DR.

SHYAMAPRASADMUKHERJEEUNIVERSITY,
RANCHI

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
M.COM. SESSION 2023 - 2025
PROJECT ON

“TOPIC NAME”

IMAGERELATEDTOTHETOPIC

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: SUBMITTED BY:

GUIDE NAME NAME:
GUIDE NAME CLASS:
D.S.P.M.U. SEM:

EXAMROLLNO:
REGISTRATIONNO:
SESSION:
 DR.SHYAMAPRASADMUKHERJEEUNIVERSITY,
RANCHI

RANCHI CLASS ROLL NO:

EXAMROLLNO:
REGISTRATIONNO:
SESSION:
 DR.SHYAMAPRASADMUKHERJEEUNIVERSITY,
RANCHI

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
M.COM. SESSION 2023 - 2025
PROJECT ON

“TOPIC NAME”
Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Master of Commerce (M.Com.) under Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
University, Ranchi.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: SUBMITTED BY:

GUIDE NAME NAME:
GUIDE NAME CLASS:
D.S.P.M.U. SEM:

EXAMROLLNO:
REGISTRATIONNO:
SESSION:
 DR.SHYAMAPRASADMUKHERJEEUNIVERSITY,
RANCHI

RANCHI CLASS ROLL NO:

EXAMROLLNO:
REGISTRATIONNO:
SESSION:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled "TOPIC NAME" submitted to the Department of
Commerce, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, under our supervision
and guidance for the award of the Degree of Master of Commerce, is a bona fide record of
original work carried out by [Student Name], [Semester], [Session], bearing [Exam Roll
No.] and [Registration No.].

This project has not been previously submitted for the award of any Degree, in any university
or any institution. It is further certified that the project represents the independent work of the
candidate.

We also certify that [Student Name] bears a good moral character.

External Expert Internal Expert

1) 1) Guide Name

2) 2) Guide Name

Date:
Place: Ranchi
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project entitled "[TOPIC NAME]" is an outcome of my efforts
carried out under the guidance of [Guide Name] and [Guide Name]. This project is
submitted to the Department of Commerce, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University,
Ranchi for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Commerce
examination for the session 2023–2025.

I further declare that all information and data presented in this project are true and authentic
to the best of my knowledge. This project has not been submitted to any other university or
institution for the award of any degree.

Date: Student Name:

Place: Ranchi Exam Roll No:
Class Roll No:
Registration No:
Session:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the successful completion of my project titled "[TOPIC NAME]", I would like to express
my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Tapan Kumar Shandilya, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor,
and Dr. Namita Singh, Registrar, of Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi,
for providing me with the opportunity and platform to undertake this project.

I am sincerely thankful to Dr. Rekha Jha, Co-ordinator, and Dr. Indra Nath Sahu,
Assistant Co-ordinator, Department of Commerce, DSPMU, Ranchi, for their constant
encouragement and support throughout the project.

My deepest appreciation goes to my project guides, [Guide Name] and [Guide Name],
Faculties, Department of Commerce, DSPMU, Ranchi, whose valuable guidance, inspiration,
and constructive suggestions made this project possible.

I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to [Name of Other Faculty Members except
project guides], Faculty Members, Department of Commerce, Dr. Shyama Prasad
Mukherjee University, Ranchi, for their valuable insights and suggestions during the course
of my project.

Lastly, I am immensely grateful to my family, friends, and well-wishers for their constant
support, encouragement, and cooperation, without which the successful completion of this
project would not have been accomplished in such a timely manner.

Date:
Place: Ranchi (Name of the Student)
 TABLEOFCONTENT

Sl. No. Content Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION
● About Topic
● Company Profile (If Any)
● Need of the Study
● Objectives of the Study
● Scope of the Study
● Limitations of the Study
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
5. FINDINGS
6. SUGGESTIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIO
NS
7. CONCLUSION
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Examples – APA STYLES
1) Article - Laplante, J. P., & Nolin, C. (2014). Consultas and socially responsible
investing in Guatemala: A case study examining Maya perspectives on the Indigenous
right to free, prior, and informed consent. Society & Natural Resources, 27, 231–248.
2) Book - Weinstein, J. A. (2010). Social change (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
3) Dissertations or Theses - Nalumango, K. (2019). Perceptions about the asylum-
seeking process in the United States after 9/11 (Publication No. 13879844) [Doctoral
dissertation, Walden University].
4) Magazine Article - Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight
back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6).
5) Newspaper Article - Baker, A. (2014, May 7). Connecticut Students Show Gains
In National Tests. New York Times.
6) Technical And Research Reports - Author, A. A. (Publication Year). Title Of
Work. Publisher Name.
7) Webpages - Vartan, S. (2018, January 30). Why Vacations Matter For Your Health.
 IMPORTANT DETAILS
I. SEQUENCE OF PROJECT -
1) Cover page
2) Front Page
3) Certificate
4) Declaration
5) Acknowledgement
6) Table of Content
7) Main Content
8) Bibliography

II. FONT TO BE USED – TIMES NEW ROMAN

III. FONT SIZE –

For Headings: 14
For Content :12

IV. MARGIN
Left: 1.5 INCH
Right: 1 INCH
Top: 1 INCH
Bottom: 1 INCH
V. ALIGNMENT OF THE PROJECT – Justify

VI. LINE SPACING -1.5

VII. Printing should be done only on ONE side of the page (RIGHT SIDE)
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
 ❖ INTRODUCTION:

The Internet has become a regular part of daily life, and its wide proliferation has led to
changes in how people communicate, how they work, and how they spend their leisure time.
According to Internet World Stats1 (2007), there were more than 1.1 billion Internet users
worldwide in January 2007. One of the most significant changes resulting from Internet use is
the way in which business is conducted. This is due to the characteristics of virtual markets
combined with the greatly reduced costs of information processing.

Thus, the Internet has not only the potential to change established ways of conducting
business, but also to create new ones and new businesses. The impact of the Internet on
business is commonly known as electronic commerce (e-commerce). In general, this concept
is used to illustrate the process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and
information via computer networks, including the Internet. Business-to-business electronic
marketplaces (B2B e- marketplaces) are examples of new business practices that have
emerged to facilitate various e- commerce processes.

Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes the process of buying and selling
or exchanging products, services and information via computer networks including the
Internet. E- Commerce can be mainly divided into Business-to-Business electronic commerce
(B2B EC) and Business-to-Consumer electronic commerce (B2C EC). B2B EC implies that
both sellers (suppliers) and buyers are business corporations, while B2C EC implies that the
buyers are individual consumers.

The leading items in B2B e-commerce are computing electronics, utilities, shipping and
warehousing, motor vehicles, petrochemicals, paper and office products, food and
agriculture. B2B EC is the electronic support of business transactions between companies and
covers a broad spectrum of applications that enable an enterprise or business to form
electronic relationships with their distributors, resellers, suppliers, and other partners.
B2B e-commerce does not just comprise the transaction via the Internet, but also the
exchange of information before and the service after a transaction. Business-to-Business e-
commerce is expected to grow explosively in the next years and to continue to be the major
share of the electronic commerce market. It is estimated that the B2B e-commerce sector is
going to be eight to ten times the size of the B2C e-commerce sector.

❖ B2B E-COMMERCE:
B2B e-commerce is the selling, buying, and trading of goods and services through an online
sales portal between businesses. Since both parties involved are business entities, the
transactions are more rational than impulsive. Furthermore, the relationship between the
companies involve long-term interests.

Trading online has several benefits such as the expansion of business, the rise in the number
of customers, and increased brand-awareness. In this article, we‘ll try to cover all the aspects
you need to know about B2B e-commerce.

❖ E-COMMERCE (B2B MODEL)

 ❖ HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF B2B E-COMMERCE:
The development of B2B EC took place in three, partly overlapping, stages. Stage one was
the Electronic data interchange (EDI), which realized the standardized, bilateral exchange of
business information (e.g. orders and requests for products) electronically. A necessary
condition for realizing the exchange of data were expensive, proprietary networks, called
Value Added Networks (VAN). As a consequence, just large companies were able to use this
method. EDI made faster processes possible and lowered the error rates due to former manual
processing. EDI has been used since the 1970s.6 The problem of the highly expensive Value
Added Networks was solved through the worldwide acceptance of the Internet. The Internet
made Internet catalogues, which were the second stage of the B2B EC‘s development,
possible. Companies were able to present information on their products via the Internet.
Prospective buyers had permanent access to actual data. Providing information this way is a
lot more cost-effective than using paper, telephone and fax. Especially by using Internet
catalogues, it was possible to handle small and standardized transactions more efficiently.
Supporting business transactions with Internet catalogues was given special emphasis until
1999.

The third and present stages of B2B EC (since 1999) are electronic markets (e-markets). E-
markets are ―virtual rooms‖ in which different participants are able to interact via the
Internet. Several buyers, sellers and service-providers have access to the e-markets.

E-markets do not just provide information like the Internet catalogues, but also support the
negotiation, the transaction and the services afterwards. In 1999, the e-market volume was
about 76 billion US$. The volume is expected to grow to 1,800 billion US$ in 2003.

❖ BENEFITS OF B2B E-COMMERCE:

⮚ Lowers search costs for buyers

⮚ Reduces inventory levels and costs
⮚ Lowers transaction costs and reduces administrative costs by eliminating paperwork
and automating parts of the procurement process
⮚ Increases production flexibility by ensuring delivery of parts ―just in time‖
⮚ Improves the quality of products by increasing cooperation among buyers and sellers
and reducing quality issues
⮚ Decreases product cycle time by sharing designs and production schedules with
suppliers
⮚ Facilitates mass customization
⮚ Increases opportunities for collaborating with suppliers and distributors
⮚ Creates greater price transparency—the ability to see the actual buy and sell prices in
a market.
❖ CHARACTERISTICS OF B2B E-COMMERCE:

⮚ Multiple decision-makers - In B2B, there are often four or more decision-makers

involved in the purchase process. In practice, this may require multiple user roles in
the checkout /cart process with multiple stages taking many days (or weeks).
⮚ Longer decision cycle - The B2B buying cycle is much longer than for B2C – so the
lead time between initial contact and receiving any payment are longer. But also,
customer expectation is different - wanting to change exact details of the order
through the process.
⮚ Customer-specific discounts - In B2B, the variations in price lists, discounts, and
even available products are generally more complex than for B2C. This is historical.
Whether necessary is not the appropriate question when building a B2B e-commerce
solution as this is usually a fixed requirement in all but the smallest businesses.
⮚ Conflicts with direct sales channels - Many B2B businesses have an established
sales team who will be unhappy with online competition that can be seen to decrease
their performance bonus. Careful thought must be given to how this is introduced.
⮚ International markets - B2B e-commerce is often used as a way of reaching
international markets, maybe in small numbers. Regulations, legal and cultural issues
can cause more of an impact than for B2B e-commerce and this impact is exaggerated
if products are small in number and high in value

❖ Benefit of using B2B PORTAL:

⮚ Customer loyalty increased using b2b portal by providing secure payment and quick
service to customers.
⮚ All the products and services are automatically updated in real-time basis.
⮚ In this portal large number of products with their characteristics are present which is
impossible in offline.
⮚ Some company provides video demonstration and other information to improve sale
process.
⮚ The B2B portal also provides the order status information.

❖ ADVANTAGES OF B2B E-COMMERCE:

⮚ Market Predictability - Compared to the other business strategies, the B2B e-

commerce business model has more market stability. B2B sectors grow gradually and
can adapt to various complex market conditions. This helps to strengthen the online
presence and business opportunities and get more potential clients and resellers.
⮚ Better Sales - An improved supply chain management process along with a
collaborative approach increase customer loyalty in the B2B e-commerce business
model. This, in turn,
 leads to improved sales. It helps businesses to showcase product recommendations
and unlock effective upselling and cross-selling opportunities.
⮚ Lower Costs - Due to an effective supply chain management process, this online
business model leads to lower costs for businesses. In most cases, the work is done
through automation that eradicates the chances of errors and undue expenditure.
⮚ Data Centric Process - One of the main advantages of the model is that it relies on
effective and factual data to streamline the whole process. In this way, errors can be
avoided and proper forecasts can be made. With an integrated data-driven approach,
you can calculate detailed sales statistics.

❖ DIS-ADVANTAGES OF B2B E-COMMERCE:

⮚ Limited Market - Compared to the B2C model, this type of business has a limited
market base as it deals with transactions between businesses. This makes it a bit of a
risky venture for small and medium e-commerce businesses.
⮚ Lengthy Decision - Here, the majority of the purchase decisions involve a lengthy
process as there are two businesses involved. The process may involve dependence on
multiple stakeholders and decision makers.
⮚ Inverted Structure - Compared to the other models, consumers have more decision
making power than sellers in the B2B business model. They may demand
customizations, impose specifications and try to lower price rates.

❖ MODELS OF B2B E-COMMERCE:

MODELS OF
B2B E-
COMMERCE

BUYER- SUPPLIER INTERMED

ORIENTED ORIENTED IARY
MARKETPLACE MARKETPLACE ORIENTED
MARKETPL
ACE
They are classified depending on who controls the marketplace: the buyer, the supplier or the
intermediary.

⮚ In a Buyer-Orientated Marketplace few buyers face many suppliers.

⮚ In a Supplier-Oriented Marketplace many buyers face few suppliers.
⮚ In an Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace many buyers face many suppliers.

Other important B2B models are virtual corporation, networking between the headquarters
and subsidiaries and online services to business.

Buyer-Oriented Marketplace (Buy-Side-Solution):

By using Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces, buyers would have to search electronic stores and
electronic malls to find and compare suppliers and products. This would be very costly and
time consuming for big buyers, who purchase thousands of items on the Internet. As a result,
such big buyers prefer to open their own marketplace, which is called a Buyer-Oriented
Marketplace. By supporting transactions and procurement processes, these marketplaces offer
great potentials in cost savings. Buyer-Oriented Marketplaces are found in industrial sectors
with few and dominant buyers.

Supplier-Oriented Marketplace (Sell-Side-Solution):

Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces offer a group of customers a wide spectrum of products and
services and also support them in their own business. Furthermore, there are large potentials
through customer communities, individualized products and direct customer-relationships. By
using Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces, suppliers are offered new types of market channels in
marketing and distribution. Products can be sold directly to the customer without using
intermediaries. Successful examples of this business model are e.g. Dell and Cisco.

Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace:
This business model is established by an intermediary company which runs a marketplace
where business buyers and sellers can meet. There are two types of Intermediary-Oriented
Marketplaces: horizontal and vertical marketplaces. Vertical marketplaces concentrate on one
industrial sector whereas horizontal marketplaces offer services to all industrial sectors.
Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace is a neutral business platform and offers the classical
economic functions of a usual market. The difference is that the participants do not have to be
physically present. There are thousands of Intermediary-Orientated Marketplaces and many
of them are very different in the services they offer. The intermediary company running the
marketplace can generate profits through provisions for successful transactions and for
negotiation of services.
 ❖ KEY TECHNOLOGIES USED IN B2B E-COMMERCE:
Following are the key technologies used in B2B e-commerce −
⮚ Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) − EDI is an inter-organizational exchange of
business documents in a structured and machine process able format.
⮚ Internet − Internet represents the World Wide Web or the network of networks
connecting computers across the world.
⮚ Intranet − Intranet represents a dedicated network of computers within a single
organization.
⮚ Extranet − Extranet represents a network where the outside business partners,
suppliers, or customers can have a limited access to a portion of enterprise
intranet/network.
⮚ Back-End Information System Integration − Back-end information systems are
database management systems used to manage the business data.

❖ TRENDS IN B2B E-COMMERCE MARKET:

B2B e-commerce is global estimate $1.25 trillion. Today B2B organization is adopted the
online channel and they are now focusing on how to increase the revenue. Market research
B2B e- commerce industry in India to grow 2.5 times to touch Rs 45 lakh crore by 2020.
More and more organization investing in online channel to present their product portfolio,
product specification, catalogs customer review etc. many companies are starting up by
providing the incentives model like a discount, coupon.
In India, more and more company are investing in the online marketplace to represent their
company brand value and attract the wide range of audience.
In the upcoming year, 2018-2019 B2B companies listen to the customer and take action to
improve their business by developing strategy that gives Omni channel customer experience
and the coming year will be winning time for the B2B retailer.

❖ Omni-Channel Engagement:
Omni-channel engagement was among the top digital B2B commerce trends in 2016. And
that holds true in 2017 as well. B2B customers shop from online websites just like individual
B2C customers. B2B buyers also expect ‗consumer-like-buying‘ experiences. So regardless
of whatever type your customer is, they always expect a seamless experience as soon as their
shopping journey begins — from purchasing, sales support, customer care, tracking, and
refunds and exchanges — in simple words a 360-degree customer service experience.

⮚ Many e-commerce platforms are completely independent of ERP, order management

and inventory management system and result in losing a huge amount of data. This
year online store integration offers an automated replenishment and enable B2B
company to synchronize the ordering process across different channel.
 ⮚ Many B2B portals will be a shift to a self-service portal like Amazon. To access the
app based portal, this will lower the overall cost of sale activities.it also provides
better customer service, allow them to focus on customer concern, it helps to attract
the new customer with convincing and existing customer become more loyal.
⮚ In 2018, B2B seller integrate other business software to create B2B omni channel
experiences, it will benefit to interact with seller in multiple channels.
⮚ Shift to mobile is key trends for B2B marketing, a new business using a mobile
device to reach the customer, the majority of B2B businesses have mobile sites and
mobile app. For some industry having mobile app wouldn't be necessary but in
reality, all should have mobile responsible sites.
⮚ More trading company shift their focus towards social media to communicate with
potential prospect, mainly LINKEDIN is expected to outperform social channel for
B2B business.
⮚ Content marketing has been popular techniques to acquire lead in B2B marketing.
Business will need to do research in a different stage of customer life-cycle. Content
marketing is effective for B2B business to aware the potential customer about best
practices for their industry.

According to recent reports, analysts have forecasted that global B2B e-commerce revenue
will top $6.7 trillion by 2020.
 ❖ THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF B2B E-COMMERCE
ON ECONOMY:
Business-to-business electronic commerce accounts for the vast majority of total e-
commerce sales and plays a leading role in global supply chain networks. In 2003,
approximately 21 percent of manufacturing sales and 14.6 percent of wholesale sales in the
United States were e- commerce related; by 2008 those percentages had increased to almost
40 percent for manufacturing and 16.3 percent for wholesale trade. One reason why B2B e-
commerce is more sophisticated and larger in size than direct to- consumer e-commerce is
that B2B transactions developed out of the electronic data interchange (EDI) networks of the
1970s and 1980s.
The steady growth in business-to-business e-commerce has changed the cost and profit
picture for companies worldwide. At the microeconomic level, growth of B2B e-commerce
results in a substantial reduction in transaction costs, improved supply chain management,
and reduced costs for domestic and global sourcing. At the macroeconomic level, strong
growth of B2B e- commerce places downward pressure on inflation and increases
productivity, profit margins, and competitiveness.
The e-commerce sector has seen a boom in the Asian region in the recent years. India, the
south Asian country, had the fastest growing online retail market in 2019. The number of
digital buyers across the country was estimated to be approximately 330 million in 2020.
The figure suggests that almost 71 percent of internet users in the region will have purchased
products online for the mentioned time period. The sector is driven by personalized
advertisements, phones. This retail ecosystem combined with the comfort of being at home
and getting all your choices delivered to your doorstep has turned the tables for the e-
commerce sector quite significantly.
❖ CHALLENGES OF E-COMMERCE IN INDIA:
E-commerce sectors have been facing multiple challenges in their business operations like
taxation issues, incidents of fraud, and issues with cyber security, intense competition and
preference for payment in cash (COD) by customers, inadequate infrastructure and low
digital literacy. There is no uniform tax structure across various states and there is ambiguity
with respect to categorization of offerings into ‗goods‘ or ‗services‘.
Guidelines on taxation of certain transactions like e-wallets, cash on delivery, gift vouchers
etc. are not clearly defined. Some of these challenges are expected to be resolved after the
implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). Incidents of distribution of counterfeit
goods through E-commerce platform have also been increasing which has added to the woes
of both consumers as well as E-commerce companies.
This is mainly because of the absence of a trustworthy mechanism which can allow
consumers to authenticate sellers or their products. Data/cyber security is another major
challenge faced by the players as they deal with huge volumes of customer information, a lot
of which is shared with third parties such as logistics providers raising concerns about
exploitation by external entities. Another challenge is payment by customers in cash.
Receiving payment in cash (COD) makes the process laborious, risky and more expensive
for the companies as their working capital requirement increases.
Higher return ratio for goods sold online is also proving expensive and presenting challenges
for companies. Incidentally, return percentage of orders in COD is much higher compared to
online payments. The E-commerce industry in India has seen intensified competition in the
sector, which in turn has forced companies to adopt aggressive pricing policies, offering
heavy discounts to customers and high commissions to vendors and other parties. This has
exerted a lot of pressure on the profitability of the companies.
❖ Growth of B2B E-commerce in India:
The growth of the B2B E-commerce segment is relatively slower compared to the B2C
Ecommerce segment in India. This is because the entry barriers in the B2B E-commerce are
more than those in the B2C E-commerce industry. A B2B E-commerce company has to have
a strong business model, long term logistical arrangements with rail, road and ports and also
adhere to stringent regulatory and taxation laws.
With an aim to tap the huge potential in the B2B Ecommerce market in India, apart from the
existing B2B companies, leading B2C companies have also started to build their own
platforms for small business owners and traders. This is expected to be supported by rising
expectations among a growing number of companies buying and selling online and a shift to
conduct procurement transactions through the Internet.
Understanding this untapped potential of the B2B Ecommerce industry, the Government has
allowed 100% FDI in B2B E-commerce, which has enabled globally successful B2B
Ecommerce companies such as Walmart and Alibaba to evince interest in the India B2B
Ecommerce industry.

❖ Examples of Top India B2b E-Commerce Websites:

⮚ mjunction.com: mjunction.com innovative for outcomes, world largest marketplace

steel.it is founded in 2001 and offers a wide range of e-selling, e-sourcing, efinancing
service. Vinaya Verma is the CEO of this websites. The key business area is coal
junction, metal junction, and value junction.
⮚ Indiamart.com: indiamart online channel mainly focuses on providing a platform to
Small & Medium Enterprises, large enterprises .it is Founded in 1996, the company‘s
mission is ‗to make doing business easy‘. This channel announced its Series C
funding in March 2016. many brands are connected with indiamart for secure
payment structure.
⮚ Exportersindia.com : largest searchable B2B marketplace, it is founded in 1997 and
provide platforms to various business entrepreneurs to interact in the global market. It
provides free registration to companies and updates all information regarding
tradeshow. Many businesses are connected with this portal.
⮚ B2B.sulekha.com: sulekha.com website designed for property need, buying and
selling the property, information on localities and broker and rental.it is classified as
real estate and other residential flats, apartment etc. Satya Prabhakar is the CEO of
this websites.
⮚ jimtrade.com: it provides the complete information on Indian products and suppliers
for buyers. Jim Trade is the number one destination for buyers to source Indian
products and for Indian sellers to find trade opportunities and promote their
businesses online.
 ❖ Government Initiatives Supporting The E-Commerce Growth In
India:
The role of government in increasing the the growth of e-commerce is very important and
plays huge role in the growth of e-commerce in Indian market . It is the government policies
and reforms which not only affects the foreign investment and mindset of investors across
the globe, but it is the people who also affects from the governmental policies. since 1991
when government of India opened its economy with the introduction of LPG (Liberalization ,
privatization and globalization ) the Indian people started enjoying the benefits of open
economy Since 1995 when internet was first introduced for e-commerce purpose in India .
Since 2014 government of India has announced various initiatives namely:
⮚ Digital India
⮚ Make in India
⮚ Start-up-India
⮚ Skill India
⮚ Innovation fund
The proper functioning of and effective implementation of these program will certainly boost
the growth trend of e-commerce in India.
In the union budget of 2017-18 government has allocated us$1.55 billion to Bharat Net
project . According to which village will also be accessible to high speed internet and Wi-Fi
hotspots and digital services at very low tariff in rural and panchayat levels.
Government of India has announced the launch of BHIM app, it will increase the digital
payment in the country .it has been adopted by more than 12.5 million people of India.
For promotion of this app government of India has announced 2 scheme for promotion of
this app. they are –
1. Referral bonus scheme for individual
2. Cash back scheme for merchants
Role of FDI plays important role in the growth of e-commerce industry in India . Earlier
investment rate in India was considerably very low which thus signifies low e-commerce
growth across nation. Since FDI IN B2B e-commerce is 100% FDI allowance which means
more investment, but FDI in B2C is still restricted because of governmental norms. Despite
of all the government restrictions investments are made in Indian market because there are
lot of opportunity in Indian market which can be be proper utilized can lead to more profits.

❖ Future of E-commerce in India:

While B2C businesses, brands, and investments have gotten the lion‘s share of attention
since the early days of the Internet, B2B eCommerce is here to stay and it‘s slowly but surely
growing in size to dwarf the B2C market.
However, B2B eCommerce enjoys economies of scale and the long-term personal
relationships behind each buyer and seller means that the future is clearly B2B.
E-commerce sector in India is growing rapidly. The internet users base in India is 460
million and it is expanding day by day .The accelerating growth of Ecommerce in India is
due to internet penetration and easily available smartphones. Furthermore the favorable
demographics and government effort of digitalization is also pushing the growth of
E=commerce sector in India.
The potent verticals to boom in the B2B industry in the coming years include Consumer
Durables, Mobile Accessories, Apparels, Home Furnishing and Healthcare. This shows a lot
about the pattern of B2B buyers there are. Core industries like construction and industrial
supplies will gain progressive growth with time since development in those sectors is never-
ending. It is important to note that core industries contribute to the overall GDP and are a
part of a much larger picture.
With persistent digitalization in the Indian technology industry and the supply chain
ecosystem, users will adopt various methods to cater to their customers. B2B merchants –
traders, manufacturers, wholesalers, etc. will show a rise in the adoption of mobile apps and
other platform-driven ways to stick around and gain a competitive edge in the market.

❖ NEED FOR THE STUDY:

1. To study about the B2B ecommerce in India.

2. To know about the effect of B2B ecommerce on Indian economy.
3. To study about the prospects and problems of B2B ecommerce.

❖ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Emergence of E-commerce has resulted into widespread thought that developing

countries are going to improve their economic performance by adopting E-commerce.
There is evidence that B2B E-commerce offers a radically new means of enabling
producers and buyers to trade with each other regardless of where they are located
geographically. In developing countries the main barrier to achieving the potential
benefits of B2B E-commerce is lack of reliable telecommunication infrastructure and the
high costs of connectivity when network is available. B2B ecommerce has lagged behind
B2C counterparts in their ability to deliver a positive, holistic customer experience. The
primary challenge of B2B ecommerce, is to deliver a easy-to-use ecommerce site that also
supporting complex business workflows like customer-specific contract pricing, custom
catalogs, purchasing approvals, payment on credit terms and other business-specific
types, easy re-ordering, delivery and pickup methods, and digitization of other
traditionally offline processes.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
* Gupta (2014) in her paper “E-Commerce: Role of e-commerce in today’s
business”, presents a comprehensive definition of e-commerce while isolating
it from e-business. The paper enlists the different ecommerce models i.e. B2B,
B2C, B2G and C2C, narratively analyzing the nitty gritties of each. Rina (2016)
also elaborates the different applications of e-commerce in “Challenges and
Future Scope of Ecommerce in India”, at the same time, defining the degree to
which they are operational in the country.

* Gunasekaran, Marri, McGauhey & Nehwani (2002) give a broad outlook of

electronic commerce within organizational system in “E-commerce and its
impact on operations managements” defining it with reference to e-trading and
elaborating- how it has permeated every field of business. The paper identifies
the revolutionary changes brought by the internet applications like e-mail and
electronic data interchange and details the revolutionary changes brought by
the internet technologies in manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, design,
productions, selling and distributions, warehousing and human resources
management. Internet based technologies have enable businesses to shorten
development purchase and procurement cycles, maintain up to date product
and market information, significantly increase the speed of communications
and increase the quality of customer relationships by facilitating close contact
and constant communication. The paper studies in depth, the significance of
web based technologies in different business operations, thus improving their
efficiency through effective B2B E-commerce.

* Mishra & Kotkar (2015) trace the timeline and development of B2C e-
commerce in an “A study on current status of e-commerce in India: A
Comparative analysis of flipkart and Amazon” with its inception in the
mid 1990’s through the advent of matrimonial and job portals. However,
due to limited internet accessibility, weak online payment systems and lack of
awareness, the progress was very slow. The Indian B2C E-commerce industry
got a major boost in mid-2000 with the expansions of online services to travel
and hotel bookings which continue to be major contributors even today.

* Das & Ara (2015) observe in “Growth of E-commerce in India “that though
online travel and hotel booking still control the lion’s share of E-commerce in
share has comparatively fallen over the years due to the recent augmentation
and consequent rise E-tailing services. There has been a tremendous surge in
the volume of investment in this sector. With the E-commerce markets in the
west reaching their saturations, investors see tremendous potentials in the
Indian markets, in the light of which, many startups have received funding
from venture capitalists and private equity firms.
* China’s Alibaba group and affiliate Ant financial become the largest
shareholders of one communications, the parent of Indian e-tailer Paytm, by
investing $6680 million, in2015 (Aulakh, 2015). To tap potential of what it
regards as “underdeveloped internet economy” of India, Japanese
Investment Company and technology powerhouse Softbank invested $627
million into online retailing marketplace Snapdeal and $210 million in Ola
cabs. (Mac, 2014). Similarly, New York from Tiger Global Management has
funded companied MakeMyTrip, Flipkart, Myntra and Quickr. The availability
of funds has presented a favorable ecosystem and growth opportunities for is
as well as small companies. It has enabled local startups to survive in cut
throat competition against foreign giants and has facilitated the penetration of
e- commerce to every facet of human life such that the differention between e-
commerce and traditional business is getting burred (Aggarwal, 2014).

* Through “ Problems and Prospects of E-Commerce”, Raghunath & Pauga

(2013) present a comprehensive analysis of various muances of e-commerce
while accemtating that, in present time every business activity , be it
advertising , ordering , payment etc., can be performed in the digital
ecosystem . The paper also enlists numerous points can the importance of e-
commerce which is responsible for its development as the new convention. It
has enabled the creation and exploitation of new business opportunities, at
the same time increasing the way of customers in the development of new
products and services. E-commerce has not only augmented the performance
of internal business management, but has also enabled better customer
relationships by promoting a business model that is essentially based on
information sharing. The accessibility of internet connectivity and other
online tools herald a new revolution. SWOT analysis of e-commerce
conducted by Awais & Samin (2012) highlights ubiquity, low operating cost,
improved customer interaction and time saving as the unique strengths of e-
commerce, but at the same time accentuates upon the necessity for the firms
to adapt themselves to the changing environment and innovate constantly to
come up with better offerings for customers.

*With an increase in the number of players in the B2C segment, competition

for the first position is set to intensify, making it imperative for the firms to
enhance service quality and to invest in logistics, so as to derive benefits
from increase in the disposable income of households, rise in internet
subscriptions and derive benefits from increase in the disposable income of
households, rise in internet subscriptions and infiltrations of mobile
commerce. (Das & Ara, 2015). In the face of rising competition, the survival of
the firms will depend upon how efficiently they are able to bridge the existing
gaps in e-commerce transactions. The ubiquitous nature of internet has
enabled e-commerce to defy geographical boundaries and permeate different
markets, so as to elicit demand from sub-urban and rural areas, after having
successfully tapped its potential in metropolitan cities. In anticipation of
increasing demand from Tiger 2 and 3 cities, many e-commerce firms are
undertaking efforts to widen their reach by investing in better infrastructure. In
the light of growing number of website, offering similar goods and services,
greater significance is being attributed to Internet. Marketing, which shall play
and unparalleled role in audience acquisition for E-commerce websites, by
displaying the advertisement on search engine result pages and other portals.
Internet marketing shall not only propel e-commerce but also emerge as an
important support tool to bring and mortal stores. (Gangeshwer, 2013).

* Apart from Internet Marketing, Deshmukh, Deshmukh & Thampi (2013)

recognize another important development: M-commerce, which they identify
as a subset of E-commerce. “Transformation from E-commerce to M-
commerce in Indian Contest” reviews the current and potential status of e-
commerce and m-commerce in the Indian market, why projecting the latter as
the potential future. The paper discerns ubiquity, personalization, flexibility
and immediacy as the singular advantages of m-commerce. The authors affirm
the idea that smartphones penetration and rise in internet user base, mostly
driven by youth, shall propel the growth of e-commerce. Statistical data is
used to emphasize that the infrastructure requisite for m-commerce
development already exists; however, it is yet to be properly deployed. With
mobile penetration providing a boost to digital downloads and enabling
cheaper monetary transfers the needs of the hour is to enhance customer
confident by providing them assurance of safety and privacy, which shall
accelerate movement towards a cashless economy.
 CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 In our study, the data is taken from the World Bank (2021) indicator. UNCTAD
(2020), Classification of Developing Countries Based on the World E-commerce Report,
provides a list of countries and codes included in the analysis. Our work represents the
annual flow of GDP growth in developing countries; growth of e commerce market (annual
%,2022), revenue of e commerce (annual mln US $,2022), secure Internet servers (per 1
million people), UNCTAD B2C E-commerce Index*, Internet shoppers as a percentage of
total population and share of individuals using the Internet.

Dissertation work provides the definition and data source of variables with expected
signs used in the study. In recent years, some scholars have investigated the relationship
between ICT and economic growth and productivity growth. Many of these studies have
concluded that there is a positive relationship between Internet use, ICT, and productivity
growth. In addition, most of the studies in the level of firms show that ICT can help to
increase efficiency. Recent studies have confirmed this positive relationship can be
strengthened (Sichel, 20019; E Brynjolfsson, S Yang, 199610). Lund and McGuire (2005)11
focused on inputs and development of electronic commerce and economic growth,
declaring that e-commerce increased profits for firms and led to the development of
countries. Their findings showed that e-commerce was a key force in the integration of
LDCs (low development countries) in the multilateral trading system. In this paper, the
emphasis has been placed on the issue of whether social and economic reforms can
encourage e-commerce. The results showed that practically, no presence of the
government in the field of e-commerce could lead to economic growth and increase the
share of ecommerce tools in e-commerce. Liu (2013) 12 investigated the impact of e-
commerce on productivity, using a unique panel dataset obtained from Taiwanese
manufacturing firms for the period of 1999 to 2002. They found that both e-commerce
capital had a positive influence on productivity. Over the past four decades, the role of
ecommerce in productivity growth has been well recognized as a large number of
economic research centers have been developed, showing the importance of public
investment in the public politics. To further understand this, the research by scholars such
as Coa & Moghadam, 1993; Griliches 199813, can be viewed.
can make you purchase Covid-19 people avoid going that way rather prefer the convenient
and safer option of online shopping.

Methodology

This paper used a survey of 67 people on their perspective as a consumer involved in online
shopping. 9 Questions were asked to them for a clearer picture of the viewpoint changes of
consumer during the pandemic of covid-19 towards E-Commerce.

The Thought process of the world is now changed with the covid19 pandemic which also
bought a change in the lifestyle of people as they are trying to adjust with the new normal
and all this led to give a push to E-Commerce industry as well. Covid19 provided E-
Commerce with a new environment so as to expand their footprints with quite a few
challenges to overcome like productivity or the supply chain effectiveness. Social distancing
gave a positive impact on the E-commerce industries growth.

The following Table 1 shows the revenue earned by the companies in the Quarter 1 of the
previous and current year that is 2019 and 2020 has witness an increase even though the
economy is facing a downfall.

S.No. Company Revenue 2019 Revenue 2020 Increa

(Q1) se

(Q1)
1 Amaz 59.7 Billion 75.45 15.75
on US dollars Billi U
S
(USA Billion US on
) dollars doll

ars

2 Aliba 93,498 Million 1,14,314 20,816

Yuan
ba Milli
(Chin Million Yuan on
a) Yuan
3 Rakuten 113.9 Billion Yen 140 Billion Yen 26.1
Billion
(Japan)
Yen
Table 1
 The paper studied the perspective of 67 people out of which 70.1% are females and
29.9% males. 11.9% people are below the age of 20 years, 41.8% between 20-30
years,
28.4% between 30-40 years and 17.9% are above 40 years. The survey had 17.9%
Respondents of business class, 20.9% of service sector, 44.8% students and 16.4%
home makers. According to the family income of the respondents 1.5% had below
10k, 10.4% between 10k-20k, 16.4% between 20k-30k, 22.4% between 30k-40k and
49.3% above 40k.

The following Table 2 shows the first two questions asked to the respondents
according to which 73.1% people prefer online shopping and 46.3% people faced
problems while shopping online during covid19.

S,N Question Yes No

o.
1 Do you Prefer Online shopping? 73.1% 26.9%

2 Did You face any problem with respect to the supply 46.3% 53.7%
of
the products while shopping online during covid-19?
Table 2

Further the respondents were asked regarding the change in the frequency of their
purchasing online during covid19.The graph 1 represents that 37.3% ensured that it has
increased whereas 6% shopped online for the first time, 29.9% said there is decrease in
their online purchases and 26.9% believed that there is no change.

Graph 1
Another aspect that was covered was related to the problem’s consumers faced while
shopping online due to coronavirus breakdown. The Graph 2 represent that 71.4%
faced the issue of late delivery, 23.2% found the hike in prices, 3.6% believed that
their product is not available online and 1.8% received defective product.

Graph 2

The respondents were also asked about the element which influenced them to make an
online purchase. The graph 3 represents that 50.7% found it safer than traditional
shopping, 4.5% found it fast and convenient and 6% were attracted by the Brand
reputation.

Graph 3
The respondents were asked about their preference during and after covid19 which has
shown a significant difference. Graph 4 shows their preference during covid19 and
graph 5 shows their preference after covid19.

Graph 4

Graph 5

This shows how much e-commerce is evolving even during covid19 pandemic as
people are preferring it more these days, whereas after all this clears more people will
be opting for traditional shopping. One of the reasons for this difference can be the
social distancing which is to be followed during these days.

The E-Commerce is now being opted more than ever it has shown a growth in the
frequency and number of purchases during the pandemic times. As people now
wanted new and safer way for engaging, entertaining and saving themselves.
CHAPTER - 4
ANALYSIS &
INTERPRETATION
 ANALYSIS

The Covid19 pandemic also known as the coronavirus pandemic emerged in Wuhan
of China and was given an account of to the WHO (World Health Organization) on
31st December 2019. On 30th January 2020, Public Health Emergency was announced
as a global concern. Covid-19 name was given to this disease on 11 th February 2020.
This disease plays with the immunity of the human beings, Low immunity individuals
are directly affected by this.

The pandemic of Covid-19 is a major pitfall not only for the human’s health or life or
the economic conditions but also on the overall structured society which is not to be
changed to an another extend now. Various new things are introduced during this
pandemic some of which were their before but still were unknown which now have
developed a new scenario.

The National Emergency have not spare anyone each and every sector, each and every
section is being affected by it whether rich or poor. One of the sectors being affected
is the E-Commerce. The Transactions of Buying and Selling that is the business
transaction via the route of internet led to the evolution of E-Commerce or broadly as
Electronic Commerce. E-Commerce involves dealing with all sort of goods and
services over the internet. It is also known as the Internet Commerce because of the
way of its functioning online.

The taste, preferences, demand, needs of the consumers are now being shifted from
luxury to the basic ones, from the ones with the most comfort to the ones with the
need of just survival. All this had call for the economizing of all the resources of the
economy. There is a rise in the trust and demand for the E-Commerce industries in
order to be safe, secure and main motive of survival led to this increase.

Understanding of the change in the consumers perspective towards the E-Commerce

is really important not only for the businesses to increase their market share but this
time also for the social well-being.

The Coronavirus disease led to the social distancing which is why the traditional way
of shopping is being neglected in this phase. As going to a crowded place for shopping
 CHALLENGESINANALYSIS

There were few challenges that were been faced during the project work on the E-
commerce Industry: -

● One of the major challenges during the analysis was the collection of primary
data (original data) related to the study.

● Searching the accurate data related to the study was another challenge.

● Knowing the appropriate perspective and the preparation of questionnaire was

also one of the challenges.

● Studying the impact of covid on e-commerce was a challenge in terms getting

the data.
 OBJECTIVEOFANALYSIS

The major objectives of the project work on E-commerce industry are: -

● To understand about E-commerce and its role in the economy

● To understand the types of E-commerce and its functioning

● To understand the influence of the coronavirus pandemic on the E-Commerce

Industry with respect to the consumers perspective.

● To understand major academic disciplines contributing to e-commerce research

● To understand about the growth prospects of E-commerce

 Financial analysis

An analysis of the major e‐commerce players in the industry reveals poor profitability figures. This is down to the extreme expansionist policies currently
implemented as market penetration & customer loyalty are top priorities.
For any e‐Commerce firm, there are ‘levels’ of profitability in the consumer internet space as follows; # Covering cost of
goods sold
# Institute a positive gross margin
# Gaining unit customer profitability over short term # Achieve positive
EBITDA
The following is a snapshot of the expenditure vis‐à‐vis the sales for some varied players in the e ‐commerce industry;
INR Crores Flipkart* Makemytrip Snapdeal* Myntra* InfoEdge JustDial Jabong*
Expenditure 3,228 1,174 431 341 339 319 203
Sales 2,846 1,115 154 212 506 461 203

The above clearly indicates that the newer industry players can barely cover the cost of the merchandise they sell, though the older ones have now slowly
stabilised and have a sound revenue model in place.
Flipkart, Snapdeal & Myntra are evidently at a stage of risky expansion, clearly indicated by an average expense ratio of 1.85. Jabong, owned by Rocket
Internet, who’s typical strategy is to clone their website in different markets, invest massively to aggressively acquire customers to raise their valuations,
then sell and exit.
InfoEdge & JustDial are established industry players whose focus on sustainability is not surprising at all. Makemytrip, though quite old, is
now engaged in a turf war with other new players, hence the negative profitability.
As can be seen below, the expense to sales ratio is more than 1 in Flipkart
most peers;

In the defense of the e‐ backdrop the modus

commerce industry, much operandi is ‘land grab’. The Snapdeal
2.80
of the initial investment objective, therefore, is to
was used to overcome a get as many customers as
lack of general quickly as possible, so that
1.60
infrastructure in the later competitors will have Myn tra

country and awareness a serious barrier to entry. 1.05

amongst the consumer.

Also, the current strategy Makemytrip JustDial

indicates that most players

ignore sustainability in the ▪ Expense ratio
hunt for greater market
share & valuation and that
doesn’t do much to aid the
bottom‐line. This is
because Internet
commerce, in India, is
about new technology and
having no entrenched
competition. In this
ong
 Valuation analysis

• The second wave of e‐Commerce has witnessed the introduction of new business models and the rapid growth of players in the domain. Most e ‐
Commerce players in this wave are startups that are on a steep growth curve.
• However, these players need additional capital to scale up and maintain the pace of this growth. The need for capital, coupled with the growth
potential of the sector, has made it a favorite among VCs.
• However, most of these companies are not yet profitable and are only growing on volumes. This raises concerns relating to a valuation bubble.
• Such valuations have been arrived at using indicators & market research. Also, putting a number on the potential of e ‐ Commerce is a difficult. The
growth potential is what is enabling such high valuations. Markers or indicators of such high valuations;
2005 2015 2025
1. Scarcity of genuine business potential
There is a shortage of high quality companies which have at least a
US$2,632 US$3,823 US$6,790
sizeable presence. Multiple investors chasing said companies drive up
the value by offering plump deals, pushing the sentiment & general Fig 13.2
Annual disposable income per household is expected to increase at a CAGR of 5.1% from
valuation up. 2005 to 2025

2. Potential market size

The market size of India is barely at 1‐3% of the entire retail sector,
which is valued at $500bn. About 20 million people out of a potential
120 million people. Fig 13.4 shows the e‐commerce forecast

3. Favourable demographics
Due to India being so geographically diverse, e ‐Commerce to far flung
tier 2 & tier 3 cities is a very attractive prospect, and possibly
prosperous too. Also, as seen in fig 13.2, there is significant increase in
the disposable income.

Fig 13.4
4. Technological advancements 1200

Due to recent innovations in

1000
the handheld & PC market, 2015F
internet‐ enabled mobiles & 800 2014F
tablets have become accessible
2013
to most. 600
2012
Hence, increasing the reach of
2011
e‐Commerce enterprises. As 400

seen in fig 13.1, the difference 2006

200
in sales of units of PCs &
handheld devices is increasing. 0
Fig 13.3 is the users transacting PC Sales Handheld Sales Fig 13.1
online.
5. Internet coverage
Internet penetration in India
among lowest in the world.
The current internet user base
and penetration levels in India
are similar to those of China’s
in 2005, and that seems to
indicate that India’s growth
story will be akin to China’s.
Also, given is table 14.1, which
shows the past, present &
future scenario with regards to
the internet coverage.

35

30
Early2000's
25
Now
Early2020's 20
Internetusers
5.5mn 15
121mn
400mn
 10

5
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014E

Table 14.1 India’s growth story Fig 13.3

Users transacting online (in millions)
6. Surge of funds
Over 14 PE firms or VCs back 2 or more e ‐Commerce enterprises. Venture Capitalist Firms backed Accel Partners
Such inflow is on a steep growth trajectory, since 2008. A list of 18
given foreign body corporates & the number of e‐commerce
Sequioa 16
enterprises backed by the same is given in table 14.2 Also, there
Helion 14
have no notable exits that have been made in the recent past,
SAIF 14
which shows the confidence in the sector. This build up, results in
IDG 12
more active funding rounds witnessed by investees.
Tiger Global 10
6. Exit Strategy
IDG Ventures 10
So far, no major exits by VC/PE Funds have been recorded in the Nexus 7
industry so far. Currently, it is under the process of consolidation. Kalaari 6
Exits in the e‐commerce sector are most likely in the form of IPOs
NVP 6
or a takeover by a larger company. But larger companies like
Intel 3
Flipkart, Snapdeal can now only solely rely on IPOs as they’re now
Lightspeed 3
valued in billions & any form of exit is unlikely in the coming years.
The ecommerce market in India is not for the faint‐ hearted or Naspers 2
Table 14.2 List of PE/VCs
those looking for an ROI in a short timeframe. It is also not
without its share of challenges. However, for the top three or four
companies (and their investors) that manage to ride out the next
3–4 years, there are fruits to be borne out of the potentially large
and profitable oligopoly that could be established in the coming
years.
Interpretation.
From this chart we observe 36.5% of respondent rated excellent for online
shopping experience. 26% of respondent rated very good for online shopping
experience. 32.7% of respondent rated good for online shopping experience.
4.8% of respondent rated fair for online shopping experience.

CHART NO 4.11
Chart representing that respondent rated overall online shopping experience.

RESPONDENT RATED OVERALL

ONLINE SHOPPING EXPERIENCE.
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
PERCENTAGE

25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%

Fig 4.11 No of respondent rated overall online shopping experience.

INFERENCE:

Majority (36.5%) of the respondents says excellent for an online experience .

38
TABLENO:4.12
HOW LIKELY ARE YOU TO RETURN TO THIS WEBPAGE
FOR YOUR ONLINE SHOPPING?

OPTIONS RESPONDEN PERCENTAGE

T
Very likely 52 50.5%
Somewhat likely 45 43.7%
Highly likely 6 5.8%
Total 103 100%

INTERPRETATION.
From this chart we observe 50.5% of respondent very likely to visit online
shopping. 43.7% of respondent somewhat likely to visit online shopping. 5.8%
of respondent highly likely to visit online shopping.

CHART NO 4.12
Chart representing that respondent are likely return through the webpage for
online shopping.

39
 RESPONDENT ARE
LIKELY RETURN
THROUGH THE
WEBPAGE FOR ONLINE…
60.00%
40.00%
PERCENTAGES

20.00%
0.00%

VeryLikely

Fig 4.12 Respondent are likely return through the webpage for
online shopping.

INFERENCE:
Majority (50.5%) of the respondents very likely return to the webpage
through online shopping.

40
TABLE NO: 4.13
WHICH PAYMENT METHOD DO YOU PREFER FOR
ONLINE SHOPPING?

PAYMENT MODE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Cash on delivery 57 54.8%
UPI 27 26%
Credit/Debit card 14 13.5%
Net banking 6 5.8%
Total 104 100%

INTERPRETATION.
From this chart we observe 54.8% of respondent prefer cash on delivery for
online shopping. 26% of respondent prefer UPI for online shopping. 13.5% of
respondent prefer credit/ debit card for online shopping. 5.8% of respondent
prefer net banking for online shopping.

CHART NO 4.13
Chart representing payment method for online shopping.

41
 PAYMENTMETHOD
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%
PERCENTAGE

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00% Cash Credit/

UPI Net banking
on Debit
deliv card
ery
54.80% 26% 13.50% 5.80%
Percentage

Fig 4.13 Respondent is payment method for online shopping.

INFERENCE:
Majority (54.8%) of the respondents were used cash on delivery mode.

TABLE NO: 4.14

WHICH APP DOES YOU MOSTLY USED FOR SHOPPING?

ONLINE SHOPPING RESPONDEN PERCENTAGE

T
Amazon 62 59.6%
Flipkart 29 27.9%
Snapdeal 1 1%
42
Myntra 4 3.8%
Others 8 7.7%
Total 104 100%
INTERPRETATION.
From this chart we observe 59.6% of respondent was mostly used for Amazon
shopping, 27.9% of respondent was mostly used for Flipkart shopping, 1% of
respondent was mostly used for snapdeal shopping, 3.8% of respondent was
mostly used for myntra shopping, 7.7% of respondent was selected others.

CHART NO 4.14
Chart representing app mostly used for shopping.

ONLINESHOPPING
70.00%
60.00%
PERCENTAGE

50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Am Flip Snap
Myntra Other
a k d
s
z a e
o r al
n t
Percenta 59.60 27.90 1% 3.80% 7.70
ge % % %

Fig 4.14 Respondent are app most use for shopping.

INFERENCE:
Majority (59.6%) of the respondents was mostly used for Amazon shopping.

43
TABLENO:4.15
DID YOU SUGGEST YOUR FRIENDS TO PURCHASE IN
ONLINE SHOPPING?

OPTIONS RESPONDEN PERCENTAG

T E
YES 73 71.6%
No 7 6.9%
Maybe 22 21.6%
Total 102 100%

INTERPRETATION.
From this chart we observe 71.6% of respondent was chosen yes, 6.9% of
respondent was chosen no, 21.6% of respondent was chosen maybe.

CHART NO 4.15
Chart representing that respondent suggest friends to purchase in online
shopping.

OPTIONS
80.00%

60.00%
PERCENTAGE

40.00%

20.00%
0.00%
Yes No Maybe
Percentage 71.60% 6.90% 21.60%

44
 Fig 4.15 Respondent are suggesting friends to purchase through online
shopping.

INFERENCE:
Majority (71.6%) of the respondents was suggesting their friends to purchase
through online shopping.

4.9 CHI SQUARE

Age of respondent and opinion about overall online shopping experience.

H0 (Null hypothesis) = There is no significant relationship between Age of

respondent and opinion about overall online shopping experience.

H1 (Alternative Hypothesis) = There is significant relationship between Age of

respondent and opinion about overall online shopping experience.

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
VAR00001 * VAR00002
120 100.0 0 0. 120 100.0
% 0 %
%

45
 Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 134.388a 20 .000
Likelihood Ratio 28.258 20 .103

N of Valid Cases 120

a. 23 cells (76.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .01.

46
 CHAPTER-6
SUGGESTION &
RECOMMENDATI
ON
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION:

B2B e-commerce changes traditional markets, companies are offered new possibilities in
buying and selling products as well as in forming new business relationships. By supporting
many transactions electronically, companies work more efficiently and can realize
considerable savings in process costs.

It reduces the cost and time in business and buyers in the buyer oriented and intermediary
oriented marketplace can achieve cheaper purchase prices. Seller of specialized products in
the supplier-oriented and intermediary-oriented marketplace can realize higher selling price.

These better buying and selling conditions for the dominating party in the e-markets can be
explained in their being increased competition. Auction is popular method of getting better
prices. Inventory level cost can also be reduced by better co-ordination. B2B e-commerce is
here to stay and it‘s slowly but surely growing in size to draw the B2B markets.

Solutions for B2B E-markets are more complex. And they often require a change in the
mindset of people behind small and medium sized business and moreover their business
makeup the bulk of industry in just about every continent.

However B2B e-commerce enjoys economies of scale and the long term personal
relationships behind each buyer and seller means that the future is clearly B2B.
CHAPTER-8
BIBILIOGRAPHY
 ❖ BIBLIOGRAPHY:

⮚ JOURNALS:
Dr. Anjum Bimal, Tiwari Rajesh, „Economic And Social Impacts Of E-Commerce,‟ CFA
International Journal Of Computing And Corporate Research.

Hiwarkar Tryambak, „E- Commerce impact on Indian Market: a Survey on social impact‟,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology.

Jehangir, M., Dominic, P., Naseebullah, & Khan, A. (2011). Towards Digital Economy: The
Development of ICT and E-Commerce in Malaysia. Modern Applied Science.

Amit, R., & Zott, C. (2001). Value Creation in E-Business. Strategic Management Journal.

Andrew, J. P., Blackburn, A., & Sirkin, H. L. (2000). The B2B Opportunity: Creating
Advantages through E-Marketplaces.

⮚ REPORTS:
Annual Report 2015-16, of Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India.

Bilbao-Osorio, B., Dutta, S., & Lanvin, B. (2013) The Global Information Technology Report
2013. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

Rebirth of E-commercial in India, report by Ernst & Young LLP.