LECTURE NOTES

MAT183
CALCULUS
for
CS110 Students
UiTM Kampus Raub
MARCH 2020 - JULY 2020

Prepared by Fairuz Shohaimay

Lecture Notes and Exercises
Semester March – July 2020

MAT183: Calculus I

Prepared by Fairuz Shohaimay

Intended for use by CS110 Students of UiTM Kampus Raub ONLY

 Lesson Plan for Semester: March 2020 – July 2020

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)

CLO1: Apply the properties of function, limit and continuity, techniques of differentiation and integration (C3)
CLO2: Analyse appropriate graph of polynomial or rational function in solving related mathematical problems using calculus (C4)
CLO3: Demonstrate autonomous learning skills in calculus (A3)

MONTH FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY

DATE (MONDAY of the week) 24 2 9 16 23 30 13 20 27 4 11 18 8 15 29 6 13

LECTURE WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Functions, Limits and
Continuity
Differentiation Q1 T1

Applications of FINAL

6/4 – 12/4
25/5 – 7/6
22/6 – 28/6

A1 Q2
Differentiation EXAMINATION
SPECIAL BREAK
REVISION WEEK

CHAPTER
A2

MID-SEMESTER BREAK
Integration
Applications of the Definite
A3 A4 T2
Integral

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (50%)

Assessment Type Assessment Description Marks % of Total Marks

Q1 Quiz 1 Written Quiz: Limits and Continuity 15 5
T1 Test 1 Written Test: Limits, Continuity and Differentiation 30 10
A1 Assignment 1 Lab Assignment: Application of Differentiation 30 10
Q2 Quiz 2 Written Quiz: Integration 15 5
A2 Assignment 2 Group Assignment: Application of Differentiation and Integration 30 10
T2 Test 2 Written Test: Integration and Application of Definite Integral 30 10
Contents

CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS, LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

1.1 Functions: Brief Review 1

1.1.1 Operations on Functions 1
1.1.2 Piecewise Function 2
1.2 Limits 3
1.2.1 Computing Limits by Direct Substitution 4
1.2.2 Computing Limits by Factorization 6
1.2.3 Computing Limits by Multiplication of Conjugate 8
1.2.4 Infinite Limits 11
1.25 Computing Limits at Infinity 𝑥 → ∞ 12
1.2.6 Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes 15
1.3 Continuity 17
1.4 Limits and Continuity of Trigonometric Functions 22
1.4.1 Direct Substitution 22
1.4.2 Squeezing Theorem 22
1.4.3 Limit of Composite Function 24

CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENTIATION

2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Definition of Derivatives 26
2.3 Techniques of Differentiation 34
2.3.1 Derivative of a Constant Function 𝑐 34
2.3.2 Derivative of a Power Function 𝑥𝑛 34
2.3.3 Derivative of Sums and Differences of Functions 35
2.3.4 Derivative of Multiplication of Two Functions: Product Rule 37
2.3.5 Derivative of Division of Two Functions: Quotient Rule 38
2.3.6 Derivative of Composite Function: Chain Rule 39
2.3.7 Derivative of Trigonometric Function: Trigonometric Rules 43
2.3.8 Derivative of Exponential Function: Exponential Rule 49
2.3.9 Derivative of Logarithmic Function: Logarithmic Rule 51
2.3.10 Implicit Differentiation 54

1
CHAPTER 3: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.1 Tangent Lines 61

3.2 Linear Approximation and Differentials 64
3.3 Related Rates 67
3.4 Graph of Polynomial Function 70
3.5 Graph of Rational Function 79
3.6 Applied Maximum and Minimum Problems 87
3.7 Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem 94

CHAPTER 4: INTEGRATION

4.1 Anti-Derivatives 96
4.2 Indefinite Integral 96
4.2.1 Integration of a Constant Function 96
4.2.2 Integration of a Power Function 97
4.2.3 Integration of Sums and Differences of Functions 97
4.2.4 Integration of Trigonometric Functions 98
4.2.5 Integration of Exponential and Reciprocal Functions 98
4.3 Integration by Substitution 101
4.4 Definite Integral 107
4.4.1 Properties of Definite Integral 111
4.5 Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 115

CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

5.1 Area between Two Curves 117

5.2 Volume of Solid by Revolution 121
5.2.1 Volume by Disk Method 121
5.2.2 Volume by Washer Method 124
5.2.3 Volume by Cylindrical Shell Method 127

2
Chapter 1 Functions, Limits and Continuity

1.1 Functions: Brief Review

Definition 1.1
A function 𝑓, or a mapping from 𝐴 to 𝐵, is a correspondence between two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 that
assigns every element 𝑥 of 𝐴 to one and only one element 𝑦 of 𝐵, denoted by

𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵, or
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓

1.1.1 Operations on Functions

a. Addition (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

b. Subtraction (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

c. Multiplication (𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
d. Division ( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

e. Composite (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

Example 4.1 For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥, compute the following functions.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) b. (𝑔 − 𝑓)(2)

c. (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) d. 𝑓
( ) (−3)
𝑔

e. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) f. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(4)

1
1.1.2 Piecewise Function

1. Piecewise function is a function defined by more than one functions in certain intervals.

Example 4.2 Consider the following piecewise function defined as

2−𝑥 ; 𝑥 ≤ −2
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 2 − 1 ; −2 < 𝑥 < 1
4 ; 𝑥>1

Find the value of the following functions.

a. 𝑓(−4) b. 𝑓(−2)

c. 𝑓(0) d. 𝑓(1)

e. 𝑓(4) f. 1
𝑓( )
3

2
1.2 Limits

1. Limit of a function can be determined by looking at its graph.

Example 4.3 Complete the table and plot the graph for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 .

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
−0.1
−0.01
−0.001
0
0.001
0.01
0.1

Left-handed limit lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥→0−
One-sided limit
Right-handed limit lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→0+

Two-sided limit lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥→0

Example 4.4 Find the following limits based on the graph of function ℎ(𝑥).

a. lim − ℎ(𝑥) = b. lim ℎ(𝑥) =

𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1+

c. lim ℎ(𝑥) = d. ℎ(−1) =

𝑥→−1

e. lim− ℎ(𝑥) = f. lim ℎ(𝑥) =

𝑥→4 𝑥→4 +

g. lim ℎ(𝑥) = h. ℎ(4) =

𝑥→4

3
2. Computational approach to evaluate limits can be presented as in the following figure.

1.2.1 Computing Limits by Direct Substitution

Example 4.5 Basic substitution rule for computing limits

No. Rule Example 1 Example 2

1. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐 lim 5 = 5 lim ln(3) =

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→−2 𝑥→𝜋

2. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎 lim 2𝑥 = 2(0) = 0 lim (𝑥 + ℎ) =

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→0 ℎ→4

lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛 lim 𝑥 4 = 14 = 1 𝑥2
3. 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→1 lim =
𝑥→−3 3

1
lim 𝑛√𝑥 2 2 2
4. lim √3𝑥 = √3(7) = √21 lim 3 =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→7 𝑥→8 √𝑥

4
Tutorial 1.1
Evaluate the following limits.

a. lim (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1) b. lim sin 𝜃

𝑥→−2 𝜽→𝜋

c. 𝑥+3 d. 𝑥3 − 2
lim lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 2

e. lim (√𝑥 + √3) f. 1

𝑥→1 lim
𝑥→12 √𝑥 +4

g. lim cos 𝑥 h. (𝑥 − ℎ)2

𝑥→0 𝑥 + 1 lim
ℎ→0 ℎ − 1

i. 𝑥3 j. 𝑥−1
lim ( + 2𝑥) lim
𝑥→3 3 𝑥→4 √𝑥 +1

5
1.2.2 Computing Limits by Factorization

Example 1.2

a) Evaluate the following limit by direct substitution.

𝑥2 − 4
lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12

Can you use direct substitution to compute the limit? Why?

Answer:

b) Compute the limit by using factorization.

𝑥2 − 4
lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12

6
Tutorial 1.2
Compute the following limits.

a. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 b. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
lim lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8

c. 2𝑥 d. (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)
lim lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2+𝑥 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8

7
1.2.3 Computing Limits by Multiplication of Conjugate

Example 1.3

a) Evaluate the following limit by direct substitution.

𝑥+2
lim
𝑥→−2 √𝑥 +2

Can you use direct substitution to compute the limit? Why?

Answer:

b) Compute the limit by multiplying the function with its conjugate.

𝑥+2
lim
𝑥→−2 √𝑥 +2

8
Example 1.4

Evaluate the limit.

√𝑥 − 3
lim
𝑥→9 𝑥−9

9
Tutorial 1.3
Compute the following limits.

a. 𝑥−4 b. √𝑦 + 3 − 2
lim lim
𝑥→4 √𝑥 −2 𝑦→1 𝑦−1

c. 𝑥−9 d. √𝑥 2 + 11 − 6
lim lim
𝑥→9 2𝑥√𝑥 −9 𝑥→5 𝑥 −5

10
1.2.4 Infinite Limits

1. Limit of a function can take a value of positive infinity (+∞) or negative infinity (−∞).

Example 4.6 Based on the graphs, find the following limits.

1
lim +
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1

1
lim −
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1

1
lim +
𝑥→−1 (𝑥 + 1)2

1
lim −
𝑥→−1 (𝑥 + 1)2

11
1.2.5 Computing Limits at Infinity 𝒙 → ∞

1. For 𝑛 > 0, the following rules can be applied.

1 1
lim =0 lim =0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 𝑛

2. General shape of the graph

1 1
, 𝑛 is odd , 𝑛 is even
𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛

3. For rational functions, divide numerator and denominator by the highest power of 𝑥 in the
denominator.

Example 4.7 Compute the following limits.

a. 𝑥+2 b. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
lim lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥→∞ 3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3

12
4. For radical functions, the calculation is presented in the following example.

Example 4.8 Compute the following limits.

a. √𝑥 2 + 7 b. 3𝑥 + 1
lim lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥→−∞ √𝑥 2 +7

13
Tutorial 1.4
Compute the following limits.

a. 3𝑥 + 2 b. 2
lim lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥→∞ 5 − 𝑥

c. 5𝑥 7 − 4𝑥 5 d. √5𝑥 2 + 2
lim lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 7 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 + 4

14
1.2.6 Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes

Definition 1.2
The line 𝒙 = 𝒂 is a vertical asymptote of the graph 𝑓(𝑥) if

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ±∞ or lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ±∞

𝑥→𝑎 − 𝑥→𝑎 +

Example 4.9 Consider the following graph

𝑥−2
lim + =
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1

𝑥−2
lim − =
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1

Vertical asymptote:

Definition 1.3
The line 𝒚 = 𝒃 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph 𝑓(𝑥) if

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 or lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏

𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→−∞

Example 4.10 Consider the following graph

𝑥−2
lim + =
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1

𝑥−2
lim =
𝑥→−1− 𝑥 +1

Horizontal asymptote:

15
Tutorial 1.5
Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the following functions.

a. 2 + 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2

b. 4−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
5𝑥 + 3

16
1.3 Continuity

1. Consider the following graph of a piecewise function.

Is the function continuous at 𝑥=−2?

Is the function continuous at 𝑥=4?

Definition 1.2
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, if it satisfies the following conditions.

i. 𝑓(c) is defined
ii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists, that is
𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑥→𝑐

iii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)

𝑥→𝑐

Example 4.11 Given the following piecewise function,

𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 < −2
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 − 4, 𝑥 ≥ −2
Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = −2.

17
 Example 4.12 Given the following piecewise function,
𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≤ −3
𝑔(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 − 9, 𝑥 > −3
Determine if 𝑔(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = −3.

18
 Example 4.13 Let
𝑥2 − 𝑘 ; 𝑥 ≤ −3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 25 ; −3 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
√𝑚 + 𝑥 ;𝑥 > 2
i. Find the value of 𝑘 such that lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→−3

ii. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 2, what is the value of 𝑚?

19
Tutorial 1.6

a. Past Semester Question: October 2016 Q1(b)

Let
3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 8 , 𝑥 ≤ −2
3
𝑓(𝑥) = { (2𝑥 + 2) + 𝑘 , − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 0
2
2𝑥 2 + 6 , 𝑥 > 0
i. Find the value of 𝑘 such that lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→−2

ii. Determine whether the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

20
b. Past Semester Question: January 2018 Q1(b)
The function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined as follows:
6
, 𝑥<2
𝑥+1
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 4|, 𝑥 = 2
𝑥+2
, 𝑥>2
{√𝑥 + 2
i. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→7

ii. Determine whether the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

21
1.4 Limits and Continuity of Trigonometric Functions

1.4.1 Direct Substitution

1. If 𝑐 is any number in the natural domain of the stated trigonometric functions, then

Rule Example

a. lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑐 lim sin 2𝑥 =

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝜋

b. lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑐 lim cos 𝑥 =

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→30°

𝑥
c. lim tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑐 lim tan =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝜋 4

lim csc 𝑥 = csc 𝑐 1

d. 𝑥→𝑐 lim csc =
𝑥→𝜋 𝑥

e. lim sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑐 lim sec 𝑥 2 =

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→0

𝑥
f. lim cot 𝑥 = cot 𝑐 lim cot =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→90° 2

1.4.2 Squeezing Theorem

1. Sometimes it is difficult to calculate limit by direct substitution. Therefore, the following

rule can be applied.

sin 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
lim =1 lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

Example 4.14 Evaluate the following limit.

sin 3𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

22
Example 4.15 Evaluate
tan 2𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

Example 4.16 Find the value of the limit

sin 3𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 sin 7𝑥

23
1.4.3 Limit of Composite Function

1. If lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 and 𝑓 is continuous at 𝐿, then

𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝐿)

𝑥→𝑐

or

lim 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 (lim 𝑔(𝑥))

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Example 4.17 Compute the limit.

𝑥2 − 4
lim [cos ( )]
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

Example 4.18 Find

𝑥2
lim (cos ( 3 ))
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 +2

24
Tutorial 1.7
Compute the following limits.

a. sin 5𝑥 b. 2(1 − cos 𝑥)

lim lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

c. cos 𝑥 d. 3𝜃
lim𝜋 lim
𝑥→ 2 cot 𝑥 𝜃→0 tan √3𝜃

e. 𝑥2 + 1 f. 2𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥
lim (sin ( )) lim
𝑥→∞ 3 − 𝑥2 𝑥→0 5𝑥

25
Chapter 2 Differentiation

2.1 Introduction

For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the derivative of 𝑦 can be written as follows.

𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
Differentiate 𝑦 with = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
respect to 𝑥

2.2 Definition of Derivatives

Definition 2.1
The derivative of a function 𝑓 at 𝑥 is defined as
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
provided this limit exists.
This method is called The First Principle Method.

Example 3.1 Use definition to find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1

26
Example 3.2 Find the derivative of the following function using the first principle
method.
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
2 − 3𝑥

27
Example 3.3 Use definition to find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).
𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 1

28
Example 3.4 Use the definition of derivative to differentiate the function.
2
𝑦=
√𝑥 + 1

29
Tutorial 2.1
Find the derivative of the following function.

a. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 2

30
Find the derivative of the following function.

b. 1
𝑦=
𝑥2 −1

31
Find the derivative of the following function.

c. 1
𝑦=
√1 − 2𝑥

32
Find the derivative of the following function.

d. 𝑦 = 2√2 + 𝑥

33
2.3 Techniques of Differentiation

2.3.1 Derivative of a Constant Function 𝒄

If 𝑐 is any real number, then If 𝑦 = 𝑐, then

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑐) = 0 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 3.5 Solve the following differentiation.

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
a. (𝜋) = b. (√3) = c. (− ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5

2.3.2 Derivative of a Power Function 𝒙𝒏

If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , then
For any real number 𝑛 and constant 𝑐, then 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑛 , then
(𝑐𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑐𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑐𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Example 3.6 Find 𝑑𝑥 for the following functions.

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 b. 1
𝑦=
𝑥6

c. 𝑦 = 4𝑥10 d. 1
𝑦=
4√𝑥

34
2.3.3 Derivative of Sums and Differences of Functions

For functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable at 𝑥, then so are 𝑓 ± 𝑔 and

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑓(𝑥)) ± (𝑔(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ± 𝑔′ (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
Example 3.7 Find 𝑑𝑥 for the following functions.

a. 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 b. 2
𝑦= 𝑦 = √3𝑥 2 +
2 𝑥3

c. 3 − 5𝑥 d. 7 1
𝑦= 3
𝑦= 6 + 2
√𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥

35
Tutorial 2.2
Differentiate the following functions.

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥5 b. 3
√2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 − 1
𝑦=
𝑥3

c. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 (𝑥 + 1) d. √2
𝑦 = 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 − +3
𝑥2

e. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) f. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 1)2

36
2.3.4 Derivative of Multiplication of Two Functions: Product Rule

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) can be written as 𝑦 = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 (the product of two functions), then

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 ′ + 𝑣 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Example 3.8 Find 𝑑𝑥 for the following functions.

a. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) b. 𝑥
𝑦 = (2√𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2) ( )
3

c. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥)(𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 ) d. 1 1
𝑦 = (1 − ) (1 + )
𝑥3 √𝑥

37
2.3.5 Derivative of Division of Two Functions: Quotient Rule

𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) can be written as 𝑦 = (a function dividing a function), then
𝑣

𝑑𝑦 𝑣 ∙ 𝑢′ − 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣′
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

𝑑𝑦
Example 3.9 Find 𝑑𝑥 for the following functions.

a. 𝑥2 + 1 b. 𝑥−1
𝑦= 𝑦=
𝑥2 + 2 𝑥2 − 3

c. √𝑥 + 2 d. 2
𝑦= 𝑦=
𝑥2 + 2 𝑥3 +4

38
2.3.6 Derivative of Composite Function: Chain Rule

Given a composite function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), then

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)),
let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑢, then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢)
Differentiate 𝑦 with respect to 𝑢 :
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑢)
𝑑𝑢
Differentiate 𝑢 with respect to 𝑥 :
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 By Leibniz notation
Hence, differentiate 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 : 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Example 3.10 Find 𝑑𝑥 for the following functions.

a. 3 b. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)12
𝑦=
(4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)2

39
c. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 − 1)3 d. 1−𝑥
𝑦=
(𝑥 2 + 3)5

e. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 3 f. 2
𝑦= 3
√𝑥 + 4

40
Tutorial 2.3
Differentiate the following functions.

i. 1 ii. 𝑥4
𝑦= 𝑦=
(2𝑥 − 1)3 √𝑥 − 1

iii. 𝑥 2 iv. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1 ∙ (2 − 𝑥)
𝑦=( )
𝑥+2

41
Differentiate the following functions.

v. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 5)2 ∙ (3𝑥 − 1) vi.

𝑥+1
𝑦=√
𝑥

vii. 3
𝑦 = −𝑥 ∙ √1 − 𝑥 viii. 𝑦 = √(𝑥 + 1)3 + 2

42
2.3.7 Derivative of Trigonometric Function: Trigonometric Rules

1. The following rules can be applied.

a. 𝑦 = sin(𝑥) b. 𝑦 = cos(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= cos(𝑥) = − sin(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

c. 𝑦 = tan(𝑥) d. 𝑦 = sec(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 (𝑥) = sec(𝑥) ∙ tan(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

e. 𝑦 = csc(𝑥) f. 𝑦 = cot(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −csc(𝑥) ∙ cot(𝑥) = −csc 2 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Tips: If the function is given as 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, then rewrite the function as 𝑦 = sin(𝑥).

2. Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), then the Chain Rule can be used to differentiate 𝑦.

a. 𝑦 = sin(𝑢) b. 𝑦 = cos(𝑢)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= cos(𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′ = − sin(𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

c. 𝑦 = tan(𝑢) d. 𝑦 = sec(𝑢)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 (𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′ = sec(𝑢) ∙ tan(𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

e. 𝑦 = csc(𝑢) f. 𝑦 = cot(𝑢)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −csc(𝑢) ∙ cot(𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′ = −csc 2 (𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 3.11 Differentiate the following functions.

a. 𝑦 = sin(−5𝑥) b. 1
𝑦 = cos ( )
𝑥2

43
c. 𝑦 = tan(2 + 3𝑥) d. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∙ sec 𝑥 3

e. 𝑦 = csc(tan(3𝑥)) f. 𝑦 = cot √𝑥

44
3. The power rule and chain rule can also be applied to differentiate trigonometric function
as demonstrated as follows.

Example 3.12 Differentiate the following function.

𝑦 = √sin(𝑥 − 3)

Example 3.13 Differentiate the following function.

𝑦 = cos4 𝑥

45
Example 3.14 Differentiate the following function.
3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
tan4 𝑥

Example 3.15 Differentiate the following function.

2
𝑓(𝑥) = cot ( )
√3 − 𝑥

46
Tutorial 2.4
Differentiate the following functions.

a. 𝑦 = sin √𝑥 + 2 b. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 −2

c. 𝑦 = tan(10𝑥 2 + 𝑥) d. 𝑦 = sec(5𝑥)

e. 𝑦 = csc(−3𝑥) f. 1
𝑦 = −cot ( )
√𝑥

47
Differentiate the following functions.

g. 𝑦 = (sin 2𝑥)12 h. 𝑦 = √cos(𝑥) + 3

i. 𝑦 = tan3 (𝑥 −3 ) j. 2
𝑦=
sec 5𝑥

k. 𝑦 = csc(1 − sin 3𝑥) l. 𝑦 = cot 3𝑥 ∙ cos2 2𝑥

48
2.3.8 Derivative of Exponential Function: Exponential Rule

Let 𝑒 be a mathematical constant with

Let 𝑎 be a real number with the exponent 𝑥
exponent 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑦 = e𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎 𝑥 ∙ ln(𝑎) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = e𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), then the Chain rule can be applied to differentiate 𝑦.

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑢 𝑦 = e𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎 𝑢 ∙ ln(𝑎) ∙ 𝑢′ = e𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 3.16 Differentiate the following functions.

a. 𝑦 = 54𝑥 b. 𝑦 = esin 𝑥

c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∙ e𝑥 d. 𝑦 = tan(sin(e 𝑥 ))

49
Tutorial 2.5
Differentiate the following functions.

a. 1 b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ∙ 2𝑥
𝑦 = e𝑥 − − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
e𝑥

c. e𝑥 d. 𝑦 = (e𝑥 + cos 𝑥)3

𝑦= 2
𝑥

e. 𝑦 = e√3−𝑥 f. 𝑦 = sin(e𝑥 )

50
2.3.9 Derivative of Logarithmic Function: Logarithmic Rule

𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥) 𝑦 = ln(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∙ ln(𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Tips: If the function is given as 𝑦 = ln 𝑥, rewrite the function as 𝑦 = ln(𝑥).

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), then the Chain rule can be applied to differentiate 𝑦.

𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑢) 𝑦 = ln(𝑢)

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 ′
= ∙ 𝑢′ = ∙𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ∙ ln(𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 𝑢

Example 3.17 Differentiate the following functions.

a. 𝑦 = log 3(𝑥) b. 𝑦 = ln(10𝑥 2 )

c. 𝑥3 d. 𝑦 = sec(2 ln 𝑥)
𝑦=
ln 𝑥

51
Example 3.18 Use the properties of logarithm to differentiate the following function.
cos(2𝑥) + 3
𝑦 = ln ( )
(1 + 𝑥 2 )4

52
Tutorial 2.6
Differentiate the following functions.

a. 1 b. 𝑦 = ln(2e𝑥 + 3)
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 +
𝑥

c. 𝑦 = ln(sin 3𝑥) d. 𝑦 = (tan(ln 𝑥))2

e. −ln 𝑥 f. 3
𝑦 = 2 ∙ √ln 2𝑥
𝑦=
2𝑥

53
2.3.10 Implicit Differentiation

1. It is also possible to differentiate a function of other variables (for example: 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑦), and
so on) with respect to 𝑥.

𝑑𝑦
Example 3.19 Find 𝑑𝑥 by differentiating the following function implicitly with respect

to 𝑥.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 = 4 sin 𝑥

54
 𝑑𝑦
Example 3.20 Find 𝑑𝑥 by differentiating the following function implicitly with respect

to 𝑥.
2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 ∙ e2𝑦 = ln(tan 𝑦)

55
 𝑑𝑦
Example 3.21 Find 𝑑𝑥 by differentiating the following function implicitly with respect

to 𝑥.
1 3
= √𝑥 2 − cos(3𝑦)
𝑦2 +4

56
Tutorial 2.7
Differentiate the following functions implicitly.

a. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑦 + 3𝑦 = ln 𝑥

57
Find the derivative of the following function using implicit differentiation.

b. sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos(2𝑥) − 3e2𝑥

58
Find the derivative of the following function using implicit differentiation.

c. ln(𝑥𝑦) = 3√𝑥 − tan(𝑥𝑦)

59
Find the derivative of the following function using implicit differentiation.

d. 1
− 3𝑥 4 + sec 𝑦 = etan 𝑥
ln 𝑦

60
Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation

3.1 Tangent Lines

1. Tangent line is a straight line equation that “touches” a curve at a point (𝑥, 𝑦).

Tangent
line
(𝑥, 𝑦)

Tangent line of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )

Step 1: Calculate the slope 𝑚
𝑑𝑦
𝑚=
𝑑𝑥

- Use suitable differentiation technique to differentiate 𝑓(𝑥).

- Substitute the value of 𝑥0 and 𝑦0 into 𝑚.

Step 2: Find the equation of tangent line using the formula

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )

Example 3.1 Given a curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2 and point 𝑃(1,5). Find the tangent line of the
curve at 𝑃.

61
Example 3.2 Find the equation of tangent line of the function at the point (2, −6).
2𝑥 2 − 2
𝑓(𝑥) =
1−𝑥

Example 3.3 Given the function 4𝑥e2𝑦 − tan 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 ). Find the gradient of the
tangent line for the function at (1, 0).

62
Tutorial 3.1
Find the equation of tangent line of the function at the given point.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 − 2𝑥 2 ; (1, −2)

b. 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 3; (−3, −4)

63
3.2 Linear Approximation and Differentials

Approximate a value of a quantity using differentials 𝑑𝑥

Step 1: Identify 𝑥0 , 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥).
Step 2: Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ).
Step 3: Use 𝑓(𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑥).

Example 3.4 Use differentials to estimate the value of the given quantity. Give
answer correct to four decimal places.
√81.025

64
Example 3.5 Estimate the value correct to four decimal places using differentials.
2
√63.99 − 3
√63.99

Example 3.6 Use differentials to approximate the following value, correct to three
decimal places.
3
(4.02)2 + (4.02)2

65
Tutorial 3.2
Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the following functions.

a. 5.022 − 2
(5.02 − 2)3

b. cos 89°

66
3.3 Related Rates

1. The problem involves finding the rate of change of a quantity related to other quantities
with respect to time 𝑡.

Solving problems with related rates

Step 1: Identify the rate of change that is given and unknown (to calculate).
Step 2: Construct an equation that relates the variables in Step 1.
Step 3: Differentiate the equation in Step 2 implicitly with respect to time 𝑡.
Step 4: Substitute the given values in Step 1 into equation in Step 3.
Step 5: Solve the unknown rate of change.

Example 3.7 A spherical ball expands at the rate of 6 cm3 /s. Find the rate of change
of its radius when the radius is 3.5 cm.

67
Example 3.8 Water is being poured into a cylindrical can at a rate of 4 cm3 /s. The can
has a radius of 2 cm and height 12 cm. How fast is the height changing at an instant
when the height is 5 cm?

68
Tutorial 3.3
Find the related rates for the given problems.

a. The surface area of a sphere 𝐴 cm2 is given by the formula 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 , where 𝑟 is the
radius in cm. Given that 𝑟 is increasing at a constant rate of 0.2 cm/s, find the rate of
change of 𝐴 at the instant when 𝑟 = 2.5 cm.

b. The area of a triangle is decreasing at rate of 5 cm2 /min. Find the rate of change of
the side, when the area of the triangle is 220 cm2.

69
3.4 Graph of Polynomial Function

1. The concepts of differentiation can be used to sketch polynomial functions.

First Derivative Test: Find the intervals where a function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing/decreasing.
Step 1: Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).
Step 2: Find the critical points when 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0.
Step 3: Build the sign table for 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) with intervals using the critical points in Step 2.
Step 4: Test increase/decrease
a. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) increase at the interval.

b. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) decrease at the interval.

Second Derivative Test: Find the intervals where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up/concave down.
Step 1: Find 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥).
Step 2: Find the critical points when 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0.
Step 3: Build the sign table for 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) with intervals using the critical points in Step 2.
Step 4: Test concavity
a. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up at the interval.

b. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0, then 𝑓(𝑥)is concave down at the interval.

Extremum Point: The coordinate (𝑥, 𝑦) of the critical point where 𝑓(𝑥) changes from
a. Increase to Decrease

b. Decrease to Increase

Inflection Point: The coordinate (𝑥, 𝑦) of the critical point where 𝑓(𝑥) changes from
a. Concave Up to Concave Down

b. Concave Down to Concave Up

70
 Example 3.9 Given the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2
a. Find 𝑦 −intercept(s) of 𝑓(𝑥).

b. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing. Hence, determine the
extremum point(s), if any.

71
c. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down. Hence, determine the
inflection point(s), if any.

d. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

72
 Example 3.10 Given the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
a. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing.

b. Hence, determine the extremum point(s), if any.

73
c. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down.

d. Hence, determine the inflection point(s), if any.

e. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

74
Tutorial 3.4

a. Given the function

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 1)
i. Find the 𝑥 −intercept(s) and 𝑦 −intercept(s).

ii. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing. Hence, determine the
extremum point(s), if any.

75
iii. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down. Hence, determine the
inflection point(s), if any.

iv. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

76
b. Given the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
i. Find the 𝑥 −intercept(s) and 𝑦 −intercept(s).

ii. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing. Hence, determine the
extremum point(s), if any.

77
iii. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down. Hence, determine the
inflection point(s), if any.

iv. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

78
3.5 Graph of Rational Function

1. The concept of limits is used to find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes for rational
functions.

Example 3.11 Given the function

𝑥+3
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
a. Find 𝑥 −intercept and 𝑦 −intercept.

b. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

79
c. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing. Hence, determine the
extremum point(s), if any.

d. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down. Hence, determine the
inflection point(s), if any.

e. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

80
 Example 3.12 Given the function
2 − 5𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
a. Find 𝑥 −intercept and 𝑦 −intercept.

b. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

81
c. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing. Hence, determine the
extremum point(s), if any.

d. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down. Hence, determine the
inflection point(s), if any.

e. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

82
Tutorial 3.5

a. Given the function

3𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥+4
i. Find the 𝑥 −intercept and 𝑦 −intercept.

ii. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

83
iii. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing. Hence, determine the
extremum point(s), if any.

iv. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down. Hence, determine the
inflection point(s), if any.

v. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

84
b. Given the function
2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 −
2+𝑥
i. Find the 𝑥 −intercept and 𝑦 −intercept.

ii. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

85
iii. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing. Hence, determine the
extremum point(s), if any.

iv. Find the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up or concave down. Hence, determine the
inflection point(s), if any.

v. Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) using the above information.

86
3.6 Applied Maximum and Minimum Problems

1. The first and second derivative tests can be used in the application of maximum or
minimum problem.

Maximum or Minimum Problem

Step 1: Draw and label a figure with suitable variables that represents the problem.
Step 2: Find an equation of the quantity to be maximized or minimized
Step 3: Find the fixed quantity that is given in the problem.
Step 4: Write the equation in terms of one variable.
Step 5: Use the first derivative to find the value of the quantity.
Step 6: Use the second derivative test to check if the quantity is maximum or minimum.

Example 3.13 Past Semester Question: January 2018 Q2

A piece of wire of length 130 cm is bent into the shape 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺. Given 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝐸.

𝐴 𝐵

𝐶 𝐷
4𝑦 cm

𝐺 𝐸
(𝑥 + 5) cm 𝐹 𝑥 cm

a. Express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦.

87
b. Show that the area enclosed by the wire is 𝐴 = 200𝑦 − 12𝑦 2 .

c. Hence, find the maximum area of the shape 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺.

88
 Example 3.14 A rectangular piece of cardboard of 18 cm wide and of 30 cm length is
used to construct an open box. A square of sides x cm is cut from each of the corner
and then the sides are bending up.
a. Show that the volume of the box is 540𝑥 − 96𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 .

b. Find the dimension of the corner square for which the volume is maximized.

89
 Example 3.15 A prism has right triangular base with sides 3𝑥 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm. The
height of the prism is 𝑦 cm. Given the volume of the solid is 390 cm3 .
a. Show that the total surface area is
780
𝐴 = 12𝑥 2 +
𝑥

b. Determine the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 so that the surface area of the prism is minimum.

90
Tutorial 3.6

a. A closed rectangular box has the length twice its width. Given the total surface are of the
box is 300 cm2 . If the width of the box is 𝑥 cm and the volume of the box is 𝑉 cm3 .
i. Show that the volume of the box is given by
4
𝑉 = 100𝑥 − 𝑥 3
3

ii. Find all the dimensions of the box when the box is maximized.

91
b. Past Semester Question: March 2017 Q3
The volume of a cylindrical can open at the top with height, ℎ cm and radius, 𝑟 cm is
1200 cm3 . Find the minimum surface area of the cylindrical can.

92
c. Past Semester Question: March 2016 Q3
An open box with square base and a volume of 256 cm3 is to be constructed from the
same material. Show that the surface area of the box is 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 1024𝑥 −1 , where 𝑥 is the
length of the base of the box. Hence, find the dimensions of the box so that the minimum
amount of material was used in its construction.

93
3.7 Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem

Rolle’s Theorem
Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at every point in the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable at
every point in the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).

If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏), then there is a value 𝑐 in (𝑎, 𝑏) such that

𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0

Example 3.16 Find all the values of 𝑐 in the given interval that satisfy the conclusion
of Rolle’s theorem.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8; [0, 5]

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 ; [−3, 3]

c. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 2 ) ; [0, 𝜋]

94
Mean Value Theorem
Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at every point in the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable at
every point in the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).

If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏), then there is a value 𝑐 in (𝑎, 𝑏) such that

𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎

Example 3.17 Find all the values of 𝑐 in the given interval that satisfy the conclusion
of the Mean Value theorem.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3√𝑥 ; (0,1)

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − √3𝑥 3 ; (−2,4)

c. 𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥) = − ; (0, 5)
2 𝑥

95
Chapter 4 Integration

4.1 Anti-Derivatives

1. Anti-derivative is obtain by integration, that is the reverse process of differentiation.

Differentiation

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Integration

4.2 Indefinite Integral

∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 Variable involved in

integration
Integral sign Integrand

4.2.1 Integration of a Constant Function

Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 where 𝑎 is a constant

∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶

𝐶 = constant

Example 5.1 Evaluate the following integrals.

a. b. c. 1
∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡 ∫− 𝑑𝑦
√3

96
4.2.2 Integration of a Power Function

For any real number 𝑛 and constant 𝑎

𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Example 5.2 Evaluate the following integrals.

a. b. 1 c.
∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2√𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥12

4.2.3 Integration of Sums and Differences of Functions

For functions 𝑓 and 𝑔

∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫(𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Example 5.3 Evaluate the following integrals.

a. b. 1 1
∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
4

97
4.2.4 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

Differentiation Rule Integration Rule

1. 𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑑
(cos 𝑥) = −sin 𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑑
(csc 𝑥) = −csc 𝑥 ∙ cot 𝑥 ∫ csc 𝑥 ∙ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑑
(sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 ∫ sec 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
6. 𝑑
(cot 𝑥) = −csc 2 𝑥 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

Example 5.4 Evaluate the following integrals.

a. b. 1
∫(cos 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (2sin 𝜃 + ) 𝑑𝜃
sin2 𝜃

4.2.5 Integration of Exponential and Reciprocal Functions

Differentiation Rule Integration Rule

1. 𝑑 𝑥
(e ) = e𝑥 ∫ e𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = e𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑑 1 1
(ln 𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Example 5.5 Evaluate the integrals.

a. b. 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
∫(𝑥 − 2e𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

98
Tutorial 4.1
Evaluate the following integrals.

a. 𝑥2 b. 3
√𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 − 1
∫ ( 3√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥3

c. 1 d.
∫ 𝑥 2 (2 − + 5𝑥 6 ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫(√𝑥 + 1)(4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4

e. f. (𝑥 − 3)2
∫ 𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

99
Evaluate the following integrals.

g. h. 1
∫(sec 𝑦 ∙ tan 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ∫ (e𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥

i. 1 j. 1+𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 𝑥

k. 2 e𝑥 l. (e𝑥 − 1)(e𝑥 + 1)
∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 e𝑥

100
4.3 Integration by Substitution

1. Sometimes the integrals cannot be evaluated directly, especially if the integrand involves
multiplication or division of functions that are more complex.
2. Also, the previous rules cannot be applied directly to evaluate integrals of composite
functions.
3. Hence, another method to evaluate the integral is by using substitution.

Integration by 𝒖 −Substitution
Step 1 : Choose a suitable function for 𝑢, let
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)
Step 2 : Find
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Step 3 : Perform substitution so that the integral must all be in terms of 𝑢.

Step 4 : Evaluate the integral in terms of 𝑢.

Step 5 : Substitute 𝑢 to obtain the final answer in terms of 𝑥.

Example 5.6 Evaluate the following integrals.

a.
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥

101
b. 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 3 )4

c.
∫(𝑥 + 1)√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

d. 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 − 1)2

102
Tutorial 4.2
Evaluate the following integrals using suitable substitution.

a. 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +2

b.
∫ 𝑥 3 (10 − 𝑥 4 )−5 𝑑𝑥

c.
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

103
Evaluate the following integrals.

d.
∫ sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

e.
∫(2 − e3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

f. 𝑥5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 6 − 3

104
Evaluate the following integrals.

g.
∫ cos(−5𝑥) ∙ sin(−5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

h.
∫ tan 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

i. (1 − e2𝑥 )2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
e𝑥

105
Evaluate the following integrals.

j. sec 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑥

k.
∫ e𝑥 ∙ csc 2 (e𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

l.
∫(sec 2 (𝑥 + 1)) ∙ etan(2𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

106
4.4 Definite Integral

1. Definite integral is an integral with upper and lower limits.

Evaluation of Definite Integral

𝑏

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

𝑎

Example 5.7 Evaluate the following integrals.

a. 3

∫(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
−1

𝜋
b.
∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

107
c. 0

∫ sin(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋

d. 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3
1

e. 3
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 2𝑥 2 )2
2

108
Tutorial 4.3
Evaluate the following definite integrals.

a. 4

∫(cos(𝑥) − 𝑥 −5 ) 𝑑𝑥
1

b. 1
1 5
∫( − 3𝑥 + √𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
0

c. 2
2
∫ 𝑥e2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

109
Evaluate the following integrals.

d. 1
∫ (2 sec 2 𝑡 − ) 𝑑𝑡
sin2 𝑡

e. 4
e√𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
2

f. 2

∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥
1

110
4.4.1 Properties of Definite Integral

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

1. Sum/Difference: ∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏

2. Constant multiple: ∫ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∙ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏

3. Reverse interval: ∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑎
𝑎

4. Zero-length interval: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐

5. Adding intervals: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

Example 5.8 Suppose 𝑓 and 𝑔 are continuous functions and

2 6 6

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −3 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 10

1 1 1

Evaluate the following integrals.

a. 2 b. 1

∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 3𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 6

c. 6 d. 6

∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 ∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 2

111
Tutorial 4.4

a. Past Semester Question: March 2017 Q4(b)

Given
4 0

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 18 and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 6

−2 −2

Evaluate
4

∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0

112
b. Past Semester Question: January 2018 Q4(b)
Given
2 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5 and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −2

−1 0

Evaluate
2 0
𝑓(𝑥)
∫ (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
0 −1

113
c. Past Semester Question: June 2018 Q4(b)
Given
0 4

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2

−2 3

Find 𝑘 if
0 3 4
𝑓(𝑥)
∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 12
2
−2 1 3

114
4.5 Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Given
𝑔(𝑥)

𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, then

𝑎

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥)

Example 5.9 Past Semester Question: December Q4(c)

Given
2𝑥 2

𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ (1 − 3𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡
0

Use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find

a. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥)

b. 𝐹 ′ (1)

115
Tutorial 4.5

a. Past Semester Question: March 2017 Q4(c)

√𝑥 Use the Second Fundamental Theorem of
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑡 ∙ ln(𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 Calculus to find 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) and 𝐹 ′ (1).
0

b. Past Semester Question: January 2018 Q4(c)

2𝑥+1 Use the Second Fundamental Theorem of
𝑡2 − 1
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 Calculus to find 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) and 𝐹 ′ (1).
5 + √3𝑡
0

c. Past Semester Question: June 2018 Q4(c)

𝑥−1 Use the Second Fundamental Theorem of
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ (𝑡 + 5𝑡 3 ) 𝑑𝑡 Calculus to find 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) and 𝐹 ′ (3).
0

116
Chapter 5 Applications of The Definite Integral

5.1 Area between Two Curves

1. For the area that is bounded by lines above and below along an interval (𝑎, 𝑏) on the
𝑥 −axis, the integral is constructed in terms of 𝑥.

𝑦 Area 𝐴

𝐵
𝐴
Area 𝐵

2. For the area that is bounded by lines on the right and left along an interval (𝑐, 𝑑) on the
𝑦 −axis, the integral is constructed in terms of 𝑦.

Area 𝐶
𝑦

117
 Example 5.1 Find the area of the shaded region.

a. 𝑦

𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2
4

𝑥
0 2

b. 𝑦
𝑦=𝑥

1 2
𝑦= 𝑥
2
𝑥

c. 𝑦

𝑦=𝑥

(4, 4)

𝑥 = 5𝑦 − 𝑦 2
𝑥

118
Tutorial 5.1
Calculate the area of the shaded region.

a. Past Semester Question: March 2016 Q5(a)

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

b. Past Semester Question: October 2016 Q5(a)

𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4
𝑥

119
Calculate the area of the shaded region.

c. Past Semester Question: January 2018 Q5(a)

𝑥 =𝑦−2
𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 2

d. Past Semester Question: June 2018 Q5(a)

𝑥+𝑦 =4

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2

120
5.2 Volume of Solid by Revolution

5.2.1 Volume by Disk Method

1. The volume of solid that is obtained by rotating the shaded region along the interval (𝑎, 𝑏)
about the 𝑥 −axis (𝑦 = 0) or horizontal line 𝑦 = 𝑒.

𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 = ∫ 𝜋 ∙ [𝑅(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Radius, 𝑅(𝑥) = distance between 𝑓(𝑥) and the line of rotation

2. The volume of solid that is obtained by rotating the shaded region along the interval (𝑐, 𝑑)
about the 𝑦 −axis (𝑥 = 0) or vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑓.

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 = ∫ 𝜋 ∙ [𝑅(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Radius, 𝑅(𝑦) = distance between 𝑔(𝑦) and the line of rotation

121
 Example 5.2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the shaded region
about the line indicated in the figure.
a. 𝑦

𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2
4

𝑥
0 2

b. 𝑦

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 1

𝑥
4

c. 𝑦 𝑥=3

𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3

122
Tutorial 5.2
Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the shaded region about the line indicated
in the figure.

a. 𝑦

𝑦=2

𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 1
𝑥

b. 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4

𝑥
1 3
𝑦 = −1

c. 𝑦

𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1
2

123
5.2.2 Volume by Washer Method

1. The volume of solid that is obtained by rotating the shaded region bounded by two curves
(above and below) along the intervals (𝑎, 𝑏) about the 𝑥 −axis (𝑦 = 0) or horizontal line
𝑦 = 𝑒.

𝑦=𝑒
𝑥

𝑏
2 2
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟 = ∫ 𝜋 ∙ [(𝑅(𝑥)) − (𝑟(𝑥)) ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Outer radius, 𝑅(𝑥) = distance between outer function and the line of rotation
Inner radius, 𝑟(𝑥) = distance between inner function and the line of rotation

2. The volume of solid that is obtained by rotating the shaded region bounded by two curves
(right and left) along the interval (𝑐, 𝑑) about the 𝑦 −axis (𝑥 = 0) or vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑓.

𝑦 𝑥=𝑓

𝑑
2 2
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟 = ∫ 𝜋 ∙ [(𝑅(𝑦)) − (𝑟(𝑦)) ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Outer radius, 𝑅(𝑦) = distance between outer function and the line of rotation
Inner radius, 𝑟(𝑦) = distance between inner function and the line of rotation

124
 Example 5.3 Use the Washer method to find the volume of solid obtained by rotating
the shaded region about the line stated below.

𝑦
𝑦=𝑥

1
𝑦 = 𝑥2
2
𝑥

a. Line of rotation: 𝑥 −axis

b. Line of rotation: 𝑦 −axis

125
Tutorial 5.3
Calculate the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the shaded region about the line stated
below.

𝑦=𝑥

(4, 4)

𝑥 = 5𝑦 − 𝑦 2
𝑥

a. 𝑦 −axis

b. 𝑥 = −1

126
5.2.3 Volume by Cylindrical Shell Method

1. The volume of solid that is obtained by rotating the shaded region bounded by two curves
(above and below) along the intervals (𝑎, 𝑏) about the 𝑦 −axis (𝑥 = 0) or line 𝑥 = 𝑓.

𝑦
𝑥=𝑓

𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 = ∫ 2𝜋 ∙ (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠) ∙ (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = distance from vertical strip 𝑥 to the line of rotation (parallel to 𝑦 −axis)
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =

2. The volume of solid that is obtained by rotating the shaded region bounded by two curves
(right and left) along the interval (𝑐, 𝑑) about the 𝑥 −axis (𝑦 = 0) or line 𝑦 = 𝑒.

𝑦=𝑒

𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 = ∫ 2𝜋 ∙ (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠) ∙ (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑑𝑦

𝑐

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = distance between horizontal strip 𝑦 to the line of rotation (parallel to 𝑥 −axis)
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =

127
 Example 5.4 Using Shell method, find the volume of the solid obtain by revolving the
shaded region about the line stated below.

𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4
𝑥

a. Line of rotation: 𝑦 −axis

b. Line of rotation: 𝑥 = 3

128
Tutorial 5.4
Use the Shell method to calculate the volume of solid obtained by revolving the shaded region
about the line stated below.

𝑥 =𝑦−2
𝑥
𝑥= 𝑦2 − 4𝑦 + 2

a. 𝑥=3

b. 𝑥 = −4

129
130
 REFERENCES
Nazirah Ramli, Salimah Ahmad & Amirah Hana Mohamed Nor
2016, Introduction to Calculus for Science and
Engineering Students, Venton Publisher

James Stewart & David Busch 2015, Calculus, 8 Ed.,

Brooks/Cole

Howard Anton, Irl Bivens, Stephen Davis 2012, Calculus, 10Ed.,

John Wiley & Sons

George B. Thomas, Jr., Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass 2013,

Thomas' Calculus, 10 Ed., Pearson

Karl J. Smith, Monty J. Strauss, Magdalena Daniele Toda,

Calculus, 6 Ed., Kendall Hunt Publishing

Robert Alexander Adams & Christopher Essex 2013, Calculus,

5 Ed., Prentice Hall

Varberg Purcell Rigdon 2014, Calculus, 9 Ed., Pearson

Ron Larson, Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce Edwards 2013,

Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions,
Cengage Learning