A PROJECT REPORT

ON

“DIGITAL CLOCK “
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TO -

SUBMITTED BY -
NAME OF THE STUDENT REGISTRATION NUMBER
TAMAL PARIALY D222307458
SUBHADIP JANA D222307456
RISHAV DAS D232408921
SOURAV MAITY D222307460
SUSANTA MANA D222307464
ABHIRUP SAMUI D222307457

GUIDED BY
MR. SUSHIL SAHOO
[LECTURER IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING]

CONTAI POLYTECHNIC
Govt. of west Bengal

Address: - Raghurampur, Darua, Contai, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal,

Pin:- 721401,INDIA Email – polytechnic_contai@rediffmail.com :: Website –
www.contaipolytechnic.com Phone: - 03220 – 255462

pg. 1
This is to Certify that the project report entitled “Digital Clock” Was
successfully completed by Student of sixth semester Diploma in
Electrical Engineering.
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in
Electrical Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electrical
Engineering of Contai Polytechnic work carried out during a period for
the academic year 2024-25 as per curriculum.

NAME OF THE STUDENT REGISTRATION NUMBER

TAMAL PARIALY D222307458
SUBHADIP JANA D222307456
RISHAV DAS D232408921
SOURAV MAITY D222307460
SUSANTA MANA D222307464
ABHIRUP SAMUI D222307457

Guide HOD

External examiner PRINCIPAL

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that,
to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material
previously published or written by another person nor material which to
a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree
or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except
where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

pg. 3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our project

guide Mr. Sushil Sahoo, our HOD Mr. Avijit Samanta and our
principal In-charge Dr. Subrata Kumar Mandal who gave us the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “DIGITAL
CLOCK”, which also helped us in doing a lot of research and we came to
know about so many new things we are really thankful to them.

Secondly, we would also like to thank our parents and friends who
helped us a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

Date: Tamal Parialy (D222307458)

Place: Contai Polytechnic Subhadip Jana (D22307456)
Rishav Das (D232408921)
Sourav maity (D222307460)
Susanta Mana (D222307464)
Abhirup Samui (D222307457)

pg. 4
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

no no
1 BATTERY 9

2 ARDUNO 10

3 SWITCH 11

4 L.E.D. BULBE 12

5 PROJECT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 13

6 PROJECT IMAGE 14

pg. 5
 TABLE OF CONTANTS

SL CONTANTS PAGE
NO NO
1 INTRODUCTION 7

2 LIST OF FUIGERS 5

3 ABSTRACT 8

4 COMPONENTS REQUIRED 9-12

5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 13

6 DETAILS OF WORKING AND 14

PROCESS
7 METHODOLOGY 15

8 APPLICATION 16-17

9 COST ESTIMATION 18

10 CONCLUSION 19

11 FUTURE SCOPE 20

12 RESULT 21

13 REFERENCE 22

pg. 6
 INTRODUCTION

A digital clock is an electronic timekeeping device that displays the

time using digits, typically on an LED (Light Emitting Diode), LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display), or similar digital display. Unlike analog clocks,
which show time with rotating hands, digital clocks use numerical
representations to show hours, minutes, and often seconds. Digital
clocks are widely used due to their precision, ease of reading, and
ability to incorporate additional features such as alarms, date
display, temperature, and more. They are commonly found in homes,
offices, electronic devices (like smartphones and computers), cars, and
public spaces. Digital clocks are often built using microcontrollers or
digital circuits such as counters, timers, and display drivers. Their
operation is based on accurate timing signals, often generated by a
crystal oscillator.With advancements in technology, digital clocks have
evolved from simple time displays to multifunctional devices integrated
into modern electronics.

pg. 7
 ABSTRACT

This project presents the design and implementation of a

digital clock that accurately displays time in hours, minutes,
and seconds using a digital display. The clock operates on a
24-hour format and is built using fundamental electronic
components such as timers, counters, and seven-segment
displays (or alternatively, microcontrollers for advanced
versions). A crystal oscillator is used to maintain precise
timing. The digital clock offers a clear and user-friendly
interface and can be enhanced with additional features such
as an alarm function, date display, or temperature reading.
This project demonstrates basic principles of digital
electronics, circuit design, and real-time timekeeping, making
it suitable for educational and practical applications

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 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

BATTERY:
The battery used for a digital clock with temperature and humidity
display can vary depending on the specific model and its power
requirements. Here's a typical description:

Battery Types:

1. AAA or AA Alkaline Batteries:

o Common in portable or compact clocks.
o Usually requires 2 to 4 batteries depending on the power needs.
o Provides a simple and replaceable power source.

2. CR2032 or Similar Button Cell Battery:

o Typically used for the clock's internal memory backup to maintain
settings during power outages.
o Not the primary power source.

3. Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery:

o Found in more modern or feature-rich models.
o Offers long-lasting power and is rechargeable via USB.
o May be integrated or removable.

4. Built-in Battery with Solar Support:

oSeen in eco-friendly or energy-efficient models.
o o Combines a rechargeable battery with solar panels for extended
life.

Fig no 1

pg. 9
 ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that combines hardware
and software to make it easy to create interactive projects. It is widely
used by hobbyists, students, and professionals for prototyping and
developing electronics applications. Here's an overview:

Key Components of Arduino

1. Microcontroller Boards:
o Arduino boards are built around microcontrollers like ATmega328
(Arduino Uno) or SAMD21 (Arduino Zero).
o Common models include:
 Arduino Uno: Beginner-friendly, versatile, and widely supported.
 Arduino Nano: Compact and breadboard-friendly.
 Arduino Mega: Designed for projects requiring many input/output
pins.
 Arduino Leonardo: Can emulate a keyboard or mouse.
 Arduino Due: 32-bit processing power.
2. Arduino IDE:
o A software application for writing, editing, and uploading code to
Arduino boards. o Supports the C++ language with Arduino-specific
libraries for easier programming.
3. Shields and Modules:
o Shields are add-on boards that stack on top of Arduino boards to
add functionalities, like Wi-Fi, motor control, or GPS.
o Modules like sensors, displays, and communication units can be
connected to extend functionality.
4. Sensors and Actuators:
o Sensors: Input devices like temperature sensors, light sensors, and
ultrasonic distance sensors.
o Actuators: Output devices like LEDs, motors, and servos.

Fig no 2

pg. 10
 SWITCH
A switch is an essential device used in electrical and electronic systems
to control the flow of current. It is a mechanical or electronic device
that connects or disconnects a circuit, allowing users to control the
operation of electrical devices or systems. Here's an overview:

1. Types of Switches:
Switches can be broadly categorized based on their application and
design:

Mechanical Switches:
o Toggle Switch: A lever is flipped to connect or disconnect a circuit.
o Push Button Switch: A button is pressed to activate or deactivate the
circuit.
o Rotary Switch: A knob or dial is rotated to change the circuit path.
o Slide Switch: A small slider moves back and forth to control the
connection.
o Limit Switch: Used in machinery, it activates when a moving part
makes contact.

Electronic Switches:
o Transistor: Used in electronic circuits for switching and
amplification.
o Relay: An electromagnetic switch that uses a small current to
control a larger current.
o Thyristor or SCR: A semiconductor switch for high-power
applications.

Fig no 3

pg. 11
 LED BLUB
An LED bulb (Light Emitting Diode bulb) is a type of energy-efficient
lighting device that uses semiconductor technology to produce light. It
has become increasingly popular for residential, commercial, and
industrial use due to its energy efficiency, durability, and long lifespan.

1. Energy Efficiency o Consumes significantly less electricity compared to

traditional incandescent and CFL bulbs.
o Converts most of the energy into light, with minimal energy wasted
as heat.
2. Long Lifespan o Typically lasts 15,000 to 50,000 hours, far
exceeding the lifespan of incandescent
(1,000 hours) or CFL bulbs (8,000 hours).
3. Brightness and Dimming o Available in a wide range of brightness
levels (measured in lumens).
o Many LED bulbs are dimmable, offering versatility for different
lighting needs.
4. Color Temperature o Comes in various color temperatures,
measured in Kelvin (K):
 Warm White (2700-3000K) for cozy, ambient lighting.
 Cool White (3500-4100K) for task-oriented lighting.
 Daylight (5000-6500K) for bright, natural-like lighting.

.
Fig no 4

pg. 12
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig no 5

Fig no 6

pg. 13
 DETAILS OF WORKING AND PROCESS

The working principle of a digital clock is based on the accurate counting of

time intervals, which are generated by a stable oscillator, and the display of
time in numerical form using digital electronics.

At the core, a digital clock uses a crystal oscillator (usually 32.768 kHz) to
produce a precise and consistent frequency. This high-frequency signal is
then passed through a frequency divider circuit to reduce it to a 1 Hz signal —
meaning one pulse per second.

These 1-second pulses are then used to increment counters:

The seconds counter counts from 0 to 59.

When it overflows, it triggers the minutes counter, which also counts from 0
to 59.

The hours counter increments after every 60 minutes and counts up to 23 (for
a 24-hour clock) or 12 (for a 12-hour clock).

The output of these counters is then decoded and sent to a digital display
(such as a seven-segment or LCD display), showing the current time in
HH:MM: SS format.

In modern designs, a microcontroller may be used to handle the timing,

counting, and display, often in combination with a Real-Time Clock (RTC)
module for accuracy and power backup.

Fig no 7
pg. 14
 METHODOLOGY

1. Problem Definition
The aim is to design and implement a digital clock that displays the current time in hours,
minutes, and seconds using either software or hardware. The clock should operate in real-
time and optionally include features such as alarms or date display.

2. System Requirements
Functionality:
Display time in 12-hour or 24-hour format.
Real-time update every second.
Optional: alarm, date display, user interface.
Platform:
Software-based (PC, web, mobile) or hardware-based (using microcontrollers like Arduino
or Raspberry Pi).

3. Tools and Components

Software-Based:
Programming Language: Python, Java, JavaScript
Libraries: datetime, time, Tkinter, Pygame, etc.
Hardware-Based:
Microcontroller: Arduino UNO, ESP32, Raspberry Pi
RTC Module: DS3231 or DS1307
Display Unit: 7-Segment Display, LCD (16x2 or 20x4), OLED
Power Supply, Breadboard, Resistors, Jumpers

4. System Design
Block Diagram:
For hardware:
RTC Module → Microcontroller → Display

For software:
System Clock → Code Logic → GUI Display

pg. 15
 APPLICATION
1. An application of a digital clock with temperature and humidity display
is to provide a comprehensive tool for timekeeping combined with
environmental monitoring. Such devices are widely used in homes,
offices, and industrial settings due to their practical and multifunctional
capabilities. Here's a breakdown of their key applications:

1. Home Use
Timekeeping: Acts as a standard digital clock for daily use.
o Weather Monitoring: Provides real-time indoor temperature
and humidity levels, helping maintain a comfortable living
environment. o Health Maintenance: Alerts users if humidity is
too low or too high, which can impact respiratory health, skin
condition, and comfort. o Smart Home Integration: Often
included in smart home systems for environmental automation
(e.g., adjusting thermostats or humidifiers).

2. Workplace/Office Use

o Comfort Management: Ensures a suitable working environment by

monitoring temperature and humidity.
o Data Logging: In some models, the ability to log environmental
conditions can assist in quality control in sensitive industries.
o Aesthetic and Functionality: Enhances the workspace by combining
functionality with a sleek design.

3. Educational Settings

o Teaching Tool: Used to demonstrate concepts of time, temperature,

and humidity in schools.
o Monitoring: Maintains optimal conditions for students and
equipment (e.g., in laboratories).

pg. 16
 4. Industrial Applications
Environmental Control: Vital in industries like pharmaceuticals,
food storage, and manufacturing, where precise temperature and
humidity levels are crucial.
o Alert Systems: High-end models can provide alerts when conditions
exceed preset thresholds.

5. Public Spaces

o Time and Weather Information: Displays essential information in

places like airports, train stations, and malls.
o User Guidance: Helps visitors and staff maintain comfort by
dressing
appropriately for indoor conditions.

6. Specialized Applications

o Greenhouses and Agriculture: Monitors conditions to ensure

plants' growth environments are optimal. o Museums and
Archives: Maintains specific environmental conditions to preserve
artifacts and documents.
2. These multifunctional devices enhance convenience, safety, and
efficiency in various environments, making them an invaluable tool for
modern living and working conditions.

pg. 17
 COST ESTIMATION

SL COMPONENTS COSTING (Rs.)

NO.

1 ARDUINO 600.00

2 BATTERY 60.00

3 LED BULB 200.00

4 SWITCH 80.00

5 PVC BOX 90.00

TOTAL 1030.00

pg. 18
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a digital clock is a practical and efficient device

for displaying time in a clear and easily readable format.
Through the use of electronic components or programming
logic, it demonstrates how technology can be applied to meet
every day needs. Whether implemented in hardware circuits
or software applications, the digital clock exemplifies the
integration of timing mechanisms, user interface design, and
precision control. This project enhances understanding of
digital electronics or programming logic and serves as a
foundational step toward more complex time-based systems.

pg. 19
 FUTURE SCOPE
1. Smart Integration:
Future digital clocks can be integrated with smart home systems, allowing control via
voice assistants (e.g., Alexa, Google Assistant).

2. IoT Connectivity:
Incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) technology enables synchronization with internet
time servers and remote monitoring or control.

3. Customization and Personalization:

Enhanced features like adjustable interfaces, themes, and adaptive brightness based on
ambient light can improve user experience.

4. Multi-Functional Devices:
Digital clocks can evolve into multi-functional devices by combining features like weather
updates, calendars, and reminders.

5. Energy Efficiency:

Future designs may focus on low-power consumption using advanced microcontrollers or

energy-harvesting technologies (e.g., solar-powered clocks).

6. AI and Machine Learning:

With AI, clocks could learn user routines and suggest optimal wake-up times or break
intervals based on behavioral patterns.

7. Wearable Technology:
More advanced digital clock features can be embedded in wearables, enhancing fitness
tracking, time management, and health monitoring.

8. Educational and Industrial Uses:

Enhanced clocks can be used in education (interactive learning) and industry (automated
scheduling, precision timing in processes).

pg. 20
 RESULT

The digital clock was successfully designed and implemented. It

accurately displays the current time in hours, minutes, and seconds
format using a digital display. Additional features such as an alarm
function (if included), AM/PM indication, or 24-hour format were
tested and found to work as expected. The system responds reliably,
maintains precise timekeeping, and demonstrates efficient use of
components or programming logic. Overall, the project met all intended
objectives and provides a clear understanding of time-based digital
systems.

pg. 21
 REFERENCE
1. https:// www.slideshare.net
2. https:// www.scribd.com

pg. 22