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Microwave Engineering Notes

The document provides an overview of microwave engineering, focusing on resonators, components, generators, amplifiers, and solid-state devices. Key topics include cavity resonators, Q-factor, various microwave components like attenuators and mixers, and devices such as klystrons and magnetrons. It also discusses scattering parameters and the principles behind negative resistance devices and MASER technology.

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3 views2 pages

Microwave Engineering Notes

The document provides an overview of microwave engineering, focusing on resonators, components, generators, amplifiers, and solid-state devices. Key topics include cavity resonators, Q-factor, various microwave components like attenuators and mixers, and devices such as klystrons and magnetrons. It also discusses scattering parameters and the principles behind negative resistance devices and MASER technology.

Uploaded by

tanish gehlot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microwave Engineering Notes (EC459)

Resonators
 Cavity Resonators:
 - A metallic, enclosed space that stores microwave energy.
 - Works like an LC circuit at microwave frequencies.
 - Used in oscillators, filters, frequency meters.

 Coupling to Cavity:
 - Energy fed/extracted using probes, loops, or slots.
 - Coupling strength controls energy transfer.

 Q-Factor (Quality Factor):
 - Measures energy loss relative to stored energy.
 - Higher Q = lower loss.
 - Q = 2π × (Energy Stored / Energy Lost per Cycle)

Microwave Components
 - Attenuators: Reduce signal strength.
 - Phase Shifters: Alter signal phase.
 - Directional Couplers: Split signal directionally.
 - Tees: E-plane and H-plane for signal division.
 - Isolators: One-directional signal flow.
 - Circulators: Route signal in loops.
 - Tuning Screws: Fine-tune cavity frequency.
 - Coupling Probes/Loops: Inject/extract signal.
 - Mixers: Convert signal frequency.
 - Detectors: Convert microwave to DC.

 Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters):
 - Describe signal behavior at ports.
 - S11: Input reflection, S21: Forward transmission.

Microwave Generators and Amplifiers


 Velocity Modulation:
 - Modulates electron velocity using RF.

 Klystrons:
 - Two-Cavity: Bunching + output cavities.
 - Multicavity: High gain and bandwidth.

 Reflex Klystron:
 - Single cavity + repeller plate.

 Travelling Wave Tube (TWT):
 - O-Type: Linear beam.
 - M-Type: Magnetic field use.

 Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO):
 - Wave opposite to electron beam.

 Magnetron:
 - High power oscillator with resonant cavities.
 - Used in radar, microwave ovens.

Microwave Solid State Devices


 - UHF/Microwave Transistors: High-frequency stability.
 - Parametric Amplifiers: Use varactor diode + pump signal.
 - Manley-Rowe Relation: Power conservation.

 Negative Resistance Devices:
 - Impact Diode: Avalanche + transit time.
 - Hot Carrier Diode: Fast switching.
 - PIN Diode: Variable resistance at RF.
 - Gunn Diode: Transferred electron effect.
 - LSA Diode: Low noise source.

 MASER:
 - Microwave version of laser.
 - Used in deep-space communication.

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