QURTABA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

D.I.KHAN, K.P.K, PAKISTAN

Reading & Writing Skills

SUBMITTED BY: Sidra Bibi

Student’s ID: 23253

Department: English Language and Literature

Q.No.1: Parts of Speech in Detail with Examples

Parts of speech are the categories that words in a language are divided into based on

their function within a sentence. In English, there are eight primary parts of speech,

each with its own role in sentence structure and meaning. Here is a detailed

explanation of each part of speech, along with examples:

1. Noun

• Definition: A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, idea, or

concept. Nouns are often the subject or object of a sentence.

• Types:

o Common Noun: Names a general item or thing (e.g., book, dog, city).

o Proper Noun: Names a specific person, place, or thing (e.g., John,

Paris, Eiffel Tower).

o Abstract Noun: Represents an idea or concept that cannot be touched

(e.g., love, freedom, happiness).

o Collective Noun: Refers to a group of people or things considered as a

single unit (e.g., team, family, crowd).

• Example:

o "The cat chased the ball." (Common Noun)

 o "I visited New York last summer." (Proper Noun)

2. Pronoun

• Definition: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun to avoid

repetition.

• Types:

o Personal Pronoun: Refers to a specific person or thing (e.g., I, you, he,

she).

o Possessive Pronoun: Shows ownership (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers).

o Reflexive Pronoun: Refers back to the subject of the sentence (e.g.,

myself, yourself, himself).

o Relative Pronoun: Introduces relative clauses and relates to the noun

(e.g., who, which, that).

o Demonstrative Pronoun: Points to a specific item or items (e.g., this,

those, these).

o Interrogative Pronoun: Used to ask questions (e.g., who, what,

which).

• Example:

o "She is going to the store." (Personal Pronoun)

 o "This book is mine." (Possessive Pronoun)

3. Verb

• Definition: A verb is a word that expresses action, occurrence, or state of

being.

• Types:

o Action Verb: Shows physical or mental action (e.g., run, think, write).

o Linking Verb: Connects the subject with a complement or adjective

(e.g., is, seem, become).

o Auxiliary Verb (Helping Verb): Helps the main verb in forming

tenses, moods, or voices (e.g., have, will, is).

• Example:

o "She runs every morning." (Action Verb)

o "The sky is blue." (Linking Verb)

o "They are playing football." (Auxiliary Verb)

4. Adjective

• Definition: An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or

pronoun, giving more information about it.

 • Types:

o Descriptive Adjective: Describes qualities or characteristics (e.g.,

happy, blue, tall).

o Quantitative Adjective: Indicates quantity or amount (e.g., some,

many, few).

o Demonstrative Adjective: Points out specific nouns (e.g., this, that,

these).

o Possessive Adjective: Indicates ownership (e.g., my, your, his).

• Example:

o "She wore a beautiful dress." (Descriptive Adjective)

o "I have three dogs." (Quantitative Adjective)

5. Adverb

• Definition: An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb, adjective,

or another adverb. It provides more information about how, when, where, or

to what extent something occurs.

• Types:

o Manner Adverb: Describes how something is done (e.g., quickly,

easily, carefully).
 o Time Adverb: Describes when something happens (e.g., yesterday,

soon, now).

o Place Adverb: Describes where something happens (e.g., here, there,

everywhere).

o Degree Adverb: Describes the extent of an action, adjective, or another

adverb (e.g., very, quite, too).

• Example:

o "She sings beautifully." (Manner Adverb)

o "He will arrive soon." (Time Adverb)

6. Preposition

• Definition: A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun

(or pronoun) and another word in the sentence, often indicating direction,

location, time, or cause.

• Examples: in, on, under, over, before, after, between.

• Example:

o "The cat is on the table."

o "We will meet at the park."

7. Conjunction

• Definition: A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or

sentences.

• Types:

o Coordinating Conjunction: Joins elements of equal grammatical rank

(e.g., and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet).

o Subordinating Conjunction: Connects a dependent clause to an

independent clause (e.g., although, because, if, while).

o Correlative Conjunction: Works in pairs to connect elements (e.g.,

either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also).

• Example:

o "I want to go to the movies, but I am tired." (Coordinating Conjunction)

o "I stayed home because it was raining." (Subordinating Conjunction)

8. Interjection

• Definition: An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion

or sudden feeling, often standing alone in a sentence. It is usually followed by

an exclamation mark.

• Examples: Wow!, Oh!, Ouch!, Hooray!

• Example:

o "Wow! That’s amazing!"

o "Ouch! That hurts!"