Passband Digital

Transmission
Bandpass Modulation 2
Contents
• Digital Modulation
- Binary ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK
- M-ary ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK
• Sophisticated Digital Modulation
CAP, DMT, MSK, GMSK…
• Synchronization
Bandpass Modulation 4
 Digital Modulation
• Carrier • cos(2πfct)
• Modulating Signal • Baseband digital Signals 0,1…
• Modulated Signal • s(t) Æ Keying Signal

Bandpass Modulation 5
Signal Space & Constellation
Signal Space
• Signal Vector: si (i=1,2,…,M)

N≤M

• Signal Space:
N-dimensional Euclidean Space:
N mutually perpendicular axes
labeled Φ1, Φ2,…, ΦN
Bandpass Modulation 7
Geometric Representation
N = 2 and M = 3 N≤M

N = 1 and M = 4 : 2B1Q Code

Bandpass Modulation 8
 Constellation

• Message Point = Transmitted Signal Point

• Signal Vector si
• Received Signal Point
• Observation Vector x
Bandpass Modulation 9
ASK, PSK(DPSK), FSK
Introduction

• Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (BASK)

• Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)

• Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)

Bandpass Modulation 11
 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying
• BASK Definition
2 Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2πf ct ) “1”
Tb
s2 (t ) = 0 “0”
Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1 0
ASK
modulated
signal
Acos(ωt) Acos(ωt)
Bandpass Modulation 12
 Binary Phase-Shift Keying
• BPSK Definition
2 Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2πf ct ) “1”
Tb
2 Eb 2 Eb
s2 (t ) = cos(2πf c t + π ) = − cos(2πf ct ) “0”
Tb Tb

• BPSK Waveform
compare to the phase of carrier
Bandpass Modulation 13
 Binary Phase-Shift Keying(2)
• BPSK Examples

fc=Rb

fc=1.5Rb

Bandpass Modulation 14
Binary Phase-Shift Keying(3)
BPSK
Signal
Space
Diagram
(fc=2Rb )

Bandpass Modulation 15
2ASK vs. 2PSK

Bandpass Modulation 16
 Generation of BPSK
2 Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2πf c t ) “0”
Tb Æ Eb

2 Eb
s 2 (t ) = − cos(2πf c t ) “1” Æ − Eb
Tb

• One-dimensional signal space:

Bandpass Modulation 17
Detection of BPSK
• BPSK: Compare to the phase of carrier

2 Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2πf c t )
Tb “0”
Assume: 2 Eb
s2 (t ) = cos(2πf ct + π )
Tb “1”
Bandpass Modulation 18
 Pe of BPSK

erfc: Complementary Error Function

Pe=p1p01+ p0p10
Eb: signal energy per bit
N0: noise spectral density
Bandpass Modulation 19
 Power Spectra of BPSK
• The baseband power spectral density SB(f)

The power spectrum

falls off as the
inverse square of
frequency

Bandpass Modulation 20
Drawback of PSK Detection
• BPSK: Compare to the phase of carrier

2 Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2πf c t )
Tb “0”
Assume: 2 Eb
s2 (t ) = cos(2πf ct + π )
Tb “1”
Bandpass Modulation 21
 DPSK(Differential PSK)
• PSK: Compare to the phase of carrier
• DPSK: Compare to its own previous phase
Adjacent phase changed π “1”
Adjacent phase unchanged “0”

Reference Wave

“1-changed
0-unchanged” Bandpass Modulation 22
 Generation of DPSK
• DPSK: Compare to its own previous phase
2DPSK
= Differential Code’s 2PSK

Differential Code:

2DPSK Wave?

Bandpass Modulation 23
 QPSK

Bandpass Modulation 24
 QPSK(Quadri-PSK)
• Purpose:
To increase the bandwidth efficiency
π “10”
• The signal is si(t): s1 (t ) =
2E
T
cos(2πf ct + )
4
2E 3π
s2 (t ) =
T
cos(2πf ct + )
4 “00”
E: Signal energy per symbol 2E 5π
s3 (t ) = cos(2πf ct + )
T: The symbol duration T 4 “01”
2E 7π
s4 (t ) =
T
cos(2πf ct +
4
) “11”
Bandpass Modulation 25
Signal Space of QPSK
2E π
s1 (t ) = cos(2πf ct + )
T 4

Bandpass Modulation 26
Generation of QPSK

QPSK= BPSKI + BPSKQ

Bandpass Modulation 27
Generation of QPSK (2)

Rb/B ↑
Odd-numbered sequence

Even-numbered sequence

Bandpass Modulation 28
Detection of QPSK

QPSK= BPSKI + BPSKQ

Bandpass Modulation 29
Waveform of QPSK

Bandpass Modulation 30
Review

• BDPSK Waveform of “101”

(information code)

Assume: ‘1’ represents changed

‘0’ represents unchanged

Bandpass Modulation 31
 Pe of QPSK
• Pe of QPSK using Eb

• Bit Error Rate (BER) of QPSK

with Gray Encoding(only 1 bit is changed)

• BER is same as BPSK

• B↓ Rb/B ↑
Bandpass Modulation 32
PeBPSK=p1p01+ p0p10
 Power Spectra of QPSK
• The baseband power spectral density SB(f)

QPSK BPSK

Bandpass Modulation 33
 Drawback of QPSK
• 180° and 90° shifts in carrier phase can result
in changes in the carrier amplitude (envelope),
Amplitude fluctuation
Æ Cause additional Symbol Error

90° or -90° 180° or -180°

changed changed

Bandpass Modulation 34
Other QPSK
• Offset QPSK (oQPSK)
• π/4-shifted QPSK

Bandpass Modulation 35
Offset QPSK (oQPSK)
0≤t≤T

T/2 ≤ t ≤ 3T/2

• Quadrature component
is delayed (i.e. offset) by
T/2.
• Amplitude fluctuation ↓

Bandpass Modulation 36
 Offset QPSK (oQPSK)
• Phase transitions happen at every half of a symbol
period (instead of every symbol period as in QPSK),
but each transition is limited to +/-90 degree

Bandpass Modulation 37
Offset QPSK (oQPSK)
∞ ∞
soQPSK (t ) = ∑d
i = −∞
I (i ) ⋅ gTx (t − iT ) + j ⋅ ∑ d Q (i ) ⋅ gTx (t − T2 − iT )
i = −∞

Ö symbol transitions in two steps:

- first in-phase component
- T/2 later quadrature component

d Q (i ) d Q (i )

d Ö no zero crossing

d I (i ) d I (i )

c
QPSK Offset-QPSK

Bandpass Modulation 38
π/4-shifted QPSK

Constellation of Constellation of
π/4-shifted QPSK QPSK

Bandpass Modulation 39
 π/4-shifted QPSK
• Advantages:
- Phase transitions are restricted to 45° or -45°
or 135° or -135°

Æ envelope variation ↓

• Can be non-coherently
detected
ÆSimply receiver design

Bandpass Modulation 40
 π/4-shifted QPSK

All possible phase change:

Bandpass Modulation 41
Types of QPSK
Q Q Q

I I I

Conventional QPSK Offset QPSK π/4 QPSK

• Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i.e. 1800
phase transition). Highly linear amplifiers required.
• In Offset QPSK, the phase transitions are limited to 900, the
transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered.
• In π/4 QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each
symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This
scheme produces the lowest envelope variations.

Bandpass Modulation 42
 MPSK

Bandpass Modulation 43
 M-ary PSK
• M=8 Octa-Phase Shift Keying

i=1,2,…,M
E: symbol energy
fc=nc/T , nc : integer

Bandpass Modulation 44
Pe of 8PSK
• E/N0 is large enough to consider
the nearest two message points

Assumed M≥4
M↑ Pe ↑
Bandpass Modulation 45
Power Spectra of MPSK

M↑
Null-to-null Bandwidth ↓

Spectral nulls:frequencies at which psd is zero

Bandpass Modulation 46
Power Spectra of MPSK (2)
• As M is increased, the bandwidth
efficiency is improved at the
expense of error performance.

• To ensure no degradation in error

performance, we have to increase
Eb/N0 to compensate for the
increase in M.
Bandpass Modulation 47
APK(ASK/PSK)

Bandpass Modulation 48
APK
• M-ary PSK
in-phase and quadrature components
are interrelated
• M-ary QAM:
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
in-phase and quadrature components
are independent
Bandpass Modulation 49
MPSK versus MQAM
• e.g. M=16
16PSK 16QAM

Bandpass Modulation 50
MQAM Square Constellations
• 16QAM • Quadbits
- left-most 2 bits:
10Å11
00Æ01
- remaining 2 bits:
10Å11
00Æ01

Bandpass Modulation 51
 FSK

Bandpass Modulation 52
BFSK
• Binary Frequency Shifted- Keying
(BFSK)
Definition: 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb

For some fixed integer nc , i=1,2

Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1
BFSK
modulated
signal
f1 f0 f0 f1
Bandpass Modulation 53
BFSK (2)
• e.g. f1=3/Tb s1(t) “1”
f2=4/Tb s2(t) “0” • Sunde’s FSK
1 0 1

• Continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK):

Phase continuity is always maintained
Bandpass Modulation 54
Signal Space of BFSK

• Continuous-phase signal

Bandpass Modulation 55
Generation of BFSK
• On-off level encoder:

• Inverter: Æ f1 or f2

Bandpass Modulation 56
Detection of BFSK

• f1 or f2 , at any time

Bandpass Modulation 57
Pe of BFSK
• BFSK:

• BPSK:

• Pe performance: BPSK>BFSK
• In perfect accord with signal space,
i.e. dmin of BPSK is larger than BFSK’s
Bandpass Modulation 58
Power Spectra of BFSK
For synchronization
BT: BFSK > BPSK

• The smoother the pulse,

The faster the drop of tail to zero
• BFSK (with continuous phase)
has lower side-lobes

Æhas discrete frequency components 1/2Tb

Bandpass Modulation 59
 MSK
• Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
CPFSKÆ f2-f1 = 1/Tb Deviation ratio: h = 1/2
f2-f1 = 1/2Tb Æ MSK

CPFSK:

Bandpass Modulation 60
 MSK (2)
• At time t = Tb :

• sending “1”: increase phase of CPFSK

signal s(t) by π/2;
• sending “0”: decrease phase of CPFSK
signal s(t) by π/2;

Bandpass Modulation 61
 Waveform of MSK
• e.g. sequence : 1 1 0 1
f1 = 5/4Tb
fc = 1/Tb
f2 = 3/4Tb
1 1 0 1

0 2Tb 4Tb
Bandpass Modulation 62
 Phase Tree
All possible paths

• A manifestation of phase continuity

Bandpass Modulation 63
Phase Trelis
• when deviation ratio h = 1/2

1 1 0 1 0 0 0 with θ(0)=0

Bandpass Modulation 64
Signal Space of MSK
• MSK • BFSK

θ(0)=0
θ(Tb)=-π/2

θ(0)=π
θ(Tb)=π/2

Bandpass Modulation 65
Power Spectra of MSK
• Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
MSK makes
less outside
signal band
interference

BT: MSK < BPSK MSK : f ↑ Tail ↓ ↓ ↓

QPSK: f ↑ Tail ↓ ↓
Bandpass Modulation 66
Pe of MSK
• MSK:

• BPSK:

• Pe performance: BPSK = MSK

• On the basis of observation over 2Tb

Bandpass Modulation 67
Summary of MSK
• Constant envelope
• Relatively narrow bandwidth
• Coherent detection performance
equivalent to that of QPSK
• Disadvantage:
MSK does not satisfy the strict
requirement in wireless communication
Bandpass Modulation 68
GMSK
• Gaussian-Filtered MSK (GMSK)

• Pre-modulation LPF:
Frequency with narrow bandwidth
and sharp cutoff characteristics

Bandpass Modulation 69
Power Spectral of GMSK

MSK

GMSK

Bandpass Modulation 70
 Comparison of Digital Modulation
• Monotonically decreasing function of Eb/N0
• BPSK,QPSK,MSK produce a smaller BER
• MSK processes 2 successive bit intervals (2Tb) to
recover original information code Æ has memory
QPSK MSK BFSK
00 10 1 0 1

0
0 1
01 11
Bandpass Modulation 71
Bandpass Modulation 72
Synchronization

• Carrier synchronization
• Symbol synchronization
• Frame synchronization
E.g. …

Bandpass Modulation 73
Synchronization

•Data-aided synchronization
has a preamble in a TDM manner

• Nondata-aided synchronization

Bandpass Modulation 74
Carrier Synchronization
• Data-aided synchronization
DSBSC: m(t)cosωct

Asinωct

Bandpass Modulation 75
Carrier Synchronization (2)
• Nondata-aided synchronization

After square-law Device:

Using PLL

Bandpass Modulation 76
Symbol Synchronization
• Data-aided synchronization
Refer to NRZ
has no discrete frequency
add a preamble fs

Bandpass Modulation 77
Symbol Synchronization
• Nondata-aided synchronization
Refer to RZ
has discrete frequency Æ
synchronization component

Bandpass Modulation 78
 Summary

Symbol synchronization

Carrier synchronization
Bandpass Modulation 79
Frame Synchronization
• Symbol synchronization: word
• Frame Synchronization: sentence
• Method 1:

Bandpass Modulation 80
Frame Synchronization (2)
• Method 2:
Barker code
1110010

Bandpass Modulation 81
Phase-Locked Loop(PLL)

Bandpass Modulation 82
Phase-Locked Loop(PLL)
• Capture Range versus Lock Range

Bandpass Modulation 83
 Phase-Locked Loop(e.g.)
• Costas Loop

Bandpass Modulation 84
Q&A