What is Grammar?

Grammar is the set of rules that tells us how to use words in a language. It helps us make
correct sentences and communicate clearly.

What is a Sentence?

A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. It must have a subject and a
predicate.
For example:

1. Birds fly.

2. We like mangoes.

3. The sun rises in the east.

4. Honesty is the best policy.

Types of Sentences

There are four types of sentences based on their purpose.

1. Declarative Sentence (Statement)

A declarative sentence gives information or states a fact.

• The earth moves around the sun.

• Dogs bark.

2. Interrogative Sentence (Question)

An interrogative sentence asks a question.

• Where do you live?

• What is your name?

3. Imperative Sentence (Command/Request)

An imperative sentence gives a command, makes a request, or gives advice.

• Shut the door. (Command)

• Please pass me the salt. (Request)

• Work hard for success. (Advice)

4. Exclamatory Sentence (Strong Emotion)

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings or emotions.

• How smart you are!

Recap Table for Types of Sentences

Type of Sentence Purpose Example

Declarative Gives information He is a good boy.

Interrogative Asks a question Why are you late?

Imperative Gives command/request Please open the window.

Exclamatory Shows strong emotion Wow! That was amazing.

Parts of Speech

1. Noun

A noun is a name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

• Ali is playing football. (Ali is the name of a person.)

• The dog is barking loudly. (Dog is the name of an animal.)

• She lives in Karachi. (Karachi is the name of a place.)

• Honesty is the best policy. (Honesty is the name of an idea.)

2. Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition.

• She is my sister. (She replaces a girl’s name.)

• This is my book. Where is yours? (Yours replaces "your book.")

• The children are playing. They are happy. (They replaces children.)

• I met Ahmed yesterday, and I gave him a gift. (Him replaces Ahmed.)

3. Verb

A verb shows action or a state of being.

• She writes letters. (Action)

• They are students. (State of being)

• We were at the park. (State of being)

4. Adjective

An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

• He is a brave man. (Brave describes man.)

• This is a small room. (Small describes room.)

• She bought three apples. (Three shows the quantity of apples.)

• The sky looks clear today. (Clear describes the sky.)

5. Adverb

An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

• She speaks clearly. (Clearly describes how she speaks.)

• He came late to the meeting. (Late describes when he came.)

• They are very happy. (Very describes the adjective happy.)

• The train moved too slowly. (Too describes the adverb slowly.)

6. Preposition

A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and another word in the
sentence.
Examples:

• The book is on the table. (On shows the relationship between "book" and "table.")

• He went to the market. (To shows the relationship between "he" and "market.")

• The keys are in the bag. (In shows the relationship between "keys" and "bag.")

• She is sitting beside me. (Beside shows the relationship between "she" and "me.")

7. Conjunction

A conjunction joins words or sentences.

• I like apples and bananas. (And joins two nouns: apples and bananas.)

• He was tired, but he continued working. (But joins two ideas: tired and continued.)
 • You can take tea or coffee. (Or shows a choice between tea and coffee.)

• She will come if you invite her. (If joins the condition with the result.)

8. Interjection

An interjection expresses strong emotions or feelings.

• Wow! This painting is amazing. (Wow shows surprise.)

• Oh no! I lost my wallet. (Oh no shows worry.)

• Hurray! We won the match. (Hurray shows happiness.)

• Ouch! That hurt. (Ouch shows pain.)

Exercise

In the following sentences, identify the part of speech for each bold word (e.g., noun, pronoun,
verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, or interjection).

1. Ali is reading a book.

2. She runs quickly to catch the bus.

3. This is a beautiful flower.

4. The cat is hiding under the table.

5. Wow, that was an amazing performance!

6. We like apples and oranges.

7. The sun rises in the east.

8. He gave the book to her.

9. Please sit quietly during the meeting.

10. Honesty is the best policy.

11. They will leave after lunch.

12. She is very kind to everyone.

13. The little girl is playing with her toys.

14. I have three brothers.

15. Could you help me with this?

16. He went to the park yesterday.

17. Oh no, I forgot my homework!

18. The boy kicked the ball hard.

20. The big dog barked loudly.

21. He worked all day, but he didn’t finish the task.

22. I am going to the market now.

23. The bird flew above the trees.

24. Hurray, we won the match!

25. She sings sweetly every morning.

By

Prof. Rashid Younas