression properties of

concrete samples, particularly those incorporating recycled crushed tiles as a substitute

for conventional coarse aggregate. Universal Testing Machine (UTM), a versatile

device widely used in material testing to evaluate mechanical properties such as tensile

strength, compressive strength, and elasticity. The Universal Testing Machine was pre-

calibrated and operated by a certified specialist from Mapua University in Intramuros,

Manila.

This study will examine the compressive properties of concrete when recycled

crushed tiles are used as a partial replacement for conventional coarse aggregates. The

scope is specifically confined to a particular type of tile waste, acknowledging that the

results may not be generalizable to other types of tile waste. The variability in tile waste

types could influence the concrete mix differently.

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, construction, and

demolition waste (CDW) refers to the waste produced during new construction,

renovation, or demolition projects involving structures like streets, highways, bridges,

buildings, utility plants, piers, and dams (United States Environmental Protection

Agency 2019). Annually, a massive portion of global waste comes from construction

and demolition activities, accounting for about 75% of total waste. Within this category,

ceramic materials are the largest contributors, making up approximately 54% of the

construction and demolition waste. In the ceramic industry 30% are estimated to

become waste, but none of this waste is recycled. Ceramic waste, which is tough and

3
resistant to damage, is piling up quickly, creating pressure on the industry to find ways

to dispose of it. At the same time, natural crushed stone reserves are running low,

particularly in dry regions. Use of inorganic industrial residual products in making

concrete will lead to sustainable concrete design and greener environment (Senthamarai

and Manoharan, 2005). Incorporating recycled ceramic waste into concrete production

aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy),

9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and 12 (Responsible Consumption and

Production). Recycling and reusing crushed tiles present a promising solution to

environmental challenges and resource depletion, contributing to a more sustainable

construction industry and reducing the environmental footprint of infrastructure

projects.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The demand for sustainable construction materials has intensified due to

environmental concerns and the depletion of natural resources. In response to this

challenge, the potential of utilizing recycled materials in concrete production has

garnered considerable attention. One such material of interest is recycled crushed tiles,

which offer promise as a partial substitute for conventional coarse aggregate in concrete

mixes. This research aims to investigate the comparability ratio of incorporating

recycled crushed tiles as a partial substitute for conventional coarse aggregate

properties of concrete.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

For the research question of the study, the researchers aim to answer the question;

4
 • How does the incorporation of recycled crushed tiles as a substitute for

conventional coarse aggregate in concrete affect the compression properties,

such as the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and strain

characteristics., and potential limitations of the resulting composite material

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 Primary Objective

• To investigate the impact of incorporating recycled crushed tiles, as a substitute

for conventional coarse aggregate, on the concrete properties.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

• To determine the basic properties of recycled crushed tiles to evaluate their

suitability as partial replacements for conventional coarse aggregates in

concrete;

• To investigate the influence of recycled crushed tiles on the compressive

strength, modulus of elasticity, and strain characteristics of concrete;

• To assess the feasibility and potential limitations of partially using recycled

crushed tiles in concrete mixes based on the observed compression properties.

• To develop sustainable suggestions or recommendations for the use of recycled

crushed tiles as observed on the concrete strength performance.

1.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is grounded in the theory of sustainable construction, emphasizing

the substitution of recycled materials for natural resources to enhance environmental

5
performance. The use of recycled crushed tiles as a substitute for conventional coarse

aggregate in concrete aligns with the principles of resource efficiency and waste

reduction, addressing the increasing environmental concerns in the construction

industry (Kazmi et al., 2019).

Theories on concrete's compressive properties suggest that the strength and

durability of concrete are significantly influenced by the quality and type of aggregates

used (Yang et al., 2021). Replacing conventional coarse aggregates with recycled

materials, such as crushed tiles, can lead to changes in compressive strength, modulus

of elasticity, and strain characteristics. These mechanical properties are critical for

assessing the performance and practical application of recycled materials in

construction. Previous studies have shown that the substitution of recycled aggregates

can either enhance or diminish these properties, depending on factors like the mix ratio

and material quality (Thomas et al., 2018).

The modulus of elasticity, which measures a material’s resistance to

deformation, and strain characteristics, which describe how concrete behaves under

stress, are vital in evaluating the long-term performance of concrete incorporating

recycled aggregates (Xu et al., 2017). This study aims to validate or challenge these

theories by examining the effect of recycled crushed tiles on these key properties.

Hypotheses:

• Null (Ho): Recycled crushed tiles used as coarse aggregate do not significantly

affect the compression properties of concrete.

6
 • Alternative (H1): Recycled crushed tiles significantly improve or reduce the

compression properties of concrete.

The study will be tested with a 95% confidence level.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1.6.1 Scope

This study focuses on the compression properties of concrete when

recycled crushed tiles are used as a partial substitute for conventional coarse

aggregate. The research will be conducted through a series of experiments,

where various proportions of recycled tiles will be mixed with standard concrete

to assess their impact on compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and strain

characteristics. This will evaluate the concrete's performance and ability to

sustain several types of forces under controlled laboratory circumstances, in

comparison to normal concrete mixtures. The scope comprises examining the

physical and chemical qualities of recycled tiles, finding the best mix ratio, and

evaluating the structural soundness of the resulting concrete.

1.6.2 Limitations

The proposed study is limited to the use of a specific type of tile waste

which may be limited due to the varying types of tile waste, which may affect

the concrete mix differently. Therefore, categorizing the tile waste based on its

material properties and conducting separate tests for each type to determine their

specific impact on the concrete. The research will be conducted using a

consistent set of environmental conditions, which may not fully replicate the
7
 complexities of real-world construction environments. As a result, the

performance of the concrete in actual construction scenarios may differ. The

mix ratio 1:2:3 (one part cement: 2-part sand: and three parts mixed aggregate

and waste crushed tiles) for the concrete will follow standard guidelines,

incorporating recycled crushed tiles as a partial substitute for gravel.

Experimentation will be limited to achieving the compressive strength

requirement of standard concrete based on National Structural Code of the

Philippines Chapter 3, which is typically around 3,000 to 5,000 psi for general

applications. According to AASHTO standards, adjustments in aggregate

composition will follow specific guidelines to maintain structural integrity and

safety, ensuring that tests will be stopped once the mix reaches the required

compressive strength for standard concrete.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to investigate the compression properties, modulus of elasticity,

and strain characteristics of recycled crushed tiles when used as a partial substitute for

gravel in concrete. It involves assessing whether these recycled materials can meet the

necessary standards and perform well regarding compression strength, modulus of

elasticity, and strain characteristics. This research addresses the need for sustainable

construction materials, potentially reducing reliance on natural aggregates and

minimizing waste in landfills.

Where the construction industry is increasingly seeking sustainable materials to

reduce its environmental impact, the findings of this study will contribute to the existing

body of knowledge on sustainable construction practices. This research could lead to

8
more eco-friendly construction methods, reducing the environmental footprint of

building projects. Furthermore, this research could pave the way for further studies on

using other recycled materials in concrete, promoting a more circular economy in the

construction industry.

9
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature presents and evaluates pieces of literature that

are related to the research. These works are used to give the researchers a better

understanding of the topic and find the gaps in these previous studies, proving the

importance and purpose of this paper. This section is categorized into five major topics:

Recycled Aggregates in Concrete, Compression Properties of Recycled Materials,

Effects of Partial Substitution with Recycled Materials, Durability and Environmental

Considerations, and Quality Control and Standards.

2.1 CONVENTIONAL COARSE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE

Coarse aggregates, which encompass irregular and granular materials such as

sand, gravel, or crushed stone, are essential components in concrete construction.

Typically sourced from natural deposits through methods like blasting or crushing,

these aggregates must be thoroughly washed before use in concrete production. Their

angularity and strength significantly impact the concrete’s performance, underscoring

the importance of careful selection during the aggregation process. Coarse aggregates

are defined as materials retained on a 4.7 mm sieve, with sizes reaching up to 63 mm.

The size of these aggregates affects multiple facets of concrete, primarily its strength,

workability, and the water-to-cement ratio necessary for the mix. Larger aggregate sizes

provide a reduced bondable surface area, leading to a decreased requirement for water

and fine aggregates. Conversely, smaller aggregates are essential for fitting between

reinforcement bars, ensuring uniform distribution throughout the concrete structure

(Banerjee & Poulami, 2021).

maintaining consistency in concrete batches. Uniformly shaped coarse aggregates

enhance the cohesiveness and uniformity of the concrete mix. Additionally, the shape

of the aggregates—whether rounded, angular, or irregular—also plays a significant

role. Rounded aggregates demand less water and cement due to their lower surface area,

making them cost-effective yet weaker in bonding. In contrast, angular aggregates,

although requiring more water and cement, contribute to stronger and more durable

concrete. The inherent strength of the material from which the coarse aggregate is

derived also influences the concrete’s final strength; for example, granite is preferred

over limestone for its superior resistance to cracking. Furthermore, the water absorption

capacity of coarse aggregates, which can be up to five percent of their weight,

necessitates those aggregates be kept damp before mixing to avoid a dry and brittle

concrete batch. The characteristics of coarse aggregates—size, grading, shape, strength,

and water absorption—will be vital for determining the quality and strength of the

concrete mix in future research (Srikanth et al., 2022).

In this study, the researchers will be utilizing this information to assess how

recycled crushed tiles can function effectively as a partial substitute for conventional

coarse aggregates in concrete. By understanding the fundamental properties of coarse

aggregates, such as their size, shape, and strength, the researchers aim to evaluate the

impact of incorporating recycled materials on the overall performance and quality of

concrete. This knowledge will guide the experimental design and help establish optimal

mixing ratios that maintain or enhance concrete’s mechanical properties, contributing

to sustainable construction practices.

11
2.2 RECYCLED AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE

Waste recycling has gained greater recognition in recent decades (Munir et al.,

2016). The construction industry is emphasized as a significant source of waste

generation (Kazmi et al., 2019a). The study looks at how recycled aggregates in

concrete can help with environmental issues and lessen the need for natural resources.

Utilizing recycled aggregates in concrete buildings promotes responsible resource use

and innovation in waste management strategies. This is in keeping with the idea that it

can diminish environmental problems (Kazmi et al., 2019b). Also, it addresses the

growing use of recycled aggregates in concrete production as a sustainable construction

technique. A study has been done on the feasibility of using crushed tiles as recycled

ceramic tile aggregates (RCTA) made from waste ceramic tile (Topcu and Canbaz,

2007).

According to Wang et al. (2016), they examined the mechanical properties, such

as compressive strength and elastic modulus, of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC),

incorporating bacteria-modified recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled

mixed aggregates (RMA), comprising crushed concrete, masonry, glass, and wood. It

is important to remember that many elements, such as the type, quality, and methods of

processing used for the recycled aggregates, affect how much the mechanical

characteristics of concrete are improved (Thomas et al., 2018c)—considering strain

characteristics and modulus of elasticity in evaluating the behavior and performance of

concrete containing recycled aggregates (Yang et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2018). Achieving

a thorough comprehension of how these factors influence concrete's structural integrity

and properties is essential for ensuring reliable and sustainable construction practices.

12
2.3 COMPRESSION PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS

The article “Compressibility of Recycled Materials for Use As Highway

Embankment Fill” (Soleimanbeigi & Edil, Jan 2015), presents the compressibility of

various recycled materials mixed with glacial outwash sand (GOS) was evaluated

through one-dimensional compression tests. Results showed that, except for recycled

concrete aggregate (RCA), all compacted recycled materials exhibited higher

compressibility than compacted GOS. Different compression mechanisms were

observed depending on the type, composition, and morphology of the particles.

Bituminous recycled materials like recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled

pavement material (RPM), and recycled asphalt shingle (RAS) mixed with GOS

showed higher compressibility compared to non-bituminous recycled materials.

Compression increased over time at a constant vertical effective stress, with higher

strain rates for bituminous materials. The stress coefficient of compression, indicating

the degree of stress dependency for compression, varied for each recycled material.

Thermal effects influenced compressibility, with temperature rises increasing

compressibility but thermal preloading reducing it for RAP and RAS-GOS mixtures.

Construction of embankments using bituminous materials during summer is

recommended to induce thermal preloading and reduce long-term settlement, although

the long-term settlements of typical highway embankments constructed with these

recycled materials remained below allowable limits.

13
2.4 EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION WITH RECYCLED

MATERIALS

Coarse aggregate is one component in creating cement to reach its desired use

and functionality; this section investigates the effects of recycling crushed tiles as a

partial substitute for a coarse aggregate of cement in several aspects.

2.4.1 Compressive Strength

An article “Effect Of Waste Ceramic Tiles As A Partial Replacement Of

Aggregates in Concrete” (Bommisetty et al., 2019), presents significant insights

into sustainable construction practices in the effects of partial substitution with

recycled materials, particularly waste ceramic tiles, on the compressive strength

of concrete. Concrete, being a widely utilized construction material, demands

attention towards reducing environmental impact and conserving natural

resources. The study conducted by Jagadeesh Bommisetty et al. (2019) delves

into this aspect, emphasizing the potential for enhancing concrete properties

through the incorporation of recycled materials as partial substitutes for

conventional aggregates. The experimental findings highlight a notable increase

in compressive strength with incremental levels of waste ceramic tile

substitution, reaching an optimum at 20% replacement. This observed

enhancement not only underscores the technical feasibility of utilizing waste

ceramic tiles but also emphasizes their potential to contribute positively to the

mechanical performance of concrete. However, beyond the optimal replacement

level, a decline in compressive strength was observed, indicating the importance

of carefully optimizing substitution levels to harness the maximum benefits of

14
recycled materials. These findings are particularly significant in the context of

sustainable construction practices, as they offer viable solutions for reducing

reliance on virgin aggregates and mitigating environmental burdens associated

with waste disposal. Considering this context, the researchers have undertaken

an investigation into the effects of incorporating recycled crushed tiles as a 50%

partial substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete. Their study has revealed

notable impacts on the compressive strength of concrete, particularly

highlighting a positive influence below the optimal replacement level.

Moreover, the research delves deeper into the implications of utilizing recycled

crushed tiles as a substitute for coarse aggregate, specifically focusing on its

effect on compressive strength in the context of a 50% partial substitution.

2.4.2 Modulus of Elasticity

The study "Investigation on partial replacement of various waste

materials as coarse aggregate in concrete" by Sujitha and Sivarajan (2023)

investigates how much more “elastic” concrete gets when it incorporates junk

from ceramics and iron smelting instead of using all the coarse aggregate in

each type. The mistake that has been made here is failure to mention the exact

method used to test for modulus of elasticity; but we can tell that it was done by

trying out recycled content at various rates in different batches then

experimenting with each one to see which performs best. The highest

compressive strength happens when 50% replaces normal aggregates with

ceramic tile waste and iron slag waste, as found by the authors. Were they to

have talked about what this means in terms of elastic behavior – it would be

15
clear what these levels do directly ↵affect→ impact upon Modulus of Elasticity

(E) hence compressively; instead, a statement indicating so is missing; however,

considering variations in compressive strengths indicate changes in Modulus of

Elasticity (E), then ⇑↑compressive strengths must mean ⇓↓moduli (higher

strength indicates stiffer materials and higher elastic moduli). On the other hand,

additional experiments should have been conducted on data points concerning

elasticities’ relationship with substitution amounts. Additionally, knowing how

much MOE changes due to various levels of replacements will help us

understand stiffness characteristics after using such cement mixes for

construction works where rebars are involved.

2.4.3 Strain Characteristics

The strain characteristics of concrete when influenced by recycled

aggregate has been a notable subject in recent studies, which is an indication of

the increasing concern about sustainable building methods. This part looks at

different pieces of literature on strain behavior in concrete containing recycled

aggregates regarding major findings, approaches used and their implications.

The way that the inclusion of RCA (Recycled Concrete Aggregate) affects the

strain behavior of concrete has been studied widely. For example, Ajdukiewicz

and Alina (2002) as well as Xu et al., (2017) had different findings concerning

compression strength and strain properties for concretes made with RCA. The

addition of RCA to mixtures led to a significant increase in compressive

strengths, signifying potential improvements in resistance against strains

according to Ajdukiewicz and Alina. On the other hand, Xu et al found out that

16
 RAC had lower compressive strength than ordinary concrete which means it

could affect its behavior under stress.

Concrete strain features are sensitive against the size and concentration

of recycled aggregates. Concrete workability and strain behavior were noticed

to vary with the size distribution of recycled aggregate by Kurda et al. (2017).

This means that while smaller RCA particles enhance workability, they can

introduce different strains from those produced by larger aggregates during

mixing. Similarly, considering strain properties alone; Thomas et al.’s (2018)

study together with that of Kou et al.’s (2012) found that when levels of RCA

used in making concrete were increased more so did their vulnerability to

deform under load bearing conditions decrease proportionally. From this it can

be seen clearly that higher concentrations of RCA cause lower resistance to

strains thereby necessitating for an optimal content blending optimization based

on desired mechanical performance.

2.5 DURABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

2.5.1 Durability of Concrete with Recycled Aggregates

The capability of concrete to withstand several types of forms of

damage, preserving its integrity in terms of strength and appearance for the

duration of its service when exposed to its surroundings (Guo et al., 2018).

Focusing on the durability of concrete containing recycled aggregates gained

prominence due to the growing interest in sustainable construction practices.

Several variables, including the presence of contaminants, the rate of

integration, and the quality of recycled aggregates, were examined, and they
17
were found to affect the longevity of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) (Silva

et al., 2014). Experimental investigations have demonstrated that while some

recycled aggregates can maintain or improve concrete durability, others may

introduce challenges such as increased permeability. Strategies for enhancing

the durability of RAC include proper material selection, pre-treatment of

recycled aggregates to remove contaminants, optimization of mix designs, and

incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (Tam & Tam, 2007). It

is necessary to understand the durability performance of concrete containing

recycled aggregates to ensure infrastructure systems' long-term dependability

and durability.

2.5.2 Environmental Considerations in Concrete Production

Concrete is the world's most often used building material because of its

many advantages over alternative materials (Mohamad et al., 2022). The

growing focus on the environmental impact of concrete manufacturing in

sustainable construction methods has driven the study into the ecological impact

of using recycled aggregates. The world's population will only raise demand for

concrete, emphasizing the need for a more durable, affordable, and

environmentally friendly combination (Tayebani et al., 2023). Sustainability is

one of the most important characteristics of concrete compositions. The

environmental advantages and disadvantages of recycling aggregates instead of

traditional materials are measured using life cycle assessment, or LCA (Boesch

& Hellweg, 2010). Improving the technologies used in cement plant

manufacturing to generate cleaner output is one strategy for addressing the

18
 problem. The approach to dealing with the issue is strengthening cement plant

manufacturing technologies to produce cleaner output. Utilizing recycled

aggregates can significantly reduce energy consumption, carbon emissions, and

waste generation throughout the concrete life cycle (Mohamad et al., 2022).

However, environmental considerations extend beyond material substitution to

encompass transportation emissions, resource depletion, and ecosystem impacts

(Blankendaal et al., 2014). Moreover, the ecological performance of recycled

aggregates is influenced by factors such as the distance to recycling facilities,

energy requirements for processing, and the potential for contaminant

emissions. Integrating environmental considerations into concrete production

requires holistic approaches that consider the entire supply chain and balance

environmental, economic, and social objectives.

2.6 STATISTICAL TREATMENT IN INVESTIGATING CONCRETE

PROPERTIES

Statistics is a comprehensive field of mathematics focused on methods for

gathering, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting numerical information. The use of

statistical treatment in experimental research is crucial for ensuring the effective

collection, analysis, and interpretation of data across diverse fields such as engineering.

Statistical methods form the foundation of the Design of Experiments (DOE), allowing

researchers to draw valid and reliable conclusions from experimental data. (Ajit C.

Tamhane, 2009). This plays a key role in structuring experiments by guiding the

selection of appropriate designs, ensuring that the data generated can be analyzed using

established models and methods. Furthermore, statistical analysis allows researchers to

19
evaluate data variability, distinguish meaningful results from random fluctuations, and

confirm the reliability of the experiment's findings. The two primary types of statistical

methods, Descriptive and Inferential Statistics, both play crucial roles in summarizing

and interpreting data. According to Martin G. Larson, descriptive statistics serve as the

foundation for organizing, summarizing, and displaying data in a way that is easy to

understand. It also involves the use of measures such as mean, median, mode, standard

deviation, and range to provide a clear summary of the data collected. While Inferential

Statistics, allows the researchers to draw conclusions and make predictions based on

the data gathered. This bridges the gap between sample data and broader

generalizations, enabling researchers to assess relationships, test hypotheses, and make

informed predictions.

20
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

The methodology outlines the methods used in researching the compression

property of concrete by using recycled crushed tiles as a partial substitute of the normal

coarse aggregate. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the systematic procedure

that was adopted to achieve the research objectives, including data collection, analysis,

and interpretation. This methodology was systematically constructed to determine the

effect of recycled material on some of the critical concrete properties such as strength

in compression, modulus of elasticity, and strain property. This chapter will explain the

research design of the study, data collection instruments, theoretical framework, and

process used to carry out the in-depth assessment.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study employs an experimental research approach to investigate the

concrete properties of concrete incorporating recycled crushed tiles as a substitute for

conventional coarse aggregate. The objective is to evaluate the impact of recycled

materials on key concrete properties, including compressive strength, modulus of

elasticity, and strain characteristics.

To achieve this, the researchers will use a universal testing machine (UTM) to

conduct systematic tests on concrete samples with 100% replacement of conventional

coarse aggregate by recycled crushed tiles. The experimental procedure includes

precise sample preparation, mix design, and curing processes. Two sets of tests will be

21
conducted to compare the effects of recycled crushed tiles with conventional aggregate

effectively.

Data analysis will involve a thorough examination of the collected data to

identify trends, patterns, and correlations related to the concrete properties of the

concrete. This analysis, combined with insights from the literature review, will aid in

interpreting the results in line with the research objectives.

The research report will be organized into sections: introduction, literature

review, research methodology, data analysis, results, discussion, conclusions, and

recommendations. A detailed comparison with existing studies will be included to

enhance the credibility of the research. Results will be disseminated through academic

channels and published in peer-reviewed journals, contributing to advancements in

sustainable construction practices and supporting SDG 7, SDG 9, and SDG 12. This

research aims to provide valuable insights into the feasibility of using recycled crushed

tiles in the construction industry.

3.2 DATA GATHERING TOOLS

The research will be focusing on analyzing the concrete properties of recycled

crushed tiles as a partial replacement for conventional coarse aggregate in concrete,

with an emphasis on both qualitative and quantitative data. To achieve this, the study

will utilize the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to record in-depth technical

information and contextual insights from the testing procedure. Researchers will submit

a letter of approval to the Dean of Civil Engineering at Mapua University Intramuros,

Manila, to conduct the experiments within the university's laboratory facilities.

22
 UTM is crucial for this study as it allows for the precise application of

compressive forces and accurate measurement of compressive strength under

controlled conditions, ensuring consistent examination of each sample. This capability

guarantees reliable data that accurately reflects the performance of the recycled

material. Additionally, the UTM’s integration with the laboratory's digital systems

facilitates real-time data collection and processing, enabling immediate interpretation

of results and adjustments as necessary during the research phase. The controlled

environment at the Mapua University Intramuros Laboratory minimizes external

variables, ensuring that observed effects on concrete performance are directly attributed

to the use of recycled crushed tiles. This research setting not only supports high-quality

experimentation but shows commitment to sustainable engineering practices by

exploring innovative materials that could reduce the environmental impact of

construction.

3.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1: Assessment of the Compression Properties of Recycled Crushed Tiles as a

Partial Substitute for Conventional Coarse Aggregate in Concrete

23
 The conceptual framework of this entire research initially revolves around

addressing environmental considerations in the construction industry by exploring the

utilization of recycled crushed tiles as a partial substitute for conventional coarse

aggregate in concrete. This investigation aims to assess how this substitution affects the

concrete properties of concrete, specifically focusing on key parameters such as the

modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and strain characteristics. Each phase in

this study helps the researchers helps answer the specific objectives and conclude the

main objective. Assessing of conventional aggregate limitations lead the need to finding

a way in reducing environmental and economic pressures in the construction industry.

Tiles, as also a part of this industry, could be characterized into which is can be used as

coarse aggregates. By evaluating these properties, the study seeks to determine whether

the concrete specimens that are incorporated with recycled crushed tiles exhibit

performance levels that are comparable to or better than those of conventional concrete.

After the data collection and analysis of the findings, the study gathers all the necessary

information for a conclusion that will provide insights into the viability and

sustainability of using recycled materials in concrete production as an environmentally

friendly alternative to conventional practices.

3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURES

3.4.1 Preparation and Acquisition of Materials

• Procure necessary materials, including cement, recycled crushed tiles, fine

aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and any additives required for concrete

production.

24
• Ensure the recycled crushed tiles meet specified size requirements and are free

from contaminants.

3.4.2 Concrete Mix Design

• Develop concrete mix designs with one being the control group without

recycled crushed tiles and the other one with the recycled crushed tiles

• Follow established standards and guidelines for concrete mix design,

considering desired compressive strength and workability.

3.4.3 Sample Preparation

• Prepare concrete specimens in accordance with ASTM standards or other

relevant guidelines.

• Cast cylindrical or cubical specimens for compression testing, ensuring proper

compaction and curing procedures are followed.

3.4.4 Compression Testing

• Conduct compression tests on the prepared concrete specimens using a

universal testing machine (UTM) or equivalent equipment. Test samples at

regular intervals to assess compressive strength development over time.

• Record and analyze data to determine the effect of incorporating recycled

crushed tiles on concrete's concrete properties.

25
 3.4.5 Modulus of Elasticity and Strain Characteristics Evaluation

• Alongside with the use of universal testing machine (UTM); record and analyze

the data to compare the modulus of elasticity and strain characteristics of the

use of recycled crushed tiles.

3.4.6 Feasibility and Limitations Assessment

• Assess the feasibility of using recycled crushed tiles in concrete mixes based on

the observed concrete properties, modulus of elasticity, and strain

characteristics.

• Identify any potential limitations or challenges associated with the

incorporation of recycled materials and propose mitigation strategies if

applicable.

3.5 STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The statistical treatment in this research aims to evaluate the compression

properties of concrete using recycled crushed tiles as a partial substitute for

conventional coarse aggregate. This will be accomplished through Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) and Regression Analysis.

3.5.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

If multiple concrete mixes with varying levels of tile substitution are

used, an ANOVA test will be conducted to compare the means of more than

two groups. The use of a One-Way ANOVA if you are comparing multiple

groups (e.g., different percentages of tile substitution) on one factor. A Two-

26
 Way ANOVA is ideal if you have a second factor (e.g., different curing times)

and want to see how both factors influence your results. This will allow the

analysis of whether there is a significant difference in compressive strength

between the various levels of substitution.

3.5.2 Regression Analysis

Linear regression can be applied to explore the strength and direction of

a simple relationship to model. If the relationship is more complex, multiple

regression or polynomial regression could help capture more of the variation.

This analysis can help illustrate and predict how changes in recycled tile

percentages impact mechanical properties.

3.5.3 Interpretation of Results

The ANOVA and Regression Test statistics will enable meaningful

interpretation of the data. Specifically:

• Descriptive statistics will provide an overall summary of the concrete’s

performance characteristics when using recycled crushed tiles.

• Inferential statistics will test whether observed differences between the control

and experimental groups are statistically significant, helping to draw

conclusions about the feasibility and effectiveness of using recycled materials.

Through these analyses, you can showcase that as the percentage of

recycled crushed tiles increases, the compression strength of concrete decreases

significantly. It will also provide evidence on whether the recycled crushed tiles

27
can be considered a viable alternative to conventional coarse aggregate in

concrete production.

28
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