information management

DATA MANAGEMENT

OVERVIEW OF DATABASES AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT • Data Management focuses specifically on the handling of raw
SYSTEM data--the facts, figures, and statistics that form the basis of
information. It involves processes like data collection, storage, and
LEARNING OBJECTIVES maintenance.
✓ Information Management • In essence, data management is a subset of information
✓ File Systems management. While data management ensures the accuracy and
✓ Disadvantages of File Systems accessibility of raw data, information management focuses on
✓ What is a Database making that data useful and actionable for the organization.
✓ What is Database Management System (DBMS)
✓ Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS IMPORTANCE OF DATA
✓ Features of DBMS
• Data is central to how many of today’s applications and websites
✓ DBMS on the Market
function.
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT • Comments on a viral video, changing scores in a multiplayer
game, and the items you left in a shopping cart on your favorite
Information Management is an emerging field that is concerned
online store are all bits of information stored somewhere in a
with:
database.
- the infrastructure used to collect, manage, preserve, store and
deliver information. BEFORE DATABASE: USE OF FILE SYSTEM
- the guiding principles that allow information to be available to • When computers were first used for business applications, they just
the right people at the right time. performed normal record-keeping functions.
- the view that all information, both digital and physical, is an asset • Organizational data were kept in numerous computer files and
that requires proper management these files were managed independently.
- the organizational and social contexts in which information exists • Data was stored in file-based systems.
THE PURPOSE OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IS TO:
- design, develop, manage, and use information with insight and
innovation
- support decision making and create value for individuals,
organizations, communities, and societies
 information management

DISADVANTAGE OF FILE SYSTEMS Examples where database can be used:

1. Program-Data Dependence -Each file systems have different 1. Banking
definitions of data to be processed 2. Healthcare
2. Duplication of Data - Different file systems have separate copies 3. Social Media
of the same data, thus wasting space 4. Online Shopping
3. Limited Data Sharing - No centralized control of data 5. Inventory MS
4. Lengthy Development Times - Programmers must design their 6. Research
own file formats 7. Human Resources
5. Compromises Data Integrity - When data changes in one file, it 8. Education
could cause inconsistencies 9. Payroll System
10. Library Systems
PROBLEM EXAMPLE:
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
• A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide
controlled access to user databases.
• The DBMS allows the developer or end-user to create the structure
and manipulate the data in a database.

SOLUTION: The DATABASE Approach

DATABASE
• A database is a collection of logically related data that can be
processed by multiple application systems and can be shared by
multiple users.
 information management

ADVANTAGE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS 6)4GL application development software

1. Reduced data redundancy - A visual interface software to develop applications
2. Improved data consistency - Form and report generators
3. Integrated systems for preserving the security, privacy and integrity 7)Disaster recovery & concurrency control
of data - Software that provides mechanisms to recover damaged data
4. Broader sharing of data and control concurrent access, or the simultaneous access by
5. Ease of application development multiple users
6. Improved productivity for developers and end users
7. Reduced program maintenance
- Includes maintenance of a transaction log that contains the list of
transactions and changes made to the database
8. Ability to use data as an organizational resource
DBMS ON MARKET
FEATURE OF DBMS
• Microsoft Access
1)Cross-entity linking mechanism
• IBM DB2
- Allows related entities in a database to be linked together
• Microsoft SQL Server
- No need to keep multiple copies of the same data • Oracle
2)Data dictionary
• MySQL
- Describes the structure of data and how they are to be used • PostgreSQL
- Contains metadata, or data about data
3)Query language
- A language that is used to retrieve selected data from a database
- Used by end-users for ad-hoc queries
4)Mechanisms for data access
- Protects data integrity and privacy by controlling the actions that
users can perform on the data
5)Host language interface software
- Software that allows database commands to be combined with
standard programming language commands to create
applications
- Simplifies programming by allowing the database to handle the
data-oriented portions of the application
 information management

2. Social Gaming
OVERVIEW OF DBMS AND USERS - Gaming done across social networks is extremely data-
intensive. Gathering individual player information from
INTRODUCTION around the globe and serving it to other players on-
• Databases and database technology have a major impact on the demand requires high availability database software.
growing use of computers. - One example is the popular Game of Thrones Ascent, a
• It is fair to say that databases play a critical role in almost all areas free role-playing game launched by Disruptor Beam based
where computers are used, including business, electronic on the hit HBO series Game of Thrones. Their Percona
commerce, engineering, medicine, law, education, and library Server-based database solution helped them eliminate
science. data bottlenecks during high-usage periods.
• A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a
specific purpose. It has an intended group of users and some DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
preconceived applications in which these users are interested. • is a collection of programs that enables users to create and
• A database can be of any size and complexity. maintain a database.
• For example, the list of names and addresses may consist of only
• The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates
a few hundred records, each with a simple structure. On the
the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and
other hand, the computerized catalog of a large library may
sharing databases among various users and applications.
contain half a million entries organized under different
categories. • Defining a database involves specifying the data types,
structures, and constraints of the data to be stored in the
DATABASE EXAMPLES database. The database definition or descriptive information is
1. Amazon.com also stored by the DBMS in the form of a database catalog or
dictionary; it is called meta-data.
- Data for over 20 million books, CDs, videos, DVDs, games,
electronics, apparel, and other items. • Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying the
- The database occupies over 2 terabytes (a terabyte is 1012 database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to
bytes worth of storage) and is stored on 200 different reflect changes in the miniworld, and generating reports from
computers (called servers). the data.
- About 15 million visitors access Amazon.com each day • Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access
and use the database to make purchases. the database simultaneously.
- About 100 people are responsible for keeping the • An application program accesses the database by sending
Amazon database up-to-date. queries or requests for data to the DBMS.
 information management

• A query typically causes some data to be retrieved; a transaction UJ

ACTORS ON THE SCENE
may cause some data to be read and some data to be written
into the database. • For a small personal database - such as the list of addresses - one
• Other important functions provided by the DBMS include person typically defines, constructs, and manipulates the
protecting the database and maintaining it over a long period of database, and there is no sharing. However, in large
time. organizations, many people are involved in the design, use,
SIMPLIFIED DATABASE ENVIRONMENT and maintenance of a large database with hundreds of users.

1) DATABASE ADMINISTRATORS
• In a database environment, the primary resource is the
database itself, and the secondary resource is the DBMS and
related software. Administering these resources is the
responsibility of the database administrator (DBA).
• The DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the
database, coordinating and monitoring its use, and acquiring
software and hardware resources as needed. The DBA is
accountable for problems such as security breaches and poor
system response time.
• In large organizations, the DBA is assisted by a staff that
carries out these functions.

2) DATABASE DESIGNERS
• They are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in
the database and for choosing appropriate structures to
represent and store this data. These tasks are mostly
undertaken before the database is actually implemented and
populated with data.
• It is the responsibility of DB designers to communicate with all
prospective database users in order to understand their
requirements and to create a design that meets these
requirements.
 information management

3) END USERS(casual, naive/parametric, sophisticated, standalone) or graphics-based interfaces. An example is the user of a tax
package that stores a variety of personal financial data for tax
1. Casual end users occasionally access the database, but they may purposes
need different information each time. They use a sophisticated
database query language to specify their requests and are • A typical DBMS provides multiple facilities to access a
typically middle- or high-level managers or other occasional database. Naive end users need to learn very little about the
browsers. facilities provided by the DBMS; they simply have to understand
the user interfaces of the standard transactions designed and
2. Naive or parametric end users make up a sizable portion of implemented for their use. Casual users learn only a few facilities
database end users. Their main job function revolves around that they may use repeatedly. Sophisticated users try to learn most
constantly querying and updating the database, using standard of the DBMS facilities in order to achieve their complex
types of queries and updates—called canned transactions—that requirements. Standalone users typically become very proficient in
have been carefully programmed and tested. The tasks that such using a specific software package.
users perform are varied:
4) SYSTEM ANALYST & APPLICATION PROGRAMMERS
• Bank tellers check account balances and post withdrawals (Software Engineers)
and deposits.
• Reservation agents for airlines, hotels, and car rental • System analysts determine the requirements of end users,
companies check availability for a given request and make especially naive and parametric end users, and develop
reservations. specifications for standard canned transactions that meet these
• Employees at receiving stations for shipping companies requirements. Application programmers implement these
enter package identifications via bar codes and descriptive specifications as programs; then they test, debug, document,
information through buttons to update a central database and maintain these canned transactions.
of received and in-transit packages. • Such analysts and programmers—commonly referred to as
software developers or software engineers—should be
3. Sophisticated end users include engineers, scientists, business familiar with the full range of capabilities provided by the DBMS
analysts, and others who thoroughly familiarize themselves with to accomplish their tasks.
the facilities of the DBMS in order to implement their own
applications to meet their complex requirements.

4. Standalone users maintain personal databases by using ready-

made program packages that provide easy-to-use menu-based
 information management

WORKERS BEHIND THE SCENE

• In addition to those who design, use, and administer a database,

others are associated with the design, development, and
operation of the DBMS software and system environment. These
persons are typically not interested in the database content itself.
We call them the workers behind the scene, and they include the
following categories:

1) DBMS SYSTEM DESIGNERS AND IMPLEMENTERS

- design and implement the DBMS modules and interfaces as a
software package.
- A DBMS is a very complex software system that consists of
many components, or modules, including modules for
implementing the catalog, query language processing,
interface processing, accessing and buffering data, controlling
concurrency, and handling data recovery and security.
2) TOOL DEVELOPERS
- design and implement tools—the software packages that
facilitate database modeling and design, database system
design, and improved performance.
- Tools are optional packages that are often purchased
separately. They include packages for database design,
performance monitoring, natural language or graphical
interfaces, prototyping, simulation, and test data generation.
- In many cases, independent software vendors develop and
market these tools.
3) OPERATORS AND MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL (system
administration personnel)
- are responsible for the actual running and maintenance of the
hardware and software environment for the database system.