Cells: Cells are devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy through a

chemical reaction. They are the basic building blocks of batteries. A cell consists of two
electrodes (anode and cathode) immersed in an electrolyte solution. When the
electrodes react with the electrolyte, electrons are transferred between them, generating
an electric current.

Batteries: Batteries are devices composed of one or more cells connected together.
They store electrical energy chemically and release it as needed in the form of electrical
power. Batteries come in various types, including primary (non-rechargeable) and
secondary (rechargeable) batteries. They are used in a wide range of applications, from
powering small electronic devices like smartphones to storing energy for electric
vehicles and renewable energy systems.

Cells can be classified into various types based on their construction, chemistry, and
applications. Here are some common types of cells:

​ Primary Cells (Non-rechargeable):

● Zinc-carbon cells: These are inexpensive and commonly used in
household devices like remote controls and flashlights.
● Alkaline cells: Similar to zinc-carbon cells but with longer shelf life and
higher energy density, suitable for high-drain applications like digital
cameras and toys.
● Lithium primary cells: Offer high energy density and long shelf life,
commonly used in watches, calculators, and medical devices.
​ Secondary Cells (Rechargeable):
● Lead-acid batteries: Widely used in automotive applications due to their
low cost and ability to provide high current.
● Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries: Known for their robustness and long
cycle life, commonly used in power tools and emergency lighting.
● Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries: Offer higher energy density
compared to NiCd batteries, commonly used in portable electronics like
digital cameras and handheld gaming devices.
● Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries: Provide high energy density, lightweight, and
long cycle life, extensively used in smartphones, laptops, and electric
vehicles.
● Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries: Similar to Li-ion batteries but with a
flexible pouch design, used in drones, wearable devices, and RC models
 ● Button Cell:
■ Button cells, also known as coin cells, are small, cylindrical
batteries shaped like a coin or button.
■ They are typically used in small, portable electronic devices such as
watches, calculators, hearing aids, and key fobs.
■ Button cells come in various chemistries, including alkaline, silver
oxide, and lithium, each offering different voltage and capacity
levels.
■ Due to their compact size and stable voltage output, button cells
are ideal for applications where space is limited.
● Pencil Cell:
■ Pencil cells, also known as cylindrical cells or D cells, are
larger-sized cylindrical batteries commonly used in medium to
high-drain devices.
■ They are often found in flashlights, portable radios, toys, and larger
electronic devices.
■ Pencil cells typically use zinc-carbon or alkaline chemistry,
providing moderate to high capacity and voltage levels.
■ Their cylindrical shape allows for easy insertion into battery
compartments and provides good stability during use.

These types of cells vary in size, chemistry, and application, catering to different needs
in terms of power requirements, device size, and performance characteristics.

Cells come in various sizes, each designed for specific applications. Here's a brief
overview of common cell sizes based on their physical dimensions:

1. AAA (Micro):
○ AAA cells are small cylindrical batteries, approximately 10.5 mm in
diameter and 44.5 mm in length.
○ They are commonly used in smaller electronic devices such as remote
controls, digital cameras, and handheld gaming devices.
○ AAA cells typically have a lower capacity compared to larger cells but are
suitable for low-power applications.
2. AA (Mignon):
○ AA cells are cylindrical batteries, approximately 14.5 mm in diameter and
50.5 mm in length.
○ They are one of the most common battery sizes and are used in a wide
range of devices, including flashlights, toys, remote controls, and portable
radios.
 ○ AA cells are available in various chemistries, including alkaline, lithium,
and rechargeable nickel-metal hydride (NiMH).
3. C (Baby):
○ C cells are larger cylindrical batteries, approximately 26.2 mm in diameter
and 50 mm in length.
○ They provide higher capacity and longer runtime compared to AAA and AA
cells, making them suitable for devices with higher power requirements
such as flashlights, portable fans, and some larger toys.
4. D (Mono):
○ D cells are large cylindrical batteries, approximately 34.2 mm in diameter
and 61.5 mm in length.
○ They offer even higher capacity and longer runtime than C cells and are
commonly used in high-drain devices such as large flashlights,
boomboxes, and certain industrial applications.
5. 9V (PP3):
○ 9V cells are rectangular batteries, approximately 26.5 mm in width, 17.5
mm in depth, and 48.5 mm in height.
○ They are typically used in devices that require higher voltage, such as
smoke detectors, guitar pedals, and some electronic toys.
○ 9V cells are composed of six smaller 1.5V cells stacked together
internally.

These are some of the most common cell sizes available, each tailored to meet specific
power needs and fit various types of electronic devices.

Batteries come in various types, each with its own chemistry, construction, and applications.
Here are some common types of batteries:

1. Lead-Acid Batteries:
○ Used in automotive applications, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and
stationary backup power systems.
○ Consist of lead dioxide (positive electrode), sponge lead (negative electrode),
and sulfuric acid (electrolyte).
2. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries:
○ Known for their durability and long cycle life.
○ Commonly used in power tools, emergency lighting, and medical equipment.
○ Contain nickel hydroxide (positive electrode), cadmium (negative electrode), and
potassium hydroxide (electrolyte).
3. Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries:
○ Offer higher energy density compared to NiCd batteries.
○ Used in portable electronics like digital cameras, cordless phones, and handheld
gaming devices.
 ○ Composed of nickel oxyhydroxide (positive electrode), hydrogen-absorbing alloy
(negative electrode), and potassium hydroxide (electrolyte).
4. Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries:
○ Provide high energy density, lightweight, and long cycle life.
○ Widely used in smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable
energy storage systems.
○ Consist of lithium cobalt oxide (positive electrode), graphite (negative electrode),
and a lithium salt electrolyte.
5. Lithium Polymer (LiPo) Batteries:
○ Similar to Li-ion batteries but with a flexible pouch design.
○ Used in drones, wearable devices, RC models, and portable consumer
electronics.
○ Offer high energy density and can be molded into various shapes.
6. Alkaline Batteries:
○ Commonly used in household devices like remote controls, flashlights, and toys.
○ Provide longer shelf life and higher energy density compared to zinc-carbon
batteries.
○ Comprise manganese dioxide (positive electrode), zinc (negative electrode), and
potassium hydroxide (electrolyte).
7. Zinc-Carbon Batteries:
○ Inexpensive and widely available.
○ Used in low-drain devices such as clocks, remote controls, and torches.
○ Consist of manganese dioxide (positive electrode), zinc (negative electrode), and
an acidic electrolyte.
8. Lithium Primary Batteries:
○ Non-rechargeable batteries with high energy density and long shelf life.
○ Used in applications like watches, calculators, and medical devices.
9. Silver Oxide Batteries:
○ Provide high energy density and stable voltage.
○ Commonly used in hearing aids, watches, and medical implants.

These are some of the most common types of batteries, each with its own set of characteristics
and suitable applications. Choosing the right type of battery depends on factors such as energy
requirements, size constraints, cost considerations, and environmental impact.