Contents

1. SENTENCE AND ITS TYPE.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

2. PARTS OF SPEECH ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

3. AUXILIARY VERBS (HELPING VERBS)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

4. CHANGE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS (1 Mark) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

5. Question Tags (1 Marks) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

6. ARTICES [ 1 marks ] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

7. HOMOPHONES (1 MARKS) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14

8. PREPOSITION [1Marks] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

9. USING WORDS IN SENTENCES AS NOUN AND VERB (1Mark) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

10. FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERBS [ 1 mark ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19

11. SYLLABLE (1 MARK)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

12. IF CLAUSE (1 MARKS) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

13. Collocation:( 1 Marks) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26

VIII. Model-C1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

14. Frame Question forms [1 mark] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

15. ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE [1 mark] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

16. CONJUCTION / LINKER [ 1 MARK ] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

17. DEGREES OF COMPARISON [1 mark ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35

18. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH [1 mark ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40

19. LANGUAGE FUNCTION [1 mark ] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

20. EDITING PARAGRAPH (1Mark) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47

21. PROFILE WRITING [3 mark ]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

22. DEVELOPING A STORY [3 mark] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

22. PICTURE DESCRIPTION WRITING [ 3mark] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

24. PASSAGE COMPREHENSION FOR CHALLENGED STUDENTS [2X2=4 mark] ------------------------------------------------------------------ 51

25. ESSAY WRITING [4 mark] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53

26. LETTER WRITING [5mark]---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

1
 1. SENTENCE AND ITS TYPE.

Sentence:-“ A group of words which makes complete sense is called a sentence.”

Ex:
1) Rabindranath Tagore is one of the greatest modern poets of India.
2) Bengaluru is the garden city of India.
Kinds of sentences:-
1. Assertive sentence:-“A sentence which makes a statement is called an assertive
sentence.”
Ex.
(a) Yudhistira answered all the questions of the Yaksha.
(b) Upagupta was a disciple of Lord Buddha.
(c) Walking early in the morning is good for health.
(d) India won the ICC world cup – 2011.
2. Interrogative sentence:-“A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative
sentence.”
Ex.
(a) What is your name?
(b) Where is Taj Mahal?
(c) Why did you not come to the school yesterday?
(d) Are you reading English?
3. Imperative sentence:-“A sentence that expresses a command or request is called an
imperative sentence.”
Ex.
(a) Stand up on the bench.
(b) Go out.
(c) Please lend me? 100.
(d) Come here.
4. Exclamatory sentence:-“A sentence that expresses strong feelings is called an
exclamatory sentence” (joy, wonder, fear, sorrow etc.)
Ex.
(a) What a beautiful building Taj Mahal is!
(b) How brilliant he is!
(c) What a shame!
(d) How cold the night is!
(e) Alas! She is dead.
Exercises:

2
1. Identify the different kinds of sentences given below.
(a) What a fine picture?
(b) This is a good playground.
(c) Where do you come from?
(d) Please, help me.
Answer:
(a) Exclamatory sentence
(b) Assertive sentence
(c) Interrogative sentence
(d) Imperative sentence.
2. Change into assertive sentences:
(a) What a fine picture this is!
(b) How wonderful a building Vidhana Soudha is!.
Answer:
(a) This is a very fine picture.
(b) Vidhana Soudha is a very wonderful building.

2. PARTS OF SPEECH

“Words are divided into several parts of speech according to the work they do in a
sentence. There are eight parts of speech.”
1. Noun 5. Adverb
2. Pronoun 6.Preposition
3. Adjective 7.Conjunction
4. Verb 8.Interjection
1. Noun:- “A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or things”:
(a) Shantiniketan was founded by Ravindranath Tagore.
(b) Bengaluru is the capital city of Karnataka.
(c) Rose is very beautiful flower.
(d) Rahul Dravid is the best test cricket player.
2. Pronoun:- “Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun:”
Read the following sentences:
I am young.
We are young.
You are young.
They are young.
He (she, it) is young.
3
I, we, you, he, (she, it), they are called Personal Pronouns because they stand for the
threepersons.
(a) Ravindra is absent, because he is ill.
(b) Jennifer went to market and she bought the things she wanted.
(c) We should not watch T.V. continuously.
(d) They are playing in the ground.
3. Adjective:-“An adjective is a word used. To add something to the meaning of a noun”.
(a) Krishna is a good boy.
(b) I want some water.
(c) I bought a red pen.
(d) There are twenty boys in this class.
4. Verb:- “A verb is a word used to express an action or state.”
Ex:
(a) Shakespeare wrote many plays.
(b) Children are playing in the ground.
(c) Gold and silver are precious metals.
(d) Latha is singing.
5. Adverb:-“ An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.”
(a) Monika answered the questions correctly.
(b) This garden in very beautiful.
(c) He runs fast.
6. Preposition:- “A preposition is a word used with a noun or pronoun to show how the
person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to somethings else.”
(a) The book is on the table.
(b) Kapil’s mother always regales him with tales of his naughty behaviour.
(c) I am fond of music.
(d) Children sat under a tree.
Other examples: at, near, from, to, with, down etc.
7. Conjunction:- “A conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences:”
(a) Rekha and Reena are friends.
(b) Rekha is good at study but Reena is dull.
Other examples: because, also, or, so, etc.
8. Interjection:- “An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling of joy,
pain, grief etc.”
(a) Hurrah! We have won the game.
(b) Alas! he is dead.

4
I. Name the parts of speech of the underlined words
I learn English at school.
The sun shines bright.
He worked the sum quickly.
There is a cow in the garden.
Ashoka was a great emperor.
Answer:
1. verb 2. Noun 3. Adverb 4. Preposition 5. Adjective
I. Identify the parts of speech of the bolded words in the following sentences:
1. The peacock is a beautiful bird.
2. Dark clouds have covered the sky.
3. Birbal was very clever.
4. Mr. Modiji is a popular leader.
5. Mary bought a costly dress.
6. Rani was listening to a melodious song.
7. He bought two pens yesterday.
8. Kuvempu was a great poet.
9. My friend Ram is friendly with everyone
10. India is a vast country.
11. The courageous boy won the prize.
12. Bangalore is a large city.
13. Many people came for the meeting.
14. There is some water in the jug.
15. Several people perished in the flood.
16. Sarala is feeling quite tired now.
17.They are newly married couple.
18. He left for Mysore immediately.
19. Alas! We missed the bus.
20. Water is a colourless liquid.
21. My father went to the field.
22. She listens to music.
23. The teacher reads fluently.
24. Hari and Giri are clever students.
25. He has already sent for a taxi.
26. They are reaching Delhi tomorrow.
27. The train was late yesterday.
28. Alas! We missed the bus.
29. Akbar was a great emperor.
30. I did not meet him yesterday.
31. The mad dog bit the boy.
32. She is always speaks the truth.
33. There are ten books on the table.
5
 34. He wrote the exam easily.
35. I am fully prepared for the exam.
3. AUXILIARY VERBS (HELPING VERBS)

A finite verb is one which can show tense, number and person. These finiters play a very
important part in the formation of negatives, questions and question tags.
Present Past
From
Positive Negative Positive Negative
Am Am not (amn’t) Was Was not (wasn’t)
Is Is not (isn’t) Was Was not (wasn’t)
be
Were not
Are Are not ( aren’t) Were
(weren’t)
Do Do not (don’t) Did Did not (didn’t)
do
Does Does not ( doesn’t) Did Did not (didn’t)
Have Have not ( haven’t) Had Had not (hadn’t)
have
Has Has not ( hasn’t) had Had not (hadn’t)
Ex:- He writes a letter. He does not write a letter

TENSE FORMATION:-
Tense PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE FUTURE TENSE
I wrote a letter I write a letter I will write a letter
£Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉzÉ£ÀÄ £Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄvÉÛÃ£É £Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪɣÀÄ

We wrote a letter We write a letter We will write a letter

£ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉzɪÀÅ £ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄvÉÛÃªÉ £ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪɪÀÅ

You wrote a letter You write a letter You will write a letter
¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢gÀÄªÉ ¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ ¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪÉ

You wrote a letter You write a letter You will write a letter
¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢gÀÄ«j ¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛÃj ¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß §gÉAiÀÄÄ«j
Simple tense

He wrote a letter He writes a letter He will write a letter

CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ£ÀÄ
§gÉ¢gÀĪÀ£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ£É
She wrote a letter She writes a letter She will write a letter
CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ¼ÀÄ
§gÉ¢gÀĪÀ¼ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ¼É
It wrote a letter It writes a letter It will write a letter
CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢gÀĪÀzÀÄ CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪÀzÄÀ

They wrote a letter They write a letter They will write a letter
CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢gÀĪÀgÀÄ CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ

6
Tense PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE FUTURE TENSE
I was writing a letter I am writing a letter I will be writing a letter
£Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß £Á£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß
£Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉÝ
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄvÉÛÃ£É §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÉ£ÀÄ
We were writing a
We are writing a letter We will be writing a letter
letter
£ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉݪÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄvÉÛÃªÉ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÉªÀÅ
You were writing a
You are writing a letter You will be writing a letter
letter
¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ¤Ã£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉÝ
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄªÉ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ «
You were writing a
You are writing a letter You will be writing a letter
letter
Continuous tense

¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃªÀÅ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß

§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ¢ÝÃj §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄ«j §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ «j
He was writing a letter He is writing a letter He will be writing a letter
CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝ
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄvÁÛ£É §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÀ£ÀÄ
She was writing a letter She is writing a letter She will be writing a letter
CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄzÀݼÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄvÁÛ¼É §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀĪÀ¼ÀÄ
It was writing a letter It is writing a letter It will be writing a letter
CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CzÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÀÄß
CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛvÀÄÛ
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄvÀÛzÉ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÀzÀÄ.
They were writing a
They are writing a letter They will be writing a letter
letter
CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀgÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄvÁÛgÉ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÀgÀÄ

Tense PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE FUTURE TENSE

I had written a letter I have written a letter I will have written a letter
£Á£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß
£Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝzÉÝ £Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝzÉÝ£É §gÉ¢gÀĪɣÄÀ
We have written a
We had written a letter letter We will have written a letter
£ÁªÀÅ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
Perfect tense

£ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝzÉݪÀÅ £ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝzÉÝªÉ §gÉAiÀÄĪɪÅÀ

You have written a
You had written a letter letter You will have written a letter
¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢Ý¢Ý §gÉ¢¢ÝÃAiÀiÁ ¤Ã£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄĪÉ
You have written a
You had written a letter letter You will have written a letter
¤ÃªÀÅ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gɢݢÝj ¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢¢Ýj §gÉAiÀÄÄ«j

7
 He had written a letter He has written a letter He will has written a letter
CªÀ£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝzÀÝ£ÀÄ CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢zÁÝ£É §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ£ÀÄ

She had written a letter She has written a letter She will has written a letter
CªÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝzÀݼÀÄ CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢zÁÝ¼É §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ¼ÀÄ

It had written a letter It has written a letter It will has written a letter
CzÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÀÄß
CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝvÀÄÛ CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢zÉ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀzÄÀ
They had written a They have written a They will have written a
letter letter letter
CªÀgÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢ÝzÀÝgÀÄ CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉ¢zÁÝgÉ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ

Tense PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE FUTURE TENSE

I had been writing a I have been writing a I shall have been writing a
letter letter letter
£Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß £Á£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß
£Á£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉÝ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉÝÃ£É §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÉ
We had been writing a We have been writing a We will have been writing a
letter letter letter
£ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉݪÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉÝÃªÉ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÉªÀÅ
You had been writing a You have been writing a You will have been writing a
letter letter letter
¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ¤Ã£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
¤Ã£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉÝ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ¢ÝÃAiÀiÁ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ «
You had been writing a You have been writing a You will have been writing a
Perfect continuous tense

letter letter letter

¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃªÀÅ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃªÀÅ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ¢Ýj §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ¢Ýj §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ «j
He had been writing a He has been writing a He will has been writing a
letter letter letter
CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝ£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÁÝ£É §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÀ£ÀÄ
She had been writing a She has been writing a She will has been writing a
letter letter letter
CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀݼÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÁÝ¼É §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÀ¼ÄÀ
It had been writing a It has been writing a It will has been writing a
letter letter letter
CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CzÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvæÀªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ¢ÝvÀÄÛ CzÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÀzÀÄ.
They had been writing a They have been writing They will have been writing a
letter a letter letter
CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß CªÀgÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¥ÀvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß
§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÁÝgÉ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÄÀ ªÀgÀÄ

8
 4. CHANGE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS (1 Mark)
1. Lost date for ____to P.U. is 15th June. (admit) [Ans: admission ]
2. Asha is an ____ teacher. ( excel) [Ans: excellent ]
3. The teacher takes the class ____ for three hours.(continue) [Ans: continuously ]
4. The guest accepted our ___ (invite) [Ans: invitation ]
5. Murthy is a ___ person ( Knowledge) [Ans: Knowledgeble ]
6. Lalitha is an _____ lady. (honour) [Ans: honourable ]
7. _____ is the mother of inventation (necessary) [Ans: necessity ]
8. Dr. Muni Reddy is a ____ personin our city. (respect) [Ans: respected ]
9. Bring an ____ form from the colleage ( apply) [Ans: application ]
10. ______ is the foundation of democracy ( educate) [Ans: education ]
11. The sunset at Agumbe is a ____ sight. (beauty) [Ans: beautiful ]
12. Cricket is an _____ game. (interest) [Ans: interesting ]
13. Gandhiji was a ____ person. ( truth) [Ans: truthful ]
14. Please give your …………. [accept] within a week. [Ans: Acceptance ]
15. The speaker accepted the …………… [resign) of the legislator. [Ans: resignation ]
16. We should not have too much ……………. [attach] to anything [Ans: attachment ]
17. The …………… [discover) of the sea route to India was made by Vasco de Gama.
[Ans: discovery ]
18. The teacher admired the …………. [honest] of Manjula. [Ans: honesty ]
19. Have a ………….. [science] outlook [Ans: scientific ]
20. Please don’t cause ……………. [inconvenient] to travelers. [Ans: inconvenience ]
21. Make ……………. [meaning] sentences. [Ans: meaningful ]
22. Why are you afraid of the ……………. [examine)? [Ans: examination ]
23. Chemistry is an ………….. [interest] subject. [Ans: interesting ]
24. The scientists were _____ (success) in their efforts to find a cure for the disease.
[Ans: successful] [M-2022]
25. Satish Gujral is a ______ (different ) abled person. [Ans: differently ] [M-2019]
26. The art of ___ (educate ) is to educate the heart. [Ans: education ] [M-2020]
27. Thomas Alva Edison’s ____ (invent) is known to everyone [Ans: invention ] [M-2019]
28. Short stories are very ____ ( interest ) for children to read. [Ans: interesting ] [A-2017]

5. Question Tags (1 Marks)

Definition :-“ A question tag is short phrase such as “isn’t It” or “don’t you” that is
added to the end of a sentence to check information or ask if someone agree with you.”
“ £ÁªÀÅ ªÀiÁvÀ£ÁqÀĪÁUÀ £ÀªÀÄä JzÀÄjVgÀĪÀ ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄ w½AiÀÄĪÀzÀPÁÌV £ÁªÀÅ MAzÀÄ
ªÁPÀåzÉÆqÀ£É MAzÀÄ ¥Àæ±Éß PɼÀÄvÉÛêÉ.”
GzÁ:-1) EzÀÄ ZÉãÁßVzÉ, C®èªÉ ?
2) CªÀ£À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ gÁdÄ C®è, ºËzÉ ?
Question tags are not questions, but expect agreement of the listener with what is said
by the speaker.
What is question tags?
In grammar, a question tag is a very short clause at the end of a statement which changes the
statement into a question.
For example, in 'She said half price, didn't she?', the words 'didn't she' are a question tag.

9
 The basic structure of a tag question is:

Task 1: Positive sentences, with Task 2:Negative sentences, with

negative tags. positive tags.
Examples: Examples:
1. Jack is from Spain, isn't he? 1. We aren't late, are we?
2. It was cold yesterday, wasn't it? 2. She doesn't have any children, does
3. He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't she?
he? 3. The bus isn't coming, is it?
4. They live in London, don't they? 4. She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?
5. He went to the party last night, 5. They didn't go out last Sunday, did
didn't he? they?
6. She will come at six, won't she? 6. She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?
7. He can help, can't he? 7.He won't be studying tonight, will he?
8. John must stay, mustn't he? 8. She can't speak Arabic, can she?
9. They'll be arriving soon, won't 9. They mustn't come early, must they?
they? 10. They won't be late, will they?
10. She's Italian, isn't she?
Rules for Tag Questions.

Read the sentence and identify the sentence as Positive or Negative:-

 Positive sentence carries Negative tags. [n’t]
Ex: He is Swamy, isn’t he?
She is a doctor, isn’t she?
10
 Negative sentence carries positive tags.
Ex: He isn’t Swamy, is he?
She isn’t a doctor, is she?
 Find out any helping verbs are there in the sentence:-
Do, Does, Did, as, Were, Has, Had, Have, Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall,Should,
Must.
Ex: 1) He can pass the exam, Can’t he?
2) They should come early, shouldn’t they?
3) She canot help others, can she?
 If there is no helping verbs-Use Do forms.[do, does, did]
Ex: 1) I work hard, don’t I?
2) She works hard, doesn’t she?
3) They worked hard, didn’t they?
 Subject will be replaced as pronoun and put a question mark.
Ex: Swamy went to the office, didn’t he?
Shanthi won the prize, didn’t she?
PRACTICE QUESTION TAG :-
1) She is very brilliant. [Ans: isn’t she?]
2) Satish is not interested in music [Ans:- Is he?]
3) He drives carefully. [Ans:-Doesn’t he?]
4) The student’s won’t waste time [Ans:-will he?]
5) I am a famous lawyer. [Ans:-aren’t?]
6) Akshay is an actor. [Ans:-Isn’t he?]
7) Leela and Sheela were awarded. [Ans:-weren’t they?
8) Children are playing. [Ans:- Aren’t they?]
9) Jazz met his friend in Delhi [Ans:-Doesn’t he?]
10) Meera can do the sum. [Ans:-can’t she?]
11) Amith never tells lies [Ans:-Does he?]
12) Ramesh is famous doctor.[Ans:-Isn’t he?]

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate question tag:-

1) Ramesh is famous doctor.__________?
2) Meera doesn’t tolerate any mistake. __________?
3) The old man sat under a tree to rest. __________?
4) They play football on Sunday. __________?
5) He is from Germany. __________?
6) The tiger is cruel. __________?
7) We must be at home at 8pm. __________?
8) I am late. __________?
9) Let’s go to the party. __________?
10) You can’t come with us. __________?
11) Ravi can ride a hourse. __________?
12) We can’t play here. __________?
13) I am fond of eating sweets. __________?
14) The rope won’t break __________?
15) We shoud check the map. __________?
16) He didn’t bring the book. __________?
17) She likes tennis. __________?
18) He is a student. __________?

11
19) You can speak English. __________?
20) They went to the park last week. __________?
21) She was late for dinner. __________?
22) We are going by bus. __________?
23) He will tell us truth. __________?
24) He wasn’t happy. __________?
25) He drives carefully. __________?
26) Sachin doesn’t know the value. __________?
27) She saved me from danger. __________?
28) He was intelligent and honest. __________?
29) The constitution is the fundamental document. __________?
30) Raju got 100% in mathematics. __________?
31) He can fly an aeroplane. __________?
32) It rained heavily yesterday. __________?
33) You have done a fine job. __________?
34) Let’s start now. __________?
35) She is afraid__________?
36) Everyone liked him. __________?
37) Films are not interesting nowadays. __________?
38) Sunita walks faster than Suma. __________?

6. ARTICES [ 1 marks ]
The word ‘a’ or ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called articles. They come before nouns.
Uses of indefinite articles (A, An) :-
A or An are called indefinite ( only one person was known but opposite person was not known)
articles because they usually leave unspecified, the person or thing spoken of.
‘A’ is used with countable nouns beginning with consonant sounds.
‘An’ is used with countable nouns beginning with vowel sounds.
Articles ‘A’
With a singular common noun beginning with a consonant sound.
Ex: A school, A teacher, A book, A cow etc.
With a vowel letter having a consonant sound.
a unit, a European, a useful article, a university, a union’, a one man show, a one rupee note.
Etc.
Article ‘An’
With word beginning with vowel sound.
Ex: An umbrella, An apple, An ink bottle, An egg, an ox, an agent, an Englishman, etc.
With the words beginning with silent letters.
Ex: An honest person, an hour, an honorable person. Ect
With some of the words beginning with a consonant letters but with vowel sounds.
Ex: An M.A, An M.L.A, An M.Sc, An SDO, An X-ray, An H.M.T. watch, An LLB. Etc.

12
‘The’ is called the definite article because it normally points out to some particular person or
thing.
Uses of definite articles (The) :-
The is used in singular and plural nouns
Ex: The book, The books, ect.
The is used when an opposite person know that nouns.
He saw the doctor.
The cow is a useful animal.
The book you want is not available.
Exercises:

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

a. Kiran can play ______ flute.

b. This is ______ best book of Grammar.
c. The tree has fallen upon _____ house.
d. He came to school _____ hour late.
e. I ate ______ orange.
f. I bought _______ horse, ________ goat and ______ buffalo.
Answer:
a. the b. the c. the d. an e. an f. a, a, a.

Practice exercise:-

Fill in the blank with a suitable article [a, an the] and write it in the answer booklet:-
1. Rajesh is ____ excellent football player. [ an ]
2. Democracy is ____ best form of government. [ a ]
3. His father is ___ Assistant Engineer. [ an ]
4. It was ____ tough situation. [ a ]
5. ___ Taj Mahal is ___ wonderful building. [ the, a ]
6. Keep it in ____ safe place. [ a ]
7. Sir. C.V.Raman was awarded _____ Noble Prize [ the ]
8. Raman was ____ great scientist. [ the ]
9. Raman wanted to go to ____ UK [ the ]
10. Ritika went to ___ market. But ____ market was very crowded.
11. Write ___ letter to your Headmaster [ a ]
12. Suresh is ____ honest person. [ an ]
13. She lives in ___ small village [ a ]
14. Atlas is ____ book of maps. [ the ]
15. Mrs. Reena is ___ M.L.A. [an ]
16. January is ___ first month. [ the ]
17. The girl is standing on ___ pavement [ the ]
18. I have to attend ___ interview. [ an ]
19. He gave me ____ one rupee note [ a ]
20. He is ___ best of ____ singers. [ a, the ]
21. The old man hung his head for ____ moment. [a ]
22. Columbus set out to discover ___ new land. [ the ]
23. Look at ___ picture [ the ]
24. Raghu goes for walk in ___ morning. [ the ]
13
25. Rajath bought ___ pen [ a ]
26. Lakshmi is ___ advocate. She is ____ lady of principles. [an, the ]
27. It took months of negotiation to come to __ understanding with him. [ an ]
28. “Quality of Mercy” is ___ extract from Merchant of venice [an]
29. ___ English and ___ Germans were at war. [ an, the ]
30. There had been ___ accident. [ an ]
31. They were crossing ____ rickety bridge [ the ]
32. In reply to ___ second question ___ king must prepare ____ timetable. [ the, a, the ]
33. ____Sun was hot overhead.
34. My grandmother was ___ genius. [a ]
35. Baleshwar was ____ blod young man. [a ]
36. He is ____ singer [a]
37. He is not ____ honourable man [ an ]
38. Anil is as swift as ___ horse [ a ]
39. ____ rose is the sweetest of all flowers [ the ]
40. Anita found ___ ten rupee note on the road [ a ]

7. HOMOPHONES (1 MARKS)
Definition:- “Homophones are words that sound is same but have different meaning and
different spellings.”
OR
Definition:- “Homophones are two or more words that sound alike but that are spelled
differently and have different meanings.”
“MAzÀÄ ¥ÀzÀzÀ GZÁÒgÀªÀÅ MAzÉà DVzÀÄÝ, CzÀgÀ CxÀð ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CPÀëgÀUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥ÀÄ ¨ÉÃgÉ ¨ÉÃgÉ DVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. EAvÀºÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ½UÉ
ºÉƪÉÆ¥ÉÆãÀì J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.”
Example:- too [E£ÀÆß ] two [JgÀqÀÄ ]
Road [gÀ¸ÉÛ ] rode [ºÀvÀÄÛ /KgÀÄ]
Pear [MAzÀÄ vÀgÀºÀzÀ ºÀtÄÚ ] pair [eÉÆÃr ]
Their [CªÀgÀ ] there [C°è ]
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:
1. It was an interesting _________ . (story/storey)
2. The news is _______ good to be true. (to/too)
3. You are not allowed to ________ western dresses at college. (were/wear)
4. I went to the bakery to buy some ________ . (bred/bread)
5. He could ________ a dog barking. (hear/here)
6. Roses are ________ all over the world. (grown/groan)
7. He has blisters on his ________ . (feat/feet)
8. Will you _______ me at the airport? (meet/meat)
9. I am on leave for a __________ . (week/weak)
10.These animals come out only at _______ (night/knight)
11.The lotus is the most beautiful __________ (flower/flour)
12.Japan is known as the land of the rising _________ (son/sun)
13.He was not sure whether he would be able to repay the _______ (lone/loan).
14.He wants a loan to __________(by/buy) a house.
14
15.His son does not _________ (no/know) how to write a letter.
16.He was too poor to afford even the _________ necessities of life, (bare/bear)
17.His mother asked him to ___________ to her regularly, (right/write)
18.The blind cannot ________ (sea/see)
19.The windows are made of ________ (steal/steel)
20.I will ___________ the stock tomorrow. (cheque/check)
Words that have the same pronunciation but have different meanings and spellings are
called Homophones.
II. Fill in the blanks choosing the appropriate words given in brackets: 1 Mark
11) It was easy to contact you because I …………. Your …………. address. [new, knew]
Ans: It was easy to contact you because I knew your new address.
12) Bhuvan........... a story in that ............ book. [Read, red] Ans: read, red
13) Kirti went to the market........ bus to.......... vegetables. [Buy, by] Ans: by, buy
14) Speaking........... is not .............. [allowed, aloud] Ans: aloud, allowed
15) You must .............. on the .............. side of the page. [right, write] Ans: write, right
16) Our........... believe in Gandhiji’s ................. [principle, principal] Ans: principal,
principle
17) They had ...... many apples but she brought only ......apples. [two, too] Ans: too, two
18) I ......... a horse on the main ............. [road, rode] Ans: rode, road
19) I asked him to ............ me near the ............. shop. [meat. Meet] Ans: meet, meat
20) Mary was looking very............ the last .......... [week, weak] Ans: weak, week
21. Ravi has a bean in his pocket (been, bean) Deepa has been to Mysore
22. There are many children playing in the park. Their schools are closed for three days
(there, their)
23. I go to school every day (to, too) Don’t drive too fast.
24. Faded clothes can be dyed (died, dyed) The dog died of hunger
25. The company suffered heavy loss last year. We have to respect the laws of our state
(laws, loss)
26. You are too late (too, two) I have two eyes
27. This road leads to Mysore (rode, road) I rode a car
28. We are fond of sweets (of, off) The flight has taken off
29. Now a day’s bus fare has been raised (fair, fare) She is a fair looking lady
21.30. He is walking with bare foot (bear, bare) It is too sensitive to bear

8. PREPOSITION [1Marks]
Definition:- “A preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun to show the
relation of one person or thing with other in a sentence”.

15
They are usually used to indicate a place, time manner, reason, purpose, direction,
instrument, etc.

The preposition shows relation, A preposition is a word that connects one thing with
another, showing howthey are related. Some prepositions tell you about position or
place. A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun. A Preposition is word tells
about the relationship between noun group and object group. Some of Prepositions Eg:
on, In, of, to, by, from, Above, Along, Below, By, For, Like, About, Among, Beneath,
Concerning From Near, Across, At, Beside, Despite, In, Next, After, Before, Between,
Down, Inside, To, Against, Behind, Beyond, Except, Into, Of, Off, On, Opposite, Out,
Outside, Over, Past, Round,Since, Through, Till, Too, Towards, Under, Unless, Until,
Unto, With, etc.
Model-PP1
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions:-
16
 1. Baleshwar was far away Roma. (from, for) Ans: from
2. Leela walked the road. (along, on) Ans: along
3. Congratulations were showered__Swami next day. (for, on) Ans: on
4. Both are correct their own way. (in, to) Ans: in
5. A daring thought came her mind. (to, in) Ans: to
6. Mr. Bumble travels to office bus. (by, on) Ans: by
7. I was waiting for the cab the bus stop. (in, at) Ans: at
8. The bird flew the tree. (upon, over) Ans: over
9. What you get instead _ money is freedom. (of,by) Ans: of
10. The summons came__the President of Russia (to, for) Ans: to

Fill in the blanks with suitable preposition :-

1) Raghav is a teacher. He works hard ___ the welfare of the students. [Ans: for ]
2) Mr. Ramesh usually comes to office ____ bus. [Ans: by ]
3) They build a bridge _____ the river. [Ans: across ]
4) Anant was died _____ Cancer. [Ans: of ]
5) Malathi was awarded Ph.D ____ the Mysore University. [Ans: by]
6) The boy jumped _____ the well. [Ans: into]
7) Vinay is not afraid ______anything. [Ans: of ]
8) Please don’t be angry ____me. [Ans: with ]
9) Come and sit next _____ me [Ans: to]
10) I argued ____ him but it was useless. [Ans: with]
11) Satish is good _____ Urdu calligraphy. [Ans: at]
12) The boy sat _____ the two old women. [Ans: between]
13) It is not good practice to throw plastic _____ the road. [Ans: on]
14) The lettle creek ran ___ his land. [Ans: through ]
15) He goes ____ school _____foot. [Ans: to, by ]
16) Shanthigrama is a small village ____ chikkamagalore district. [Ans: in]
th
17) He is studying ____ 8 standard. [Ans: in]
18) Everyday he gets up early ____ morning. [Ans: in ]
19) His school is three kilometers away ____ his village. [Ans: from]
20) He leaves his home _________8:30 a.m. [Ans: at]
21) His classes usually close _____ 4 p.m. [Ans: at ]
22) He sits _____ a tree _____ his friends. [Ans: under, with ]
23) He leaves the school campus ____ 5’0 clock. [Ans: at ]
24) Vidhana Soudha is ____ Bengaluru _____ Karnataka. [Ans: in , in]
25) Sri Lanka lies _____ the south of India. [Ans: to ]
26) The Tropic of Cancer divides India ____ two equal halves. [Ans: into ]
1 0
27) 82 /2 E longitude passes ____ Allahabad _____UttarPradesh. [Ans: through, in ]
28) Delhi is ____ the banks of the river Yamuna. [Ans: on ]
29) The Palk Strait and the Mannar Bay separate India ____ Sri Lanka. [Ans: from]
30) Madhya Pradesh lies ____ Maharashtra and Rajasthan. [Ans: between ]
17
31) KRS has been constructed _____the river Kaveri. [Ans: across ] [June-2020 ]
32) There are many natural harbours ______ the Western Coast. [Ans: along ]
33) If Apoorva felt Dinesh was right, she would agree ____ him. [Ans: with]
34) The Economy of India is based ______ farming. [Ans: on]
35) What time does the bus arrive _____ Mangalore. [Ans: at ]
36) ‘Kumar is down here!’ she said _____ a loud voice. [Ans: in]
37) People differ ________one another in their ability to handle stress. [Ans: from]
38) Amulya applied ______ a job with the local newspaper. [Ans: for ]
39) Has Harish replied ______ your letter yet? [Ans: to ]
40) I apologize __________ losing my temper. [Ans: for ]
41) Do you believe_______god? [Ans: in]
th
42) Vikram was born ___ 12 August 1919 ___ Ahmedabad. [Ans: on, in ]
43) I was born ___ Mysore [Ans: in]

9. USING WORDS IN SENTENCES AS NOUN AND VERB (1Mark)

Example : Lock
1) Noun -- He had a big lock.
2) Verb -- He locked the door.
A sentence frame [S-V-O] formation. In the above first sentence the word ‘Lock’
indicate object place. And in the above second sentence the word ‘Lock’ indicate verb
place.
Note:
1. A word used in Noun place. When word writes either subject or Object place and
then you can create a sentence.
2. Noun indicate name of person, place or things.
3. A word used in Verb place. When word write verb place and then you can create a
sentence.
4. Verb indicates an action.
Use the following words as noun and verb
1. Question: Noun -- All the questions are easy.
Verb -- He questioned his mother.
2. Contest: N -- Drawing contest had been taken place in my school.
Verb --He contested in the election.
3. Permit: N -- The Chief Officer gave a permit/permission to build a dam.
Verb-- He is permitted to write the exam.
4. Increase: N -- There is an increase in the price of onion.
Verb -- The shop owner increased the price of the onion.
5. Insult N – The last remark was an insult.
Verb –How dare you insult your father?
6. Answer N -- Her answers are correct.
Verb -- Narendra answered all the questions correctly.
7. Present N -- She brought her a new present.
Verb -- She presented a car.
18
 8. Object N -- The doctor detected an object in the lung.
Verb -- He objected his decision in the court of law.
9. Suspect N -- My neighbour is the main suspect in the murder case.
Verb -- the police suspected my neighbour in the murder case.
10. Score N -- His score in mathematics is 73.
Verb -- He scored 95 marks in Kannada.
11. Advice – N. Take his advice.
Verb- Who will advise the king?
12. Breath —N.-- It is cold enough to see our breath.
Verb-Don’t breathe the chemical fumes.
13. Like – Noun- I shall not see his like again.
Verb- I like sweet.
14. Conduct – Noun—He was rewarded for good conduct.
Verb- I conduct a party.
15. Question- Noun—It is a nice question.
Verb- I will question this answer.
16. Respect – Noun – I give respect to elders.
Verb—I respect my teacher.
17. Watch – Noun – I lost my watch.
Verb—I watch movies.
18. Cover – Noun – This book needs a new cover.
Verb—I cover his ears.
19. Award – Noun – I got an award.
Verb—I will award you.
20. Agree – Noun – I signed an agreement.
Verb—I will agree it.
10. FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERBS [ 1 mark ]

What is infinitive?
Any verb that is preceded by the word 'to' is an infinitive. Here are some examples:
tolove, to eat, to run, to believe, to follow, to laugh, to stare, to wonder, etc.

REMEMBER: Although infinitives contain verbs, they cannot function as verbs. They do not
convey a sense of tense ontheir own, and sentences containing them must include at least
one finite main verb.
How do you identify an infinitive in a sentence?
To identify an infinitive phrase in a sentence:
1. First, find the word to.
2. Second, if the word after to is a verb, then it is an infinitive.
19
3. Third, if the infinitive is in the middle of the sentence, then the infinitive phrase
starts atto and ends at the end of the sentence.
Read the following and choose the infinitive:
1. The facility lacked personnel and equipment. The on duty physician was not able to
do more than givingfirst aid. He advised that she be moved to a nearby hospital.
(A) was (B) to do (C) advised (D) lacked. Answer: (B) to do

2. Swami: I don't like to listen to tiger's story.

Father: But why?I have read many interesting stories on tigers,Swami: Tigers are
cruel animals... aren't they?
A) to listen (B) are (C) like (D) read. Answer: A) to listen

3. Book seller: Good afternoon gentleman. What can I do for you? Shashidhar: Good
afternoon. I‟d like to buysome books on nationalleaders.
(A) do (B) to buy (C) can (D) like. Answer: (B) to buy

4. Sanju: Where are you going in such a hurry? Manish: I am going to market to buy
some vegetables?
(A) Going (B) to market (C) To buy (D) Hurry Answer: (B) to market

5. I have told you the facts. I have nothing more to say. I will sit down.
(A) have (B) sit (C) to say(D)told Answer: (C) to say

6. I go to school to learn English

(A) go (B) English(C) school (D)to learn Answer: (D) to learn

7. Mangala: Kenchamma, why didn‟t you attend special class?

Kenchamma: I have to prepare food in my home. So it was not possible to attend the
class.(A)to prepare (B) did (C) have (D)attend Answer: (A) to prepare

8. Mother: Vasudha, where are you going now? Vasudha: I am going to the University
to write the exam.
(A) Going (B) are (C) am (D) to write Answer: (D) to write

9. Ganesh: Where are you going Basavaraj? Basavaraj: I am going to market to buy a
pen.Ganesh: Is it? I too will come with you. Basavaraj: Let both of us walk to market.
(A) am (B) market (C) to buy (D) go Answer: (C) to buy

10. Saleem: Sudhakar, what are you doing now?Sudhakar: I am going to temple to
offer prayers.
(A) are (B) am (C) going (D) to offer Answer: (D) to offer
11. Suresh: Where are you going?
Ashita: I am going to medical store to bring medicines.
20
 (A) going (B) am (C) to bring (D) going to. Answer: (C) to bring
Read the following conversation and chose the correct infinitives: (1 Mark)
1) Sai : Appa, please tell me a story.
Grandpa : No, Sai, today you are going to tell me one.
a) tell b) going c) to tell d) told Ans _______
2) Maya : Geeta, are you coming to see the fair?
Geeta : No Maya, I have some urgent work in my village.
a) Coming b) Have c) See d) To see Ans_______
3) Harsha : Ravi, where are you going?
Ravi : I am going to buy vegetables.
a) bought b) to buy c) buy d) going Ans_______
4) Kala : Congrats! Suma.
Suma : Thank you, Kala.
Kala : What next? I mean your future plans….
Suma : I want to study M.S.
a) Want b) Study c) To study d) Studied Ans______
5) Vijay : Have a look at this beautiful painting, Varun
Varun : Beautiful painting, isn’t it?
Vijay : The painter has tried to convey the message of universal
brotherhood.
a) Look b) Try c)Painting d) To convey Ans_________
Identify the infinitives
1. I am expecting two guests to come for dinner. (to come)
2. To err is human, to forgive is divine. (To err, to forgive)
3. I don’t have vehicle to take my dad to the hospital, that’s it. (to take)
4. She is anxious to know her result. (to know)
5. I went to post office to post a letter. (to post)
6. I am going to the market to buy vegetables (to buy)
7. I am going to medical store to bring medicines (to bring)
8. Hi Arati, will you come with me to the market? I want to buy vegetables.
(to buy)
9. I have a guest to night, prepare something good. But don’t forget to make
some sweets. (to make)
10. I am expecting two guests to come for dinner. (to come)
11. I would like to play games (to play)
12. She will be waiting to meet you (to meet)
13. I have to earn some money (to earn)
14. I would like to take a walk after dinner (to take)
15. Dad, it seems to be on 12th January. (to be)

11. SYLLABLE (1 MARK)

Definition: - “ A syllable is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound
and that is pronounced as a unit.”
21
GZÁÑgÁA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ:- “MAzÀÄ GZÁÑgÁA±ÀªÀÅ MAzÀÄ ¸ÀégÀzÀ zsÀé¤AiÀÄ£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ ¥ÀzÀzÀ MAzÀÄ
¨sÁUÀªÁVzÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CzÀ£ÀÄß MAzÀÄ WÀlPÀªÁV GZÁÑj¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.”
Alphabet :- 26
Voweis :- 5 (a, e, i, o, u.)
Consonants :- 21 ( b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z)
1. “Count the number of vowels (A,E,I,O,U) in the word.”
The number of times you hear a vowel ( a,e,i,o,u) in a word is equal to the
number of syllables a word has.
Ex:- Car [Total vowels – 1 therefore Car – 1 syllable]
Van [Total vowels – 1 therefore Van – 1 syllable]
KILO [Total vowels – 2 therefore KILO– 2 syllable]
TOPPER [Total vowels – 2 therefore TOPPER– 2 syllable]
Behind (2- syllables) lawn (1- syllable) burglar (2- syllables) hunger ( 2-
syllables) concert ( 2-syllables)ago ( 2-syllables) sick (1- syllable) daring ( 2-
syllables)
2. “Vowel comes continuously, then they can consider only one syllable”
REMAIN [Total vowels – 3 therefore REMAIN– 3 syllable(X) ] , .[e – 1 vowel
and a,i – 1 vowel]
Remain total vowels – 2 therefore remain – 2 syllables ( √ )
RULE:- ¸ÀégÀUÀ¼ÀÄ [Vowels] MAzÁzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ MAzÀÄ continuous DV §AzÀgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼É®èªÀ£ÀÄß PÀÆr¹
MAzÉà syllable JAzÀÄ countªÀiÁqÀÄvÉÛêÉ.
Again [Total vowels – 3 therefore again– 3 syllable(X),a – 1 vowel and a,i – 1
vowel
again total vowels – 2 therefore again – 2 syllables ( √ )]
Example:-
Book (1-syllable) leaving ( 2-syllables) school (1-syllable) meat (1-syllable) meet (1-
syllable) leaf (1-syllable) food (1syllable) teacher ( 2- syllables)
Note :- Subtract 1 for each Diphthong or Triphthong in the word.
Diphthong: when 2 vowels make only 1 sound ( au, oy, oo......)
Triphthong : when 3 vowes make only 1 sound (iou)
3. “Words ending with ‘e’ Subtract 1 for each silent vowel ( like the silent ‘e’ at the
end of a word).
Arrange [Total vowels – 3 therefore arrange– 3 syllable(X), a – 1 vowel and a,i
– 1 vowel e – last ‘e’ is silent , arrange total vowels – 2 therefore arrage – 2
syllables ( √ )]
Example:- supreme ( 2-syllables) love (1-syllable) those ( 1-syllable) silence (2-
syllables) lease (1-syllable)loose (2-syllable) prince ( 1-syllable) prepare ( 2-
syllables)
4. “Words ending with ‘y’ then Add 1 every time the letter ‘y’ makes the sound of a
vowel ( A, E, I, O, U).
ENEMY [Total vowels – 2 therefore ENEMY– 2 syllable(X) ,E – 1 vowel and
E – 1 vowel Y – in last ‘E’ pronunciation is there. enemy total vowels – 3
therefore enemy – 3 syllables ( √ )]

22
Example:- beauty ( 2-syllables) probability ( 5-syllables) almighty ( 3-syllables)
party ( 2-syllables) sleepy (2syllables) study (2-syllables) spicy (2-syllables)
democracy ( 4-syllables)
5. “Words ending with le or les - Does the word end with “le” or “les?” Add 1 only if the
letter before the “le” is a consonant
Table [Total vowels – 2 therefore table– 2 syllable(√)]
Example:- stable ( 2-syllables) cable (2-sylables) able ( 2-syllables) fable (2-
syllables) people (2-syllables)
1. Monosyllables : act, cat, book, slew, base, vile, oft, cause, crown, mourn, worse, fear,
head, sword, tongue, plot, steel, wish one, school, break, make, see, all, ball, call, bat,
bet, sweep, life.
2. Disyllabic or Bi-syllabic : Sen-se, cen-sure, va-liant, cap-tives, be-side, dec-tate, wo-
men, cri-tic, in-stead, de-lay, a-gain, edu-cate, pro-gramme, se-nate, de-fate, dor-mant,
out-break, mo-ral, dir-rect, co-ward, en-ding, care-ful, de-vil, dia-mond, sus-pect, deep-
est, pur-pose, sil-ly, let-ter, mar-ble, plas-ma, A-pril, e-vil, Mar-y, fa-ther, Mon-day, in-
sert, ta-ble, a-wake.
3. Tri-syllabic word : beau-ti-ful, to-mor-row, po-pu-lar, in-ten-tion, mu-ti-ny, le-ga-cy,
be-lo-ved, me-mo-ry, un-kind-ly, for-tu-nate, a-ra-tion, coun-try-men, be-ne-fit, con-si-
der, e-le-ment, tra-di-tion, im-pli-cit, per-mi-ssion, ex-peri-ment, e-ffec-tive, in-jus-tice,
com-pa-nion.
4. Polysyllabic word: in-tel-le-gent, in-i-ti-at-ve, per-so-ni-fi-ca-tion, fun-da-men-tal-ly,
syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion.
How many syllables do the following words contain?
1. Accept – ac-cept =2 Syllable 2. Again – a-gain =2
3. Canteen – can-teen = 2 4. Conscience – con-sci-ence=3
5. Reflection – re-flec-tion=3 6. Direction – di-rec-tion=3
7. Quiz – quiz – 1 8. Whole – whole – 1
9. Continent – con-ti-nent = 3 10. Adventure – ad-ven-ture = 3
11. Determine – de-ter-mine =3 12. Wide – wide = 1
13. School – school = 1 14. People – peo-ple-2
15. Primary – pri-ma-ry = 3 16. Section – sec-tion =2
17. Taller – tal-ler = 2 18. English – eng-lish = 2
19. Anger – an-ger = 2 20. Ago – a – go – 2
12. IF CLAUSE (1 MARKS)
If clause / Conditional sentences -
If clauses also called conditional sentence
An “if clause “ is a combination of a condition and its result.
If is a word which introduces condition – not sure
The action happen in the main clause is conditional to the action happens in the if
clause. These sentences have
If clause + Main clause
We can start the sentence with an if clause followed by a comma
OR
23
A main clause without comma
There are three types of conditional sentences.
Type Condition
I condition possible to fulfil
II condition in theory possible to fulfil
III condition not possible to fulfil (too late)
Form
Type If-clause Main clause
I Simple Present (V1) will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
II Simple Past (V2) would + infinitive

III Past Perfect (V3) would + have + past participle

Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

Type If-clause Main clause
I If I study, I will pass the exam.
II If I studied, I would pass the exam.
III
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
There are three types of conditional sentences/clauses:-
1. First condition:-It’s used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of
course, we cannot know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible
things, which could easily true.
If + present /simple (V1) ; will + infinitive.
Example:-
1. if I see her, I will tell her.
2. If you send this letter now, she will receive it tomarrow.
3. If I do the test, I will improve my English.
1. Second condition:-First we cause it to talk about things in the future that are
probably not going to be true.
If + past (V2) ; would + infinitive.
Example:-
1. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.
2. If I met the queen of England, I would say hello.
3. If I played the lottery, I would have a chance to hit the jackpot.
1. Third condition:-It talks about the past. It’s used to describe a situation that didn’t
happen and to imagine the result of this situation.
If + past perfect (V3) ; would + have + past participle
Example:-
1. If she had studied, she would have passed the exam.
2. If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn’t have missed the plane.
3. If you had studied for the test, you would have passed it.

24
MORE EXERCISE :-

First conditional Present Simple + will/ won’t + Verb

A possible situation in the future.
1. If you work hard, you ____ get good result.
2. If you study well, you ____ get good marks.
3. If you eat well, you ____ get good health.
4. If Nisha sings melodiously, she ___ get the prize.
5. If students practice well, they ___ succeed.
6. If people vote wisely, they ___ choose a good government.
7. If you water plants regularly, it ____ grow well
8. If my father agrees, I ____ come to the concert.
9. If you close the window, the water ____ not spatter in.
10.If you do good to others, god ____ help you.
11.If rains, we _____ cancel the trip.
12.If people smoke, their health ___ suffer.
13.If you rest, you ___ feel better.
14.If you set your mind to a goal, you ____ achieve your goal.
15.If you pelt stones, the mangoes ___ fall.
Second conditional Past Simple + would + Verb unlikely or improbable situations :-
1. If you studied well, you ___ get good marks.
2. If it rained well, you ____ get good crop.
3. If my father agreed, I ____ come to the concert.
4. If I knew the answer, I ____ tell you.
5. If I inherited a core, I ____ travel the world.
6. If I found her address, I ____ send her invitation.
7. If it didn’t smoke, I ____ be healthy.
8. If Raman stopped eating so much, he ____ loses weight.
9. If she walked every day, she ____ becomes fit.
10.If he promised to behave well, his mom ____forgives him.
Third conditional Past perfect + would have + Verb situations :-
1. If he had talked to me, I ____ listened to him. [Ans: would have]
2. If it had rained last weeked, we ____ stayed at home.
3. If she had saved enough money, she ____ bought a new house.
4. If the government had built a subway, people _____ lost much time in traffic.
[Ans: would not have]
5. If I had not wasted my time during exam, _____ passed it.
6. If I had prepared for the interview, I ____ been so nervous.
25
 7. If we had left earlier, we ___ missed the bus.
8. If I had drunk coffee last night, I ____ have slept.
9. If I had run faster, I ____ won the race.
10.If I had met Priya last week, I ____ given her the book.
11.If you had cooked wll, the food ___ been rich.
12.If it had not rained, I _____ carried the umbrella.
13.If John had passed the exam, his father ____ bought him a bicycle.
14.If Ihad not lost money, I _____ purchased a new bag.
15.If she had not been sick, she _____ visited you.

13. Collocation:( 1 Marks)

"What is collocation?"
Collocation refers to a group of two or more words that usually go together. A good way
to think of collocation is to look at the word collocation. Co - meaning together -
location - meaning place. Collocations are words that are located together. A good
answer to "What is collocation?" is: Collocation is a group of two or more words that
like to hang out together. Here are some examples of common collocations that you
might know:
Combine the word in column A with its collocative word in column B:
1. Curly – hair, journey, man, fight
2. Fast – shower, rain, meal, train
3. Huge – pen, crime, fever, profit
4. Heavy – talk, furniture, smoker, joke
5. Pay – attention, food, bus, woman
6. Strong – love, food, weather, coffee
7. Beautiful – car, girl, boy, computer
8. Vast – ocean, sand, tree, road
9. Handsome – girl, man, cat, flower
10.Achieve – knowledge, success, marks, money
11.Melodious – song, story, book, girl
12.Bright – colour, book, car, tree
13.Major – food, journey, work, problem
14.Bright – future, car, story, song
15.Earth – land, water, quake, sun
16.Speedy – payment, attack, progress, recovery
17.Wrinkled – pen, face, stick, hair
18.Land – lord, boundary, size, soil
26
19.Book – binder, pages, size, worm
20.Blood – bank,
21.Wheel – car, chair, stool, tool
22.Leave – question, answer, box, letter
23.Shake – legs, hands, fingers, ears
24.Brisk – run, walk, sing, dance
VIII. Model-C1
Combine the word in the column „A‟ with its collective word choosing from column
„B‟ :
(A) (B) Answers
1. Brisk [laugh, walk, run, work] Ans: walk
2. Commit [mistake, money, work, wheel] Ans: mistake
3. Rickety [pavement, groves, bridge, bird] Ans: bridge
4. Job [repair, work, hunt, complete] Ans: hunt
5. Water [drink, fall, juice, fruit] Ans: fall
6. Voracious [man, eater, reader, sight] Ans: reader
7. Photo [studio, table, lady, man] Ans: studio
8. Freedom [fighter, bird, boxer, swimmer] Ans: fighter
9. Hand [pants, sari, socks, kerchief] Ans: kerchief
10. Money [coins, letter, stamps, order] Ans: order
11. common book, sense, work, feeling Ans:
12. self – discipline, myself, mother Stars Ans:
13. wheel – stool, paper, book, chair Ans:
14. police – nurse, conductor, constable, stand Ans:
15. hand – pants, sari, socks, kerchief Ans:
16. twinkling – stars, moon, sun, earth Ans:
17. break – lunch, dinner, fast, last Ans:
18. freedom – fighter, boxer, wrestler, swimmer Ans:
19. leave – answer, question, letter, box Ans:
20. brisk – run walk, sing, dance Ans:
21. shake – leg, mouth, hands, eye Ans:
22. mouth – talking, eating, watering, licking Ans:
23. nuclear – land, weapon, bottle, bolt Ans:
24. speedy – recovery, damage, task, time Ans:
25. post – book, box, paper, table Ans:
26. honey – moon, sun, star, earth Ans:
27. wall – door, table, clock, journey Ans:
28. blood – post, water, book, bank Ans:
29. photo – studio, table, lady, man Ans:
27
 30. Book – worm, ant, hand, pen Ans:
31. money – coins, letter, stamps, order Ans:
32. long – small, hen, run, food Ans:
33. earth – land, water, quake, sun Ans:
34. railway – station, chair, run, stop Ans:
35. charming girl, hot, answer, book Ans:

14. Frame Question forms [1 mark]

There are three types of question forms as following below:-
1. Information seeking questions (‘Wh’ questions)
2. Conformation questions (‘yes/no’ questions)
3. Question Tag
1. Information seeking questions (‘Wh’ questions)
Structure :-‘wh’ + Helping verb + Noun/Pronoun + Main verb + Object/Object
complimentary/ and so on as.
What (K£ÀÄ)– Current events/Some one’s accupation/actions.
Why (KPÉ)– reason/explanation.
When (AiÀiÁªÁUÀ)– Time.
Where (J°è)– Place.
Who (AiÀiÁgÀÄ)– person-Subject.
Who(m) (AiÀiÁjUÉ)– person- Object.
Whose (AiÀiÁgÀ)– belongingness/Possessiveness.
Which (K£ÀÄ)– Specific choice or alternative.
HOW-state/ status/condition
1) old
2) many ( quantity{countable})
3) much( quantity{uncountable})/price
4) for (distance)
5) long (time)
6) best (Performarnce)
"WH" QUESTIONS :-

There are some “Wh” words – when, where, whose, why, what, whom, how, who.

Here you have to frame question to get the underlined words as answer.

Eg:

28
 1) Radha goes to school on Monday.

Ans : When does Radha go to school?

2) Sankalp went to his granny’s house last week.

Ans : Where did Sankalp go last week?

3) Sahithya sings melodiously.

Ans : How does Sahithya sing?

4) The students are going to attend Santhosh sir’s class.

Ans : Whose class are the students going to attend?

5) He failed in the exam because he did not study well.

Ans : Why did he fail in the exam?

2. conformation questions (‘yes/no’ questions)

Structure :- Helping verb + Noun/Pronoun + Main verb + Object/Object

complimentary/and so on as.
Example:-
1. The boy wants to sing with the bird.
Does the boy want to sing with the bird?
2. The malayali sadhu treated Krishna.
Did the Malayali sadhu treat Krishna?
3. She was born with a head bent.
Was she born with a head bent?
4. I shall pay the money.
Shall I pay the money?
5. You are accusing me of lying.
Are you accusing me of lying?
Note:- When the sentence have no helping verb to use ‘do/does-Present/did-Past’
I, We, You, They to use do and He, She, It to use dose.
In past tense they use did only.
WORK SHEET-1
1. I want books. What do you want?
2. Delhi is the capital of India. Which is the capital of India?
3. This is Suresh’s house. Whose house is this?
4. Geetha goes to Mysore by car. How does Geetha go to Mysore?
29
5. Santhosh lives in a village. Where does Santhosh live?
6. I am fine. How are you?
7. I was born in Hassan. Where were you born?
8. Mahesh is 40 years old. How old is Mahesh?
9. Kiran goes to Hubli to guide teachers. Why does Kiran go to Hubli?
10. Yukthi broke the jug. Who broke the jug?
11. Baleshwar helped Roma. Who helped Roma?
12. Dr. Ambedkar was a symbol of revolt. Who was a symbol of revolt?
13. Swami was sleeping beside his granny. Where was Swami sleeping?
WORKSHEET-2
1. Mumbai Suburban train arrives at 6.32p.m.
2. Ramesh laughs at her jokes.
3. Baleshwar revisited the spot where Roma had fallen looking for her belongings.
4. Ruskin Bond wrote the poem “Grandma Climbs a Tree”.
5. The British made divide and rule policy.
6. There are 70 students in the class.
7. The Soldier killed the terrorist.
8. Roma was fallen off the moving train.
9. Don Anselmo was a man of principles.
10. Smitha was spell bounded on hearing Pandit’s concert.
15. ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE [1 mark]
Intruduction :- voice refers to the form of a verb that indicates when a subject performs
the action or is the receiver of the action. When the subject performs the action it is
active voice and when the subject receives the action it is passive voice.

Examples:-He loves me (A.V.)

I am loved by him (P.V.)

In the above example of active voice, the subject is “he”, ”loves” is the verb and “me” is
the object. In the example of the passive voice sentence, “I” is the subject, “am loved” is
the verb and “him” is the object.

So, basically what happens is that the subject of the active voice sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence. Both the sentence have the same components but their
structure changes. Active sentence are about what people or things do, while passive
sentence are about what happens to the doer of an action.

Structure of Active and Passive voice:-

Active voice describes a sentence where the subject is the doer of an action. Its
structure goes like this.

30
Subject + Verb + Object

Passive voice expresses an action which is carried out on the subject of the sentence. Its
structure is

Object + Verb + Subject

Example:- Sapna helps the old lady. (A.V.)

The old lady was helped by Sapna. (P.V.)

The mother is feeding the baby. (A.V.)

The baby is being fed by the moter. (P.V.)

Here are certain Rules for Active and Passive voice:-

1. The subject of the verb in th active voice (Sapna, the mother ) becomes the
object in the Pssive voice sentences.
2. It is a thumb rule that main verbs become the past participle form. For eg-
Helps becomes helped, feed becomes fed.
3. Auxiliary verb ‘be’ (am, is, are, was, were) is added before the past
participle according to the tense of the verb.
4. Generally ‘by’ is used before the object of the passive voice sentences.

Voice and Tenses

1. Present tense:-[ Structure- Subject + auxiliary verb + past participle of the main
verb(V3) + by + Object]
I write a novel. [A.V.]
A novel is written by me. [P.V.]
2. Present continuous:-[Structure- Subject + auxiliary verb + being + by + Object]
I am eating breakfast. [A.V.]
The breakfast is being eaten by me. [P.V.]
3. Present Prefect:-[Structure-Subject + has/have + been + past participle + by
+Object ]
I have played the game. [A.V.]
A game has been played by me.[P.V.]
4. Past tense:- [structure-Subject + be + past participle + by + Object]
I invited you to the party. [A.V.]
You were invited by me to the party. [P.V.]
5. Past continuous:- [structure- Subject + auxiliary verb + being + past participle +
by + Object ]
31
 I was playing video games. [A.V.]
The video games were being played by me. [P.V.]
6. Past perfect:-[structure-Subject + had + been + past participle + by + Object]
You had done the work. [A.V.]
The work had been done by you. [P.V.]
7. Future tense:- [structure-Subject + will + be + past participle + by + Object ]
He will play the match. [A.V.]
The match will be played by me. [P.V.]
8. Future continuous:-[ structure- Subject + will be + being + past participle + by +
Object ]
We will be watching the match. [A.V.]
The match will be being watched by us. [P.V.]

Active voice Passive voice

1. I like sweets. 1. Sweets are liked by me.
2. They lost the match. 2. The match was lost by them.
3. I love to read novels. 3. Novels are loved to be read by me.
4. They cut the cake. 4. The cake was cut by them.
5. He eats biryani. 5. Biryani is eaten by him.
6. The boy is doing a sum. 6. A sum is being done by the boy.
7. Somebody cheated the man. 7. The man was cheated by somebody.
8. He bakes a pie. 8. A pie is baked by him.
9. He baked a cake. 9. A cake was baked by him.
10. He is making a chart. 10. A chart is being made by him.
11. He was making a chart. 11. A chart was being made by him.
12. He has made a doll. 12. A doll has been made by him.

16. CONJUCTION / LINKER [ 1 MARK ]

Conjunctions are used to join clauses, phrases, and words together for constructing
sentences. Conjunctions make a link between/among words or groups of words to other
parts of the sentence and show a relationship between/among them.
Linking word / Conjunction - ¸ÀªÀÄÄZÁѪÀåAiÀÄ

Fill in the blanks with correct linking words given in bracket

1 ―and is used to combine the similar Reshma and Nayana are good
ideas / nouns( MAzÉà ªÀUÀð CxÀªÁ eÁwUÉ friends.
¸ÉÃjzÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ CxÀªÁ «ZÁgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
¸ÉÃj¸À®Ä §¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ)
2 ―or is used to combine the choice / He wants bread or fruit.
32
 selection( DAiÉÄÌ ¸ÀAzsÀ§ðzÀ°è
§¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
3 ―but is used to combine the He went to temple but it was
opposite statements( vÀ¢égÀÄzÀÝzÀ closed.
ºÉýPÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÁUÀ §¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
4 ―if is used to combine the If you help others,God will help
conditional sentences.( ±ÀgÀwÛ£À §UÉÎ you.
ºÉýPÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §¼À¸ÀĪÁUÀ §¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
5 ―that is used to combine the two Appu said that he was hero.
statements.( ªÀiÁvÀ£ÁrzÀªÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀgÀ
ºÉýPÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §¼À¸ÀĪÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ°è
§¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
6 ―unless is used to combine the Unless you work hard, you can‘t
negative condition( £ÀPÁgÁvÀäPÀ ±ÀgÀvÀÛ£ÀÄß catch the bus.
ºÉüÀĪÁUÀ §¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
7 ―because is used to combine the He wants money because he
reason / cause( PÁgÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀĪÁUÀ wants to buy a car.
§¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
8 ―Although / Though is used to Although teacher warned him,
combine obey and disobey.( DeÉÕ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ he did not come to school.
¤gÁPÀgÀuÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj¸À®Ä §¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
9 ―so is used to combine the You did not tell me to wait so I
result.(¥ÀjuÁªÀĪÀ£ÀÄß w½¸À®Ä went home.
§¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.)
10 ―when /whileǁ is used to combine When you phoned me then I left
the time( ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸À®Ä the school.
§¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.) While I was coming to school, I
saw your father.
Practice linking words
Fill in the blanks with appropriate linking words choosing from the brackets:-
1. Rama ___ Raju are good friends, ____they live in different place. [Ans: and, but ]
2. Bhavan ____ Chetana are twins. [Ans: and ]
3. Ramesh was a disciplined person,____ he was from poor family. [Ans: but ]
4. Asha ____ Anush are twins, ____ they are very different from each other [Ans: and,
but ]
5. ____ he was ill, Kiran completed his work [Ans: though ]
6. Latha is a poor girl _____ she is a wise girl [Ans: but ]
7. Surya ____ Ramya went to the railway station, ____ they missed the train.[Ans: and,
but ]
8. She is decent ____ she is lame[Ans: though ]
33
9. ______ he was topper at school, he didn’t do well in college. [Ans: although ]
10. He ran away ______ he was afraid. [Ans: because ]
11. You will pass the test ____ you study hard [Ans: if ]
12. I can’t attend the function ______ you invite me. [Ans: unless ]
13. The bus left ____ they could not board the bus. [Ans: so ]
14. The people didn’t help Roma _____ they were afraid of being involved. [Ans:
because]
15. Think well _____ you speak [Ans: before ]
16. _______ Kiran was ill, he completed his work. [Ans: although ]
17. The flight in which I travelled was delayed _____ the sky was very cloudy. [Ans:
because ]
18. I hope ____ we are not entertaining mutinous thoughts. [Ans: that ]
19. They sailed ____ they reached the island. [Ans: until ]
20. Columbus was furious ____ he heard the seamen song. [Ans: when ]
21. _____ Pepe was a boy, he was very useful to Columbus. [Ans: although ]
22. _____ it rained heavily, we reached home in time. [Ans: though ]
23. Go back _____ I will punish you. [Ans: or ]
24. Anant could compose music _____ he was ten years old. [Ans: when ]
25. ____ the weather was cloudy, the flight was delayed. [Ans: as ]
26. Lavanya goes to school either by bus ___ on foot. [Ans: or ]
27. They are horrible ____ they drink too much. [Ans: when ]
28. Suman is very intelligent ____lazy [Ans: but ]
29. I will go to bed now, ____ my home work is not done. [Ans: but ]
30. Would you like to have tea ___ coffee? [Ans: or ]
31. My sister wants both a bicycle ____ a book for her. [Ans: and ]
32. Ramya is very tall _____ Parveen is very short. [Ans: while ]
33. I came early _____ I can talk to you personally. [Ans: so that ]
34. ______ she calls me, I feel happy. [Ans: whenever ]
35. ________ I had seen that movie three times, I watched it again. [Ans: although ]
36. The student scored less marks. ____ he had not studied properly [Ans: because ]
37. It rained heavily, we reached home in time. [Ans: though ]
38. _____ there was heavy traffic. We were delayed. [Ans: since ]
39. _____ there is shortage of water, some people are wasting it unthinkingly [Ans:
although ]
40. The students played for an hour.__ They attended to their studies later on [Ans:and
then ]
41. We expected a difficult question paper,___ the questions asked in the examination
were easy [Ans: but ]
34
 42. Rakesh can speak Hindi fluently ___ he can’t speak English. [Ans: but ]
43. Raju became popular _____ his social work. [Ans: for ]
44. Kuvempu was the poet ____ wrote ‘Ramayana Darshanam’ [Ans: who ] [June-2020]
45. Anant was teaching his son about living ____ non-living things [Ans: and ] [Sept-
2020]

17. DEGREES OF COMPARISON [1 mark ]

Degrees of comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with
another. There are three degrees of comparison in English.
1) Positive degree 2) comparative degree 3) Superlative degree
1) Positive degree:- If quality shown is simple way is called Positive degree
Ex:-
1) Rama is a smart boy.
2) Raju is tall boy in the class.
3) Ivan is Intelligent boy.
4) No other snake is as big as anaconda.
5) No other animal is as Intelligent as the elephant.
6) No other city in Karnataka as expensive as bengaluru.
1) Positive degree Rule:- (Singular)
No other + caste(Singular) + Aux.V1 + as + PD(Adjective) + as + Subject
Ex:- No other boy is as smart as Rama. (P.D.)
2) Positive degree Rule:- (Plural)
Very few + caste(plural) + Aux.V1 + as + PD(Adjective) + as + Subject
Ex:- Very few boys are as smart as Rama. (P.D.)
2) comparative degree:- If quality makes comparison is called comparative degree
Ex:-
1) Rama is smarter than Shyam.
2) Raju is taller than Ravi.
3) Ivan is more Intelligent than Satish.
4) Anaconda is bigger than other snakes.
5) Elephant more Intelligent than the other animal
6) Bengaluru. Is more expensive than any other city in Karnataka
3) comparative degree Rule:- (Singular)
Subject+ Aux.V(be)+ CD(Adjective) + than + any other/ all other caste(Singular/Phural)
Ex:- Rama is smarter than any other boy (C.D.)
4) comparative degree Rule:- (plural)
Subject+ Aux.V(be)+ CD(Adjective) + Most other + caste (Singular/Phural)
Ex:- Rama is smarter than most other boys (C.D.)
35
 3) superlative degree:- If quality is shown it’s highest or lowest quantity is called
superlative degree
Ex:-
1) Rama is the smartest boy of my class.
2) Raju is the tallest boy.
3) Ivan is the most Intelligent boy.
4) Anaconda is the biggesst snakes.
5) Elephant is the most Intelligent animal
6) Bangalore is the most expensive city in Karnataka
5) Superlative degree Rule:- (Singular)
Subject+ Aux.V(be)+ SD(Adjective) + caste(Singular)
Ex:- Rama is the smartest boy (S.D.)
6) Superlative degree Rule:- (plural)
Subject+ Aux.V(be)+one+of+ SD(Adjective) + caste(Singular/Phural)
Ex:- Rama is one of the smartest boys (S.D.)
Note:Generally a positive form becomes ( single syllable ) An adjective of single syllable
take suffix in comparative degree adding –er, and An adjective of single syllable take
suffix in superlative degree adding -est
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree
Smart Smarter than The smartest
Young Younger than The youngest
Long Longer than The longest
Small Smaller than The smallest
Short Shorter than The shortest
Sweet Sweeter than The sweetest
Heavy Heavier than The heaviest
Fat Fatter than The fattest
Easy Easier than The easiest
Note:A positive form having more than two syllables changes its degree with An
adjective of comparative degree added before adjective is more-, and An adjective of
superlative degree added before adjective is most-.
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree
Beautiful More Beautiful The most Beautiful
Handsome More Handsome The most Handsome
Intelligent More Intelligent The most Intelligent
Stupid More Stupid The most Stupid
Some adjective changes their degrees in different ways
36
 Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree
Good Better than The best
Bad Worse than The worst
Well Better than The best
Much More than The most
Many More than The most
Little Less than The least
Far Farther than The farthest
A compound form of adjective changes degrees of its real adjectives part.
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree
Well known Better known than The best known
Bad minded Worse minded than The worst minded
Able bodied Abler bodied than The Able bodied
Cruel minded More cruel minded than The most cruel minded
1) Positive degree – so strong as, as strong as.
2) Comparative degree- stronger than, any other.
3) Superlative degree- The strongest
If person – use ‘No one’ and If things – use ‘No other’
Structure :- P.D. – No other + subject + verb + so + adjective + as + subject
P.D. – No other contry is so rich as the U.S.A.
C.D. - U.S.A. is richer than any other country in the world.
S.D. – The U.S.A. is the richest country in the world.

P.D. – No other King is as great as Akbar.

C.D. - Akbar is greater than any other Kings in Moghal.
S.D. – Akbar was greatest King among the Moghal.

P.D. – No other peaks in the world is as high as Mt. Everest

C.D. – Mt. Everest is higher than any other peaks in the world.
S.D. – Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world.

P.D. – Smoking is bad habit.

C.D. – No other habit is worse than smoking.
S.D. – smoking is the worst habit.

P.D. – No other contry is so rich as the U.S.A.

C.D. - U.S.A. is the richer than any other country in the world.

37
S.D. – The U.S.A. is richest country in the world.

P.D. – No other mountain is so tall as Mt. Everest.

C.D. – Mt. Everest is taller than any other mountain in the world.
S.D. – Mt.Everset is the tallest mountain in the world.

P.D. – No other boy is so clever as in Raghu.

C.D. – Raghu is cleverer than any other boy in the class.
S.D. – Raghu is the cleverest boy in the class.

P.D. – No other actor is so tall as Amitab

C.D. – Amitab is taller than any other actor.
S.D. – Amitab is the tallest actor in the world.

P.D. – No other man is so small as Sundar.

C.D. – Sundar is smaller than Ramesh.
S.D. – Sundar is the smallest man.

P.D. – No other Island in the world is so large as Australlia.

C.D. – Australlia is larger than any other island in the world.
S.D. – Australlia is the largest Island in the world.

P.D. – No other city is as cool as Bangalore.

C.D. – Bangalore is cooler than any other city.
S.D. – Bangalore is the coolest city in the world.

P.D. – No other bawler in eleven players is so good as Sachin.

C.D. – Sachin is better than any other players in eleven.
S.D. – Sachin is the best player in eleven.

P.D. – No other book is so popular as Arabian night.

C.D. – Arabian night is more popular than any other books.
S.D. – Arabian night is most popular books in the world.

P.D. – No other charch in London is so big as this.

C.D. – London charch is bigger than any other charch in the world.
S.D. – London charch is the biggest charch in the world.

38
P.D. – Birds doesn’t flies as fast as Aeroplane.
C.D. – Aeroplane is flies faster than any other birds.
S.D. – Aeroplane is the fastest flies in any other birds.

P.D. – Sir M.Vishshwera was an intelligent Engineer.

C.D. – Sir M.Vishshwera is more intelligent than any other Engineer.
S.D. – Sir M.Vishshwera is the most intelligent Engineer in the world.

P.D. – No one is so sensitive as Priya.

C.D. – Priya was more Sensitive girl than the any other girl.
S.D. – Priya is the most Sensitive girl.

P.D. – No other actress is as good as Aishwarya.

C.D. – Aishwarya is the better than any other actress.
S.D. – Aishwarya is the best actress.

P.D. – No other animal is as fast as Cheetah.

C.D. – Cheetah is the faster than any other animal.
S.D. – Cheetah is the fastest of all animal.

P.D. – No other city in India so big as Bombay.

C.D. – Bombay is the bigger than any other city in India.
S.D. – Bombay is the biggest city in India.

P.D. – No other officer is so daring as T.N.Sheshan.

C.D. – T.N.Sheshan is more daring than any other officer.
S.D. – T.N.Sheshan is the most daring officer.

P.D. – No other city is so bad as Kalaburagi in the Sanitary condition.

C.D. – Kalaburagi is worse than any other city in the sanitary condition.
S.D. – Kalaburagi is the worst of all the cities in the sanitary condition.

P.D. – No one is so intelligent as Newton.

C.D. – Newton is more intelligent than any other scientist
S.D. – Newton is the most intelligent of all the scientist.

P.D. – No other diseases is so bad as cancer.

C.D. – Cancer is worse than any other diseases.
39
S.D. – Cancer is the worst of all diseases.

18. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH [1 mark ]

Direct and indirect speech is also called reported speech.
Direct speech:- the actual words of speaker called Direct speech. These words are
always come between
inverted comma.---(“ “)
Example: 1. Rama said, “ I am getting good marks”
2. He said, “ I am going to my House “
3. Teacher said, “ Your tests are starting from tomorrow”
Indirect speech :- The actual words of speaker is telling in our own words called is
Indirect speech.
Example:
1. Rama said that he was getting good marks
2. He said That he was going to his Home
Teacher said that our exams were starting from tomorrow.( The next day)
He said, “ I am going to my house.”
Reporting verb / Reported speech
Rules :-
1. Remove the comma when you change the sentence from direct to indirect.
2. Remove inverted comma’s (“,,,,,,,,,,,,,”)
3. Use the conjunction |that| in indirect speech when the sentence is in assertive.
4. Do not use the conjunction “that” in indirect speech when the given sentence is in
imperative or interrogative.
5. Use the word (ordered, requested,) in imperative sentence.
6. Use the word (asked, enquired, demanded) in interrogative sentence.
7. The tense or reporting verb never changed
8. Tense will be changed

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present continuous past continuous
Present perfect past perfect
Present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
Simple present past perfect tense
Simple past past perfect tense
Past continuous past perfect continuous
Past perfect no change in tense

40
Past perfect continous no change in tense
Will Would
Shall Should
Can Could
May Might

Helping verbs Pronouns

Am , is , Was I He , she
Are Was, were We They
Do, does Did You I, me
Did Did/had They They
Was, were Was ,were My His, her
Can Could Your My , their
May Might Our Their
Will Would His , her His ,her
Shall Should Their their
Adjectives:-
This That
Here There
Now Then , at that time, immediately
Today That day
Yesterday On the previous day, the day before
Tomorrow The next day , the following day
Last year The year before, the previous year
Next month The following month , the month after
An hour ago An hour before , an hour earlier

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Tip 1: Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all Present tenses of the direct
are changed into the corresponding Past Tenses.
Direct: He said, ―I am unwell.
Indirect: He said (that) he was unwell.
If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do
not change.
41
Direct: He says/will say, ―I am unwell.
Indirect: He says/will say he is unwell.
The Tense in Indirect Speech is NOT CHANGED if the words within the quotation marks
talk of auniversal truth or habitual action.
Direct: They said, ―We cannot live without water.‖
Indirect: They said that we cannot live without water.

Tip 2: Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct Speech

Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
Direct: ―I am happy‖, she said.
Indirect: She said that she was happy.
Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous
Direct: ―I am reading a book‖, he explained.
Indirect: He explained that he was reading a book.
Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
Direct: She said, ―He has finished his food―.
Indirect: She said that he had finished his food.
Present Perfect Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous
Direct: ―I have been to Gujarat‖, he told me.
Indirect: He told me that he had been to Gujarat.

Tip 3: Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense

Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
Direct: He said, ―Ira arrived on Monday.‖
Indirect: He said that Ira had arrived on Monday.
Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous
Direct: ―We were living in Goa‖, they told me.
Indirect: They told me that they had been living in Goa.
Future Changes to Present Conditional
Direct: He said, ―I will be in Kolkata tomorrow.‖
Indirect: He said that he would be in Kolkata the next day.
Future Continuous Changes to Conditional Continuous
Direct: She said, ―I‘ll be using the car next Friday.‖
Indirect: She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

Tip 4: Changes in Modals

CAN changes into COULD
42
Direct: He said, ―I can swim.‖
Indirect: He said that he could swim.
MAY changes into MIGHT
Direct: He said, ―I may buy a house.‖
Indirect: He said that he might buy a house.
MUST changes into HAD TO/WOULD HAVE TO
Direct: He said, ―I must work hard.‖
Indirect: He said that he had to work hard.
Modals that DO NOT Change: Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to.
Direct: He said, ―I should face the challenge.‖
Indirect: He said that he should face the challenge.

Tip 5: Conversion of Interrogative

Reporting Verb like „said/ said to‟ changes to asked, enquired or demanded
Direct: He said to me, ―What are you doing?‖
Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
If sentence begins with auxiliary verb, the joining clause should be if or whether.
Direct: He said, ―Will you come for the meeting?‖
Indirect: He asked them whether they would come for the meeting.
If sentence begins with „wh‟ questions then no conjunction is used as the “question-
word” itself act asjoining clause.
Direct: ―Where do you live?‖ asked the girl.
Indirect: The girl enquired where I lived.

Tip 6: Command, Request, Exclamation, Wish

Commands and Requests
Indirect Speech is introduced by some verbs like ordered, requested, advised and
suggested. Forbid(s)/forbade is used for the negative sentences. The imperative mood is
changed into the Infinitive.
Direct: Rafique said to Ahmed, ―Go away.‖
Indirect: Rafique ordered Ahmed to go away.
Direct: He said to her, ―Please wait.‖
Indirect: He requested her to wait.

Exclamations and Wishes

Indirect Speech is introduced by some words like grief, sorrow, happiness, applaud.
Exclamatory sentencechanges into assertive sentence and Interjections are removed.
Direct: He said, ―Alas! I am undone.‖
43
Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was broke.

Tip 7: Change of Pronouns

The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting
speech.
Direct: She said, ―I am in ninth class.‖
Indirect: She says that she was in ninth class.
The second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting
speech.
Direct: He says to them, ―You have completed your job.‖
Indirect: He tells them that they have completed their job.
The third person of the reported speech doesn‟t change.
Direct: He says, ―She is in tenth class.‖
Indirect: He says that she is in tenth class.

Reporting verb / Reported speech

He says, “ Tea is ready”.
He says that Tea is ready
1. Rama says, “ I am ready to go. “
Rama says that He is ready to go
2. The sir will say, “ Sunday is a Holiday.”
The sir will say that Sunday is a Holiday.
3. The teacher will say , “ tomarrow is a practical.”
The teacher will say that tomorrow is a practical.
4. Ramesh says , “ suresh will write a letter.”
Ramesh says that suresh will write a letter.
5. They say , “ Kashmir is the heaven on the earth”
They says that Kashmir is the heaven on the earth.
6. The teacher says, “ The earth rotates like a Top”
The Teacher says that The earth rotates like aTop.
7. Ashok will say , “ Idleness is a grave sin”
Ashok will says that idlness is a grave sin.
8. Daddy will say , “ Time is a grave sin “
Daddy will say that time is a grave sin.
9. Sheela says , “ Akbar was the gretest moghal”
Sheela says that Akbar was the gratest moghal.

Example
44
1. The teacher says that the earth is round shape.
2. Leela will say that India is the best land of all
3. The boy says that the match had ended in a draw
4. They will say that smoking g is bad for our health

19. LANGUAGE FUNCTION [1 mark ]

Why someone says something is language function.
I am in Banglore Majestic and I want to go J.P. Nagar .So I ask someone about how to go
to J P Nagar . Here
―Asking for direction” is the Language Function.
Usually we use Imperative Sentences in language functions.

Obey Request Seeking Instruction Agreeing/

information Disagreeing to help
Suggestion Advice Giving Offering help Seeking permission
information
Order Ability Seeking help Giving Greeting
direction
Wish Obligatio Asking for Offering help Inviting
n Direction
Greetings :-Good morning, Hi! Hello, How are you? ,Glad to meet you, I am fine,OK .
Requesting:- Could you... Would you.... If you don‘t mind , Can. please, Will you?
Would you mind if I borrow your pen? May I have the bill, please ?
Inviting Could/Would you... Don‘t miss.... Please attend .....
Declineing invitation I am sorry I wish I could but.....
Enquiry Could you.... would you...... If you don‘t mind..... Can you tell
me....Complaining It‘s not right..... It‘s wrong, It‘s unfair
Apologizing I am sorry, It‘s completely my fault, I am sorry .I didn‘t do it intentionally.
Forgiving : That‘s alright, Forget, It doesn‘t matter, Don‘t worry, Never mind.
Seeking for permission Can I/ May I use your telephone, Can go out please ? May I open
the window pleaseIs it okay if I sit here? Would you mind if I ask you something ?
Asking for opinion What do you think of ...? How do you feel about ? What‘s your
opinion of ?
Special Note: Usually the following Language Functions are used:
Mother/Father/ Teacher son/daughter/ Student
Suggestion/Order/Granting permission Obey/requesting/Seeking permission
Doctor Patient

45
Advice Obey / request
Officer Peon
Order Obey/ apologizing / requesting

LANGUAGE FUUNCTION
Request
Please help me –request
Are you going to lend me some money, please? –request
Can you please carry this bag?- Requesting
Will you open the book at page 23 please? – Requesting
Will you please open the window? Polite request
Permission
Can I park my car here? –permission
May I come in? -permission
May I come in, Sir? - Permission
Can I speak to the Principal, please? – Permission
The teacher said I could join the group. – Permission
May I go out now? – Asking for permission
Can I sit here? – Asking for permission
Shall I come in sir? Seeking permission
Ability
Raju can do this. Ability
I can speak four languages – ability
I couldn’t solve the problem. – ability
Probability
I may go to Mysore tomorrow. – Probability
He might have repaired the fridge. – Probability
Assumption
Radha must be rich. -assumption
Since Shankar started early, he should have caught the train. -assumption
Possibility
He may come tomorrow. Probable/ Possibility
Clouds are black. It is going to rain tonight. -possibility
Invitation
Would you like to stay with me? -invitation
Shall we have a cup of coffee? – Inviting
Would you like to join us? – Inviting
Necessity
46
You need to pass a driving test. -necessity
I must meet my parents now.- necessity
Other Language Function
May God bless you. Wish
Can you tell me where to get gun powder? Seeking information.
Will you tell me how to go to the bus stand? Seeking Direction
Get out from here. Order
I would love to come but sorry I have some urgent work. Polite Refusal
We must pay income tax in time. -Duty
You should consult the doctor immediately. –Advising

20. EDITING PARAGRAPH (1Mark)

Editing means correcting the mistakes in a sentence or a passage.
There will be a question on Editing for two marks in SSLC examination.
Most probable mistakes, the students are supposed to ask to correct in a particular
passage.
Verbs ------------- has, have, is, was, do, do, does, did and main verbs.
Prepositions----------- in, on, at, of, at, for, with, under etc
Linkers-------------------and, but, so, because, that, until, unless etc
Genders---------------- male, female
Articles. -----------------a, an, the
Noun Plurals……….. s, es, ies, ves etc.
There are some sentences given. Every sentence has one mistake, identify the mistake
and correct the sentence.
Error correction
1. I are a teacher. are am
2. They has their own houses. Has have
3. She don’t like tea. don’t doesn’t
4. People is busy with their work in the field is are
5. She likes his brother very much. His her
6. They didn’t speak now. Didn’t don’t
7. I want an book. An a
8. There is a umbrella in his hand. a an
9. Ravi is going with school. with to
10. Hari is an intelligent but disciplined boy. But and

WORK SHEET -1
Edit the following sentences. Every sentence has one mistake, find out the mistake
and correct it.
Error correction
1. She are beautiful girl. ---------------- -----------------
47
2. They has completed their work. ---------------- ----------------
3. Ramu sing a song. ----------------- -----------------
4. Hari go to school yesterday. ----------------- -----------------
5. We want a elephant to carry language. ----------------- -----------------
6. She narrates an story. ----------------- -----------------
7. I bring a gift of you ------------------ ----------------
8. They put their books at the bag. ------------------ ----------------
Some more examples
The following paragraphs have two errors. Edit the paragraph and re write it.
1. You may have forget your own voice long before. You were never given freedom
enough to voice you opinions.
a. Correct the verb form.
b. Correct the pronoun.
a. Forget - forgotten b. You - your.
2. Today, democracy is often assume to be a liberal form at governance, a form of
representative democracy when the ability of elected representatives and the will of the
majority.
a. Correct the verb form
b. Correct the preposition
a. Assume - assumed b. at - of
3. Dinesh Talreja has wrapping up his day at his marketing job on Ulhasnagar.
a. Verb to be corrected.
b. Preposition to be corrected.
a. Wrapping - wrapped b. On - in
4. These Americans, they are good peoples and are willing to pay at the same rate per
acre.
a. Capital letter to be used.
b. Noun singular to be used.
a. these –These b. Peoples - people
5. A poor wood cutter was cutting a big peace of wood near a wide river. Sudden his old
axe slipped from his hand and fell into the deep water.
a. Spelling mistake to be corrected.
b. Adverbial mistake to be corrected.
a. peace - piece b. sudden - suddenly.
21. PROFILE WRITING [3 mark ]
What is profile?

A profile is a written portrait of a person. Short life story is given in the form of clues.
You need to write in a paragraph. In this type of question writing skill is valuated.

1. Read the profile carefully.

48
 2. Write the incidents in chronological order.

Profile writing
tricks!!
3. Make grammatically correct sentences.

4. Don’t forget to cover all given clues.

5. Use correct punctuation marks.

Steps to remember while writing a Profile:

1) Identify the Gender of the person.
2) Use He/She, His / Her accordingly.
3) Use appropriate tense.
4) Write it in a paragraph.
1. Given below is a profile of Dr. Ravi Shankar, a professor. Write a paragraph using
the clues given below:
1. Age : 52 years
2. Height and weight : 5’6”, 64kgs
3. Family : Two sons, Engineers
4. Reason for his popularity : More helpful in the society, more friendly and
engaged in social work
5. Education : M.A., Ph.D.
6. Awards : National Award
7. Hobbies : Gardening helping poor students writing books and reading books.
Dr. Ravi Shankar, was a professor. He was 52 years old, he was 5’6" feet tall and
weighed 64 kgs. In his family he had two sons who were Engineers. He was more
popular because he was more helpful and friendly and he engaged in social work. He
was an MA with a Ph.D. He was also a national awardee. His hobbies were gardening,
helping poor students, writing and reading books.
2. Given below is a profile of P.T. Usha Write a paragraph using the clues given
below.
1. Born : 27 June, 1964 Rationality, Indian
2. Other names : Payyoli Express, Golden Girl
3. Known for : Track and field athlete
4. Employed : Indian Railways
5. Awards : Padmashree
P.T. Usha was born in Kerala on the 29th of June 1964. P.T. Usha is today called the
Payyoli Express and the golden girl because of her awesome speed on the track. She is
one of India’s best women athletes. She remained, the Queen of track. She was an

49
employee of IndianRailways. She won the well-deserved Padmashree award for her
outstanding contribution the field of sports.
22. DEVELOPING A STORY [3 mark]
Dear students, You will have a 3 marks question in your examination like,
Develop a story using the clues given below. So, how to develop a story by using
given clues?
1. Read the clues given in question carefully
2. Study the tense forms of verb used in clues.
3. Think and imagine. · Develop a story in your mind.
4. Point out the main ideas of the story.
5. Use every clue and frame a meaningful sentence in sequence order as they have
given in clues.
6. You may add something to story if needed.
7. Give a title or moral of the story at the end.
1. One hot day_______ a crow______searched water, found ___pot ______little
water_______ tried to drink_____ not possible_____ thought of idea______ picked
stones______ drank______ flew. Let’s write by using clues.
(Clue 1) one hot day a crow was very thirsty. (Clue 2) it searched for water everywhere.
(Clue 3) at last it found a large pot but there was very little water in it. (Clue 4) the
thirsty crow tried to drink water from the pot. (Clue 5) but it was not possible to drink
water as it was very below at the bottom of the pot. (Clue 6) He thought of an idea
(clue 6) He found some stones nearby. The crow picked up the stones and dropped
them one by one. The water came up. The crow drank the water and quench its thirst
and flew away happily.
2. A tortoise and swans friends__ turtle __ talkative drought____ pond ___ dry
____swan___move ___other place ___turtle___request____take him___ swan
plan____ hold___ piece of stick___ turtle hold___ told not to speak___ crossing
village___ children make fun___ turtle___ angry___ opened its mouth and died. Let’s
write by using clues.
Once a Tortoise and swans were good friends. They were living in a pool. The turtle
was very talkative. Once there was a draught. Pond begins to dry. Swans decided to
move to another place. Turtle requested swans to take him away with them. Swans
thought of a plan, they brought a piece of stick and asked turtle to hold the stick by its
mouth and they hold the sticks both ends and told turtle to not to speak. While they
were crossing a village, children were surprised at that sight and made fun of turtle.
They shouted at turtle. Tortoise got angry and opened its mouth and fell down on the
ground and died.
Moral:- Always listens to friendly advice.
22. PICTURE DESCRIPTION WRITING [ 3mark]
Q: What is picture writing ?

50
 Answer:- Picture writing is an art of writing or expressing ideas by looking at the
picture. We need to write in a paragraph.

Dear students,you will have a 3 marks question on picture description writing in your
examination, like.
Study the picture given below, Write a description or an account of what the picture
suggest to you in a paragraph
So how to write picture description
1) Look at the picture carefully.
2) Have a close look.
3) Now write what you see in picture.
4) Use correct nouns of person, place or things you see in picture.
5) Use correct action words/ verb forms.
6) Use simple sentences/structure to describe the picture.

This is a beautiful vegetable garden. People

are working in the garden. There are four people
in the garden. There is tomato, cucumber,
pumpkin and corn in the garden. The boy is
harvesting Tomatos. The girl is harvesting
cucumber. The man is carrying pumpkin. The
woman is carrying cucumber. There is a
scarecrow in the garden. A crow is sitting on the
scarecrow. There are two houses near the
garden.A squirrel is sitting on the house and looking at the people. There are sun and
clouds in the sky and the weather is clear and sunny.
24. PASSAGE COMPREHENSION FOR CHALLENGED STUDENTS [2X2=4 mark]
Insturction:-
1. Read the Questions carefully.
2. Identify highlighted words in passage and question.
3. Write neatly the answers in sheet.
4. Guide to students to identify highlighted words from the questions and select the
passage to complete theanswers from starting sentence to ending sentences.
MODEL-P1
Q1. You must have heard about the Hussain Sagar Lake. It is in Hyderabad. It is one of
the largest man- made lakes. Hyderabad and Secunderabad are the twin cities of the
state. The lake connects these cities. It was originally constructed to supply drinking
water. Now it is not used as a drinking water source. People say, “This is sad. There is
plenty of water. Nobody can drink it”. The lake faces a few threats. The main threat is
encroachment by both private and public agencies. The lake also faces the problem
51
 of pollution. One of the locals said: “oh, sometimes it stinks horribly”. This is due to
the continuous discharge of domestic wastes and industrial chemicals. Hence it is our
duty to save the Hussain Sagar Lake.
a). Which are the twin cities connected by Hussain Sagar Lake?
Ans: Hyderabad and Secunderabad
b).Why was Hussain Sagar Lake constructed?
Ans: It was originally constructed to supply drinking water.
c).Why do people feel sad? d. How is the lake getting polluted?
Ans: People say, “This is sad. There is plenty of water. Nobody can drink it”. This is
due to the continuousdischarge of domestic wastes and industrial chemicals
MODEL-P2
Q2. For thousands of years people have been dreaming of travelling in space. It was
only in April 1961 that you Yuri Gagarin, a Russian, became the first man to orbit the
Earth in space. A few years later, in July 1969, an American astronaut, Neil
Armstrong, became the first person to set foot on the moon. In space there is no air
to breath so astronauts must take air with them in this space craft. When they have
their space craft, they must put on a spacesuit. This supplies them with air and keeps
their bodies at the right temperature.
1).Why do the astronauts take air with them into space? Ans:Because there is no air
to breathe
2).Why do they wear a space suit? Give two points.
Ans: Because it supplies them with air and keeps their bodies at the right
temperature
3).Who was Yuri Gagarin?
Ans: A Russian astronaut, the first man to orbit the earth
4).What did Neil Armstrong do in the year 1969?
Ans: Set foot on the moon for the first time

A SAMPLE PASSAGE
EXAMPLE- 1
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
1. Punctuality is a habit which must be cultivated by every cultured person. It is the
mark of civilization and culture. It has been rightly called as the ‘soul of businesses. In
our daily life,we have to attend to various types of business. This brings us in contact
with other people. We hardly realize that in being late, how much annoyance and worry
unnecessarily is caused to others.
Nelson the philosopher used to say that he owes his success to punctuality in his life. If a
man has various duties to attend to, he must be punctual. Otherwise, his life will be a
failure. It is not easy thing to be punctual. It requires a man all the energy to regulate his
life, if he wants to be punctual in every usiness.Unpunctuality invites trouble and worry.
52
A man who is punctual and keeps his appointment, is sure to be held in high esteem by
others. Everyone has confidence in him. Everyone trusts him because he keeps his
word.
a. Why is punctuality necessary?
Punctuality is a mark of civilization and culture. It is called as the ‘soul of businesses.
Without punctuality life is a failure. So, punctuality is necessary.
b. Why do people respect one who is punctual?
A man who is punctual and keeps his word and appointment is sure to be held in high
esteem by others. Everyone has confidence in him. Everyone respects him because he
keeps his word.
25.ESSAY WRITING [4 mark]
Dear students you will be asked to write an essay in your examination. Question will
be like; Write an easy on any one of the following topics.
1) what is an essay?
Answer:- An essay is a piece of writing that gives the writer’s own view on a
particular subject.
2) how to write a good essay?
Answer:- Generally essay has three main parts.
a) Introduction- keep introduction short preferable in one paragraph.
b) The main body- in this part focus on main subject and write your view deeply.
c) Conclusion- write a short conclusion at the end of your essay/ summarize your essay
and write it clearly.
1. COVID-19 A PANDEMIC: Today the whole world is living under the threat of covid-19
pandemic. This is the most contagious disease, cause illness in human and animals. Now
it has been spread all over the world. Every country is suffering a lot from it.
Covid- 19 is a disease caused by the corona virus. The first victim of covid- 19
found in china’s Wuhan city in Dec 2019. And the first case in India is found January-
2020. This disease mainly infects the respiration system of human body. Its common
symptoms may have aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose and all cold
symptoms. This disease spread from others who have the virus. This disease spread
from person to person. This virus is mainly transmitted through contact. The incubation
period of this disease is 1 to 14 days. The sad thing is that, medicine for this disease is
still not available. Scientist around the world are busy in inventing medicine for covid-19
disease.
Millions of human being has lost their lives around the earth. It is causing
enormous damage to lives as well as economy of all nations. We can prevent this
disease by taking simple precaution like washing hands with soap often; sanitizing and
wearing mask, maintaining social distance. Everyone must remember that ‘CARE IS
BETTER THAN CURE’.
2. SWACHA BHARAT ABHIYAN: To honour Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of clean
India. Our govt. administrated a campaign called “Swacha Bharat Abhiyan”. It was
launched on 2nd October 2018 by the prime minister of India Narendra Modi.

53
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan set a lot of objectives to achieve so that India could
become cleaner and better. It not only appealed the sweepers and workers but all the
citizens of India. It aims to build sanitary facilities for all. It offers hand pumps, proper
drainage system, bathing facility and more. This will promote cleanliness amongst
citizens. It’s another object is to make people aware of health and education through
awareness programs and to bring awareness to dispose of waste mindfully.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a great start to make India cleaner and greener, if all
the citizens could come together and participate in this drive India will soon flourish.
Moreover when the hygienic conditions of India will improve all of us will benefit
equally.
3. POLLUTION: (Introduction)- Today pollution is one of the serious problems of the
world. It is increasing day by day due to modern life and technology. Human is the
main pollutant of this world. He creates the machines and industries which causing
enormous hazards to the environment. Ourselves, we human are damaging the
mother earth. We must aware to prevent pollution in order to save mother earth.
(Main part) – Pollution means polluting our surrounding environment. Mainly there
are 3 kinds of pollution
a) Air pollution b) Water pollution c) Soil pollution
a) Air pollution: - increasing of vehicles and industries are polluting the air that we
breathe. We should use public transport and reduce the number of industries to
prevent air pollution.
b) Water pollution: - Drainage water of some big cities causing water pollution. To
reduce water pollution we have to stop the flowing of these wastes to the river, lake or
sea.
c) Soil pollution: - Due to deforestation and using access of poisonous chemicals
fertilizer for agriculture causing a serious damage to the soil.
Conclusion: - We human being, as the wisest creature of this world. We must take
necessary steps to prevent the pollution. If we don’t aware now, we will lead to edge
of doom. We must understand that we must handover the good environment to our
next generation.
26. LETTER WRITING [5mark]
Dear students, You will have a 5 marks question in your examination like
There are two types of letters
1) Formal letters/official letters Informal letters/personal letters
1. Formal letter: Formal letters are written to officials or for business purpose in a
particular format. The formal letters format has seven steps.
1) From address/writers address: Address should be written on top of the left with date
(imaginary names given in question)
2) Date :- Whenever you write a letter that date mention
3) To /Receivers address: Receiver address should be written just below the senders
address (imaginary names given)
4) Solution: Includes, respected sir/ madam, dear sir or Mr., Mrs., DR, miss, ms along
with their names.
54
5) Subject or matter: Write the subject of letter keep It brief and if possible in one line.
6) Body of the letter: This is main part of the letter. Divide your letter into paragraphs.
Write every new point in separate paragraphs conclusion.
7) Ending/closing: Sign off with a correct closing statement like. You’re faithfully your
obedient, you’re sincerely
Lets see one example/sample letter format of a formal letter
From(sender address)
_____________
_____________
Date_________
To, (Receiver address)
_______________
Respected sir/(salutaion)
Subject: _________________________
Body of the letter________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Yours faithfully (signature)
LETTER-1 Imagine you are Jeevan/Jyoti studying in govt. high school Ramadurg. Write a
letter to your principal requesting him for 3 days leave.
From Jeevan/Jyoti 10th class
Govt. high school Ramadurg.
Date: 21/December/2020
To, The principal
Govt. high school Ramdurg
Respected sir,
Subject: Requesting for 3 days leave.
Reference to the above mentioned subject, I Jeevan studying in 10th class. I am
suffering from fever and cold doctor advised me to take 3 days rest, so I am unable to
attend my classes. Hence I kindly request you sir. Please grant me 3 days leave from
22/12/2020 to 24/12/2020.
I assure your sir, I will attend my classes from 25th Dec. as usual.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully or yours obedient
student (Signature)

Informal / personal letters Personal letters or informal letters are written to relatives,
friends in a systematic format. Personal letter has 6 steps
1) From or writers address
2) date
3) Salutation or greeting
4) Body of the letter
5) Senders name and signature You not need
6) To write receiver address.
55
Informal letter format
From address
______________
______________
Date:_______
Greeting(dear, dearest, lovely, hi hello)
( Body of the letter)______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Your loving daughter/son,
To, friend,brother Name and sign.
INFORMAL SAMPLE LETTER-1 Imagine that you are Shreya/ Shreyash. Studying in 10 th
class. Govt. high school Salahalli. Write a letter to your father explaining about your
preparation for annual examination.
From,
Shreya R.
Govt. high school Salahalli
Tq: Rmadurg
4th Oct. 2024
Dear father,
I am fine here with my studies and health with my friends. I hope everyone in the
home are also fine. I have scored 95% in our preparatory exam and our annual
examination date is announced. It is in the next month. So I am studying 6 to 8 hours a
day I have hope to score more than 95% in annual exam. I am putting all efforts and
energy to do well in exam.
Please convey my love to mother and warm regards to my lovely sisters.
Your loving daughter
(Signature)

56