PRE-CALCULUS

Quarter 2

DO_Q2_PRECALCULUS_SHS_MODULE1-8
Pre- Calculus
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: CHARMAINE F. ALIDO, Gen. T. De Leon NHS

ALEJANDRO B. FAJARDO, Vicente P. Trinidad NHS
GRETCHEN MAE G. GEMENTIZA, Valenzuela NHS
RODEL D. ROJAS, Bignay National High School
Editors: SILVERIO M. AGUSTIN, Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science
Reviewers: REBECCA M. BIÑAS, Malinta National High School
Language Validator:
HELEN P. ADVENCOLA, Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: RAPHAEL A. LOPEZ
Management Team:
MELITON P. ZURBANO, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent (OIC-SDS)
FILMORE A. CABALLERO, CID Chief
JEAN A. TROPEL, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS
MARILYN B. SORIANO, Division Mathematics Coordinator

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Department of Education – National Capital Region – SDO VALENZUELA

Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St., Marulas, Valenzuela City
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E-mail Address: sdovalenzuela@deped.gov.ph
Expected Learning Outcomes: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IIa-1-2)

1. Illustrate the unit circle and the relationship between the linear and
angular; and
2. Convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa.

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

√𝟑 𝟏
1. A point on the circumference of the unit circle has coordinates ( , ).
𝟐 𝟐
What angle does this represent in degree?
A. 30º B. 45º C. 60º D. 90º
2. Convert 120° to radians.
A. 2.10 rad B. 2.03 rad C. 2.9 rad D. 2.09 rad
𝟑𝝅
3. is equal to how many degrees?
𝟒
A. 3 º B. 45 º C. 135 º D. 145 º
4. What is 2.5 rev in degree?
A. 840º B. 860º C. 900º D. 920º
5. An angle is said to be in standard position if the initial side of it lies on
the ____________.
A. 1st Quadrant B. +x - axis C. 2nd Quadrant D. –x - axis

Lesson
Angle in a Unit Circle
1
y

Angle is a plane figure formed by two rays that

have common endpoint. The common end point is called
vertex. Angle is defined as amount of space covered by x
Initial
the rotation of one of the rays. The fixed ray is called side
initial side while terminal side is the moving ray. The
figure below illustrates an angle in standard position.
An angle is in standard position in the Cartesian plane when its initial side
lies on the positive x-axis and the vertex is located at the origin. The location of the
angle in the Cartesian plane is based on the last position of its terminal side.

In plotting an angle in a rectangular coordinate plane, placed the vertex

on the origin and initial side on the positive x-axis. Then, rotate the terminal side
either clockwise or counter-clockwise direction depending on the magnitude of the

3
given angle. For your convenience, you can also use the protractor in measuring the
size of the angle.
Rotation of an Angle
An angle is the result of the rotation of its
y
terminal side. The rotations are either clockwise Quadrant II Quadrant I
or counterclockwise. A Counter-clockwise
rotation is just the opposite direction of the Positive angle
movement of the clock while the clockwise
rotation is similar to the movement of the hand Initial
x
of the clock. If the terminal side of an angle side
moves in counter-clockwise rotation, the angle Negative angle
is in positive direction (+). If the terminal side
of the angle moves in clockwise rotation, the Quadrant III Quadrant IV
angle is in negative direction (–). The terminal
side tells the quadrant where the angle lies.
The four quadrants formed by the intersection of the x-axis and y-axis in the
coordinate plane are numbered I, II, III, and IV counter-clockwise.

Take note that angle is a dimension thus, its value should not be negative.
Negative sign pertains to its direction only. y
Quadrant II Quadrant I
Example:

𝐷𝐶𝐵 = 150° is in standard position. In 150°

what quadrant does the terminal side of 𝐷𝐶𝐵 B
x
located. C D
∠𝐷𝐶𝐵 is located in quadrant II.

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Angle Measurement
The measurement of the angle can be expressed in terms of Degree, Radian
and Revolution. The focus of this module is to discuss the two most common angle
units such as degree and radian.
1. Degree ( ° ). It is an angle measurement taken from dividing a whole circle into
1
360 degree and one degree is equivalent to of a circle. A unit degree can be
360
divided further into minute and second units. Thus, 1° = 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠, 1 minute =
60 seconds.
2. Radian (rad). This is the standard unit of an angle. It is equivalent to the length
of the arc or the circumference of a unit circle. It is the International Standard
unit (SI) of an angle and commonly used by many professionals in the field of
Mathematics. Radian is also defined as the ratio of the length of the arc and the
radius of a given circle. A radian measures usually expressed as a fraction or
multiple of π, therefore a full unit circle equals 2π rad.

4
Conversion of Angle Units
Conversion of angle measurements uses relationship between the two units
that are about to be converted. Mathematical operations of multiplication and
division are applied to process the conversion of the units.

- To convert the measure of an angle from degree to radian, multiply the

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
given measure by 180° .
- To convert the measure of an angle from radian to degree, multiply the
180°
given measure by 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
Converting degrees to minutes, seconds
Convert 15.6° to: a) minutes; b) seconds
Solution: Solution:
Using the conversion factor:
1° = 60′, 1° = 3600′′
a) 15.6° to minutes b) 15.6° to seconds
60′ 3600"
15.6° 𝑥 = 936′ 15.6° 𝑥 = 56, 160′′
1° 1°
Converting degrees to radians
1) Convert 120° to radians 2) Convert 135° 22′ 16′′ to radians
Solution: Solution:
1′
Using the conversion factor, 16” ( ) = 0.267′
60"
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 1°
120° 𝑥 = 𝜋 radians 22.267” ( ) = 0.371°
180° 3 60′
135𝑜 + 0.371𝑜 = 135.371°
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 3
Converting radian to degrees 135.371° 𝑥 = 𝜋 radians
180° 4
3
1) Convert 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 to degrees
4
3𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 180°
Solution: 𝑥 = 135°
4 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2) Convert 2.23 radians to degree, minute, and second
180° 180°
Solution: Use 3.14 as value of 𝜋, → =
𝜋 3.14
= 57.32o
57.32°
2.23 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑥 = 127.8236𝑜
𝑟𝑎𝑑
60′
0.8236° 𝑥 = 49.416’
1°
60"
0.416′ 𝑥 = 24.96”
1′
2.23 radians =127° 49’ 25”

A. Convert the following radian measures to Degree, Minute, Second (DMS)

measures. Round off seconds to nearest whole number if necessary.
1) 1.07 rad 3) 1.015 rad 5) 1.005 rad
2) 2.28 rad 4) 2. 36 rad
B. Convert the following degree measures to Degree, Minute, Second (DMS)
measures.
1) 225.48° 3) 308.12° 5) 620.18°
2) 15.24° 4) 112.25°

5
 The following angles are in standard position. Draw each angle and determine
the quadrant where the terminal side lie. Use a protractor to draw the angle with
correct measurement.
1) 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 85° 3) 𝑀𝐴𝑇 = 234° 5) 𝑅𝐴𝑌 = −297°
2) 𝐴𝑇𝐸 = 167° 4) 𝐶𝐴𝐵 = −72°

General Directions: Convert the following. Avoid erasures.

I. Convert the following degree measures to radian measures.
1) 75o 3) 36o 5) 159o 7) 416o 9) 250o
2) 228o 4) 378o 6) 45o 8) 108o 10) 270o

II. Convert the following radian measures to degree measures.

2 15 12 9 8
1) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 3) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 5) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 7) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 9) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
5 4 7 4 5
3 4 11 1 10
2) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 4) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 6) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 8) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎 10) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
7 9 4 6 3

Expected Learning Outcome: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IIb-1)

1. Illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal angles.

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1) What do you call the two angles in standard position with the same
terminal side?
A. coterminal angle C. special angle
B. reference angle D. quadrantal angle
2) What do you call the acute angle formed by the terminal side of a given
angle and the x-axis?
A. coterminal angle C. special angle
B. reference angle D. quadrantal angle
3) Which of the following is co-terminal with –120°?
A. 240° B. 250° C. –240° D. 120°
4) The following are co terminal angles except what?
A. π/6 B. 390° C. -330° D. π/4
5) In which quadrant does the terminal side of 𝑆𝐸𝑇 = −494° lie?
6) A. I B. II C. III D. IV

6
 Lesson
Coterminal Angles
2

It is possible for more than one angle

to have the same terminal side. Look at the
figure at the right. The angle 150° is a
positive angle whose terminal side rotated
counterclockwise. The angle −210° is a
negative angle whose terminal side rotated
clockwise but both angles have common
terminal sides. If two angles in standard
position have the same terminal side, they
are said to be coterminal angles.
Every angle greater than 360° or less than 0° has a coterminal angle with
measurement between 0° and 360°, and it is often more convenient to find the
coterminal angle within the range of 0° to 360° than to work with an angle that is
outside that range.
Any angle has infinitely many coterminal angles because adding or
subtracting multiples of 360° or 2π to that angle, the resulting angle has the same
terminal side to the given angle.
Examples:
100°, –260o, –620o, 460o, and 820° are coterminal because,
100o – 360o = –260o, 100o – 720o = –620o
100o + 360o = 460o, 100o + 720o = 820o

To find a coterminal angle (from 0° to 360°) of an angle greater than 360° or

less than 0o, subtract or add, respectively a multiple of 360o that will give a difference
within the range of 0o to 360o. It is the same process with subtracting or adding 360o
repeatedly from the given angle until the result is within the range of 0 o to 360o.

Similar to degree measure, given a radian measure of an angle greater than

2𝜋 or less than 0 radian, subtract or add, respectively a multiple of 2𝜋 that will give
a difference within the range of 0 to 2𝜋 radian. It is also the same process with

7
subtracting or adding 2𝜋 repeated from the given angle until the result is within the
range of 0 to 2𝜋 radian.

1. Find the least positive angle θ that is coterminal with an angle measuring
800°, where 0° ≤ 𝜃 < 360°.
Solution: An angle with measure 800° is coterminal
with an angle with measure 800 − 360 = 440°, but
440° is still greater than 360°, so we subtract 360°
again to find another coterminal angle: 440 − 360 =
80°. The angle θ = 80° is coterminal with 800°.
Alternate Solution: 800o is coterminal with 800o –
2(360o) = 800o – 720o = 80o.

2. Show the angle with measure −45° on a circle

and find a positive coterminal angle θ such
that 0° ≤ 𝜃 < 360°.
Solution: 𝜃 + 360𝑛
= −45° + 360(1)
= −45° + 360°
= 315°

19𝜋
3. Find an angle θ that is coterminal with ,
4
where 0 ≤ θ < 2π.
Solution: 𝜃 − (2𝜋)𝑛
19𝜋
= − (2𝜋)(2)
4
19𝜋
= − 4𝜋
4
3𝜋
=
4

A. Find the smallest positive coterminal angle of the following.

13𝜋 7𝜋
1) 718o 3) 460o 5) –867o 7) 4
9) −
3
3𝜋 22𝜋 4𝜋
2) 983o 4) –436o 6) 5
8)
7
10) −
9

B. Find the largest negative coterminal angle of the following.

2𝜋 7𝜋
1) 314o 3) 501o 5) –1 098o 7) 3
9) −
11
13𝜋 27𝜋 9𝜋
2) 807o 4) –109o 6) 4
8)
5
10) −
2

8
 Determine if each pair of the two angles are co terminal angles. If it is co
terminal angles, the angles in a Cartesian plane if NOT co terminal, with NC.
17𝜋 161𝜋
1) 185°, 545° 2) , 3) 225°, –135°
36 36

Find a coterminal angle between 0° and 360° for each given angle.
1) –330° 2) 640° 3) –435° 4) –442° 5) 405o
Find a coterminal angle between 0 and 2π for each given angle.
11𝜋 35𝜋 15𝜋 19𝜋 20𝜋
1) 2) − 3) 4) − 5)
3 18 4 12 7

Find a positive and a negative coterminal angle for each given angle.
5𝜋 25𝜋
1) 2) 3) 373o 4) 178o 5) –567o
4 36

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

___ 1. Which one is not a coterminal angle of 130°?

23𝜋 23𝜋
A. 490° B. -230° C. D. −
18 18

___ 2. Which of the following angles does NOT belong to the group?
4𝜋 2𝜋
A. 60° B. -120° C. D. −
3 3
___ 3. What is the smallest positive coterminal angle of 945°?
4𝜋 5𝜋
A. 315° B. 335° C. D.
5 4
11𝜋
___ 4. What is the largest negative coterminal angle of − ?
3
5𝜋 17𝜋
A. -120° B. -240° C. − D. −
3 3
___ 5. Three angles are coterminal angles EXCEPT
A. 30° B. 190° C. - 330° D. 390°

Expected Learning Outcomes: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IIc-1-2)

1. Illustrate the different circular functions; and
2. Use reference angles to find the exact values of circular functions.

9
A. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The reciprocal relation of secant function is ___________.
A. sine function C. cosecant function
B. cosine function D. cotangent function
2. What is the correct way to represent the position of angle X on a circle
as an ordered pair (x,y)?
A. (sinX, cosX) B. (cosX, sinX) C. (rsinX, rcosX) D. (rcosX, rsinX)
B. Angle 𝜽 is in standard position whose terminal side intersects the circle
with radius r at point (x, y). Write the letter of the ratio in column B that is
equivalent to the function in column A.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
𝑥
1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 A. 𝑦
𝑟
2) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 B. 𝑦
𝑥
3) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 C. 𝑟
𝑦
4) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 D. 𝑥
𝑟
5) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 E. 𝑥

Lesson
Circular Function
3

Circular Functions on Real Numbers

For any real numbers, we can find the values of the six circular functions using
the unit circle, a circle with radius 1 having the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1. Starting the
point (1,0), we move |𝑠| units along the circumference of the circle, counterclockwise
if 𝑠 > 0 and clockwise if 𝑠 < 0. We let 𝑃(𝑠) be the terminal point of arc 𝑠. If 𝑃(𝑠) is the
point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the unit circle then we define the six circular functions as follows.
𝑦
cos 𝑠 = 𝑥 sin 𝑠 = 𝑦 tan 𝑠 = , 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
1 1 𝑥
sec 𝑠 = csc 𝑠 = cot 𝑠 = ,𝑦 ≠0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

10
 𝑃(𝑠) = (𝑥, 𝑦) We let 𝑠 be the arclength subtended by angle 𝜃 which
is in standard position on the unit circle. We have learned
𝜃 that 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃. Since 𝑟 = 1, then 𝑠 = 𝜃. This means that 𝜃 has
radian measure equal 𝑠. Using the definition of the six
(1,0) circular functions, we have
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
cos 𝜃 = = =𝑥 sin 𝜃 = = =𝑦 tan 𝜃 =
𝑟 1 𝑟 1 𝑥
1 1 𝑥
sec 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

Clearly, we can see that the values of the trigonometric functions and its
corresponding circular functions are the same.

The Terminal Point 𝑷(𝜽) of Some Special Angles

The value of the six circular functions varies as we go from the first quadrant
to the fourth quadrant.

REFERENCE ANGLE
• The smallest positive acute angle between the x-axis and the terminal
side

11
Finding the Reference Angle
I II III IV
𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 180° − 𝜃 𝜃 − 180° 360° − 𝜃
same as 𝜃
𝟎𝝅 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 𝜋−𝜃 𝜃−𝜋 2𝜋 − 𝜃
For 𝜽 < 𝟎° or 𝜽 < 𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏, and 𝜽 > 𝟑𝟔𝟎° or 𝜽 > 𝟐𝝅
Step 1: Find the smallest positive coterminal angle.
Step 2: Determine which quadrant the terminal side lies.
Step 3: Find the reference angle using the table
above mentioned for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° or for 0𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

Find the exact value of each of the following.

𝟏) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝟎° Solution:
Step 1: Identify which quadrant 240° lies. → 240° is in Quadrant III
Step 2: Find the reference angle of 240°. Reference Angle: 𝜃 − 180°
= 240° − 180°
= 𝟔𝟎°
𝟏 √𝟑
Step 3: Determine the coordinates of the terminal point. 𝑃(60°) = ( , )
𝟐 𝟐
Note: Since the given angle is in Quadrant III,
𝟏 √𝟑
the sign of coordinates must be (−, −), so (− , − )
𝟐 𝟐
Step 4: Definition of circular function. cos 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝟎° = −
𝟐

2) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟗𝟎° Solution:

Step 1: Find the smallest positive coterminal → 𝜃 − 360°𝑛
angle of 690° 690 − 360°(1) = 𝟑𝟑𝟎°
Step 2: Identify which quadrant 330° lies. 330° is in Quadrant IV
Step 3: Find the reference angle of 330°. Reference Angle: 360° − 𝜃
= 360° − 330°
= 𝟑𝟎°
√𝟑 𝟏
Step 4: Determine the coordinates of the terminal point → 𝑃(30°) = ( , )
𝟐 𝟐
Note: Since the given angle is in Quadrant IV the sign of
√𝟑 𝟏
coordinates must be (+, −), so ( ,− )
𝟐 𝟐
Step 5: Definition of circular function. sin 𝜃 = 𝑦
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟗𝟎° = −
𝟐
3) 𝒔𝒆𝒄 (−𝟒𝟎𝟓°) Solution:
Step 1: Find the smallest positive coterminal → 𝜃 + 360°𝑛
angle of 690° −405° − 360°(2) = 𝟑𝟏𝟓°
Step 2: Identify which quadrant 315° lies. 315° is in Quadrant IV
Step 3: Find the reference angle of 315°. Reference Angle: 360° − 𝜃
360° − 315° = 𝟒𝟓°

12
 √2 √2
Step 4: Determine the coordinates of the terminal point. 𝑃(45°) = ( , )
2 2
Note: Since the given angle is in Quadrant IV
√𝟐 √𝟐
the sign of coordinates must be (+, −). So, ( ,− )
𝟐 𝟐
1
Step 5: Definition of circular function. sec 𝜃 =
𝑥
1
sec (−405°) = √𝟐
𝟐
1 2 2
= √𝟐
=1∙ =
√2 √2
𝟐
2 √2 2√2 2√2
rationalize and simplify ∙ = = = √2
√2 √2 √4 2
𝒔𝒆𝒄 (−𝟒𝟎𝟓°) = √𝟐

𝟏𝟕𝝅
4. 𝒄𝒔𝒄 ( ) Solution:
𝟔
Step 1: Find the smallest positive coterminal → 𝜃 − 2𝜋𝑛
17𝜋 5𝜋
angle of 690° − 2𝜋°(1) =
6 6
5𝜋
Step 2: Identify which quadrant lies. 315° is in Quadrant II
6
5𝜋
Step 3: Find the reference angle of . Reference Angle: 𝜋 − 𝜃
6
5𝜋
=𝜋−
6
𝝅
=
𝟔
𝝅 √𝟑 𝟏
Step 4: Determine the coordinates of the terminal point. 𝑃( ) = ( , )
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
Note: Since the given angle is in Quadrant II the sign of
√𝟑 𝟏
coordinates must be (−, +). So, (−
, )
𝟐 𝟐
1
Step 5: Definition of circular function. csc 𝜃 =
𝑦
17𝜋 1
sec ( ) = 𝟏
6
𝟐
1 2
= 𝟏 = 1∙ =2
1
𝟐
17𝜋
𝒔𝒆𝒄 ( ) =𝟐
6

Evaluate each of the following.

1) tan(−135°) 6) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 120° − cos 60°
5𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
2) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− ) 3
7) 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3
− tan
4
23𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋
3) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 6
8) 𝑐𝑠𝑐
6
+ cot
4
11𝜋
4) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 510° 9) sec
6
∙ cos 5𝜋
𝜋 7𝜋
5) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90° + cos 120° 10) sec + cot
4 3

Directions: Solve the following problems.

23𝜋
1) If 𝑃(𝜃) is a point on the unit circle and 𝜃 = , what is the coordinates
3
of 𝑃(𝜃 )?

13
 17𝜋
2) If 𝑃(𝜃 ) is a point on the unit circle and 𝜃 = − 6
, find the values of the
six trigonometric functions of 𝜃.

Directions: Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for the given 𝜃.
𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽
240°
−315°
4𝜋
3
11𝜋
4
20𝜋
−
8

Expected Learning Outcomes: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IId-1-2)

1. Illustrate the domain and range of the different circular functions; and
2. Graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, and (c) phase shift.

Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Choices for items 1 – 4

A. Amplitude B. Period C. Maximum point D. Minimum point

______ 1. This refers to the length of one complete cycle.

______ 2. It is the highest point of a graph above x – axis.

______ 3. It is the portion of the graph where it starts to repeat itself.

______ 4. It indicates the height of the graph above or below the x – axis.

14
For items 5 - 6, please refer to figure below.

______ 5. What is the equation of the

graph?
A. y = 5 sin 2x
B. y = 5 cos x
C. y = 5 sin x
D. y = 5 cos 2x
______ 6. What is the amplitude?
A. 1 C. 4
B. 2 D. 5

Lesson
Graph of Circular Function
4

Recall that the sine and cosine functions relate real number values to the x-
and y-coordinates of a point on the unit circle, so what do they look like on a graph
on a coordinate plane? Let’s start with the sine function. We can create a table of
values and use them to sketch a graph. Table 1 lists some of the values for the sine
function on a unit circle.
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
x 0 𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
1 √2 √3 √3 √2 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
Table 1
Plotting the points from the table and continuing along the x-axis gives the
shape of the sine function. See Figure 2.

15
• The period is the length of one complete cycle.

• The Amplitude is the height from the center line to the peak (or to the trough).
We can measure the height from highest to lowest points and divide that by 2.

• The Phase Shift is how far the • The Vertical Shift is how far
function is shifted horizontally the function is shifted
from the usual position. vertically from the usual
position.

The Graph of Circular Functions when C=0 and D=0

𝒚 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩𝒙 𝒚 = − 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩𝒙
𝐴 𝐴

𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃 𝑃
4 2 4 4 2 4

-𝐴 -𝐴

16
 𝒚 = 𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩𝒙 𝒚 = − 𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩𝒙
𝐴
𝐴

𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃 𝑃
4 2 4 4 2 4
-𝐴
-𝐴

𝒚 = 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩𝒙 𝒚 = − 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩𝒙

𝑃 P 3𝑃 2P 𝑃 P 3𝑃 2P
2 2 2 2

Characteristics of Sine and Cosine Functions

The sine and cosine functions have several distinct characteristics:

2𝜋
• Both are periodic functions with a period of |𝐵|
.

• The domain of each function is (−∞, ∞) and the range is [−A, A].
• The graph of y = sin x is symmetric about the origin, because it is an odd
function.
• The graph of y = cos x is symmetric about the y- axis, because it is an even
function.

Different Equations, Same Graph

1) The graphs of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑘), k is any integer, are the same.
𝜋 𝜋
2) The graphs of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = − sin(𝑥 + 𝜋), 𝑦 = cos (𝑥 − ), and = − cos (𝑥 + ) are
2 2
the same.

17
3) In general, the graphs of
𝑦 = A sin 𝐵 (𝑥 − 𝐶) + 𝐷,
𝑦 = − A sin[ 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝐶) + 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘] + 𝐷,
𝜋
𝑦 = A cos [ 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝐶) − + 2𝜋𝑘] + 𝐷, and
2
𝜋
𝑦 = − A cos [ 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝐶) + + 2𝜋𝑘] + 𝐷,
2

where k is any integer, are all the same.

Similar observations are true for cosine.

Graph each of the following.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 sin 8𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 cos 2𝑥
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 4𝑥

18
Solution:
1) Given a function in the form 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵𝑥 − 𝐶) + 𝐷, identify the
midline, amplitude, period, and phase shift.
a. Determine the amplitude as |𝐴|. → Ans. |𝑨| = 𝟏
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
b. Determine the period as 𝑃 = |𝐵|
→ 𝑃 = |𝐵|
= |1| = 𝟐𝝅
Divide the period (𝑃 = 𝟐𝝅) into 4 equal parts.
1 1 𝝅 1 1 3 3 𝟑𝝅
𝑃 ∙ = 2𝜋 ∙ = 𝑃 ∙ = 2𝜋 ∙ = 𝝅 𝑃 ∙ = 2𝜋 ∙ =
4 4 𝟐 2 2 4 4 𝟐
𝐶 𝐶 0
c. Determine the phase shift as → phase shift = = =𝟎
𝐵 𝐵 1
d. Determine the midline as y = D. → y=D=𝟎

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
-1

2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝒙 4
a. |𝐴| = |−4| = 𝟒
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝝅
b. 𝑃 = |𝐵|
= |8| =
𝟒
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
1 𝜋 1 𝝅
𝑃∙ = ∙ = 16 8 4
4 4 4 𝟏𝟔 16
1 𝜋 1 𝝅
𝑃 ∙ = ∙ = -4
2 4 2 𝟖
3 𝜋 3 𝟑𝝅
𝑃∙ = ∙ =
4 4 4 𝟏𝟔
𝐶 0
c. phase shift = = =𝟎
𝐵 8
d. y = D = 𝟎

3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
a. |𝐴| = |2| = 𝟐
2𝜋 2𝜋 2
b. 𝑃 = |𝐵|
= |1|
= 𝟐𝝅
1
1 1 𝝅
• 𝑃 ∙ = 2𝜋 ∙ =
4 4 𝟐 𝜋
1 1 -1 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
• 𝑃 ∙ = 2𝜋 ∙ = 𝝅 2
2 2 2
3 3 𝟑𝝅 -2
• 𝑃 ∙ = 2𝜋 ∙ =
4 4 𝟐
𝐶 0
c. phase shift = = =𝟎
𝐵 8
d. y = D = 𝟎

19
4. 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
a. |𝐴| = |−3| = 𝟑 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
b. 𝑃 = |𝐵|
= |2|
= 𝝅

1 1 𝝅
• 𝑃∙ =𝜋∙ =
4 4 𝟒
•
1 1 𝝅 𝜋 𝜋
𝑃∙ =𝜋∙ =
2 2 𝟐
3𝜋 𝜋
3 3 𝟑𝝅 4 2 4
• 𝑃 ∙ =𝜋∙ =
4 4 𝟒
𝐶 0
c. phase shift = = =𝟎 -3
𝐵 8
d. y = D = 𝟎

5. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙

𝜋 𝜋 𝝅
a. Determine the period. 𝑃 = |𝐵|
= |4| =
𝟒
𝟏 𝜋 1 𝝅
b. Determine the two adjacent vertical asymptotes. 𝑷∙ = ∙ =
𝟐 4 2 𝟖
𝟑 𝜋 3 𝟑𝝅
𝑷∙ = ∙ =
𝟐 4 2 𝟖

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
8 4 8 2

Graph the following equations. In your graph, show only one period of the
function.
1
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 sin 𝑥 3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥
2
5) 𝑓(𝑥) = − tan 2𝑥
1
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 sin 3𝑥 4) 𝑓(𝑥) = − cos 5𝑥
4

Solve the given problem.

A circle with radius 3 ft is mounted with its
center 4 ft off the ground. The point closest to the
ground is labeled P, as shown in the figure. Sketch
a graph of the height above the ground of the point
P as the circle is rotated; then find a function that
gives the height in terms of the angle of rotation.

20
Directions: Determine the (a) amplitude, (b) period, (c) midline, and an (d) equation
involving sine and cosine for the graph shown in the figures.

1.) 2.)
5
3

𝜋
4 2𝜋
-5 3
-3

3.) 4.)
2

4𝜋

-2

5.) 2 6.) 3

5𝜋
5𝜋
2
-2 4

-3

Expected Learning Outcome: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IIe-1)

1. Solve situational problems involving circular functions.

Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

For numbers 1- 3, please refer to the figure on the next page.

21
______ 1. What is the equation of
the graph?
A. y = 5 sin 2x
B. y = 5 cos x
C. y = 5 sin x
D. y = 5 cos 2x
______ 2. What is the amplitude?
A. 1 C. 4
B. 2 D. 5
______ 3. What is the period?
A. π B. 2π C. π/2 D. 5 π

Lesson Problems Involving

5 Circular Functions

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Repetitive or periodic behavior is common in

nature. As an example, the time-telling device known as
sundial is a result of the predictable rising and setting of
the sun every day. It consists of a flat plate and a gnomon.
As the sun moves across the sky, the gnomon casts a
shadow on the plate, which is calibrated to tell the time of
the day.

Some motions are also periodic. When a weight is suspended

on a spring, pulled down, and released, the weight oscillates
up and down. Neglecting resistance, this oscillatory motion of
the weight will continue and on, and its height is periodic with
respect to time.

Now that we know the Unit Circle inside out, let us graph the circular
functions on the coordinate system. The x- values are the angles (in radians – that
is the way it is done); and the y- values are the circular values (like sin, cos,
and tan).

22
 The sin and cos (and csc and sec) functions start repeating after 2π radians,
and it turns out that the tan and cot functions start repeating again after
only π radians. The reason tan (and cot) repeat after only π radians is because,
when dividing sin and cos to get tan, we get the same values in quadrants
III as IV as we do for quadrants I and II. (Try this with the Unit Circle).

A complete repetition of the pattern of the function is called a cycle and

the period is the horizontal length of one complete cycle. Thus, the period of
the sin, cos, csc, and sec graphs is 2π radians, and the period for
the tan and cot graphs is π radians. Because the circular functions are cyclical in
nature, they are called periodic functions.

Sine Wave
A sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth
periodic oscillation. A sine wave is a continuous wave. It is named after the function
sine, of which it is the graph. It occurs often in Pure and Applied Mathematics, as
well as Physics, Engineering, Signal Processing, and many other fields. Its basic form
as a function of time (t) is:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 𝑓𝑡 + 𝜑) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
where:
• A, amplitude, the peak deviation of the function from zero
• f, ordinary frequency, the number of oscillations (cycles) that occur each
second of time
• ω = 2πf, angular frequency, the rate of change of the function argument in
units of radians per second
• 𝜑, phase, specifies (in radians) where in its cycle the oscillation is at t = 0

When 𝜑 is non-zero, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by the

𝜑
amount seconds. A negative value represents a delay, and a positive value
𝜔
represents an advance.

The sine wave is important in

physics because it retains its wave
shape when added to another sine
wave of the same frequency and
arbitrary phase and magnitude. It is
the only periodic waveform that has
this property. This property leads to
its importance in Fourier analysis and
makes it acoustically
unique.

23
Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion
The displacement 𝑦 (directed height or length) of an object behaving in a
simple harmonic motion with respect to time 𝑡 is given by one of the following
equations:
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵(𝑡 − 𝐶) + 𝐷 or = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵(𝑡 − 𝐶) + 𝐷
In both equations, we have the following information:
1
• amplitude =|𝐴| = (𝑀 − 𝑚) – the maximum displacement above and below the
2
rest position or central position or equilibrium, where 𝑀 is the maximum height
and 𝑚 is the minimum height;
2𝜋
• period = |𝐵| – the time required to complete one cycle (from one highest or lowest
point to the next);
|𝐵|
• frequency = – the number of cycles per unit of time;
2𝜋
• 𝐶 – responsible for the horizontal shift in time; and
• 𝐷 – responsible for the vertical shift in displacement.

Using Trigonometric Functions to Solve Real-World Scenarios

𝜋
Suppose the function 𝑦 = 5𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑡) marks the distance in the movement of a
4
light beam from the top of a police car across a wall where t is the time in seconds
and y is the distance in feet from a point on the wall directly across from the police
car.

a. Find and interpret the stretching factor and period.

b. Graph on the interval [0, 5].

c. Evaluate f (1) and discuss the function’s value at that input.

Solution
a. We know from the general form of 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵𝑡) that |𝐴| is the stretching factor
𝜋
and is the period.
𝐵

We see that the stretching factor is 5. This means that the beam of light will
move 5 ft after half the period.

𝜋 4
The period is 𝜋 = 𝜋 ∙ = 4. This means that every 4 seconds, the beam of light
𝜋
4

24
sweeps the wall. The distance from the spot across from the police car grows larger
as the police car approaches.

b. To graph the function, we draw an asymptote at

t = 2 and use the stretching factor and period.

𝜋 𝜋
c. Period: 𝑓(1) = 5𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( (1)) = 5𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 5(1) = 5;
4 4
after 1 second, the beam of light has moved 5 ft
from the spot across from the police car.

Solve the problem below.

Determining a Rider’s Height on a Ferris Wheel

The London Eye is a huge Ferris wheel with a diameter of 135 meters (443
feet). It completes one rotation every 30 minutes. Riders board from a platform 2
meters above the ground. Express a rider’s height above ground as a function of time
in minutes.

Solve the problem below.

A weight is attached to a spring that is then hung

from a board. As the spring oscillates up and down, the
position y of the weight relative to the board ranges from
−1 in. (at time x = 0) to −7 in. (at time x = π) below the
board. Assume the position of y is given as a sinusoidal
function of x. Sketch a graph of the function, and then
find a cosine function that gives the position y in terms
of x.

Solve the given problem.

A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up and down in a simple

harmonic motion. At start, the weight is pulled down 5 cm below the resting position,
and then released. After 8 seconds, the weight reaches its highest location for the
first time. Find the equation of the motion.

25
Expected Learning Outcomes: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IIf-1-3)
1. Determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation;
2. Apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values; and
3. Solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities.

Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of identity equation?
A. 3x + 4 = 4 + 3x C. 3x (x + 1) = 3x2 +3
B. (x – 2 )2 = x2 – 4x + 4 D. 2(x–1) + 3 =3x – (x –4)
2. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
A. sin2 a+cos2 a = 1 C. 1 + cot2 a = csc2 a
B. sin a = tan a * cos a D. 1 - sec2 a = tan2 a
3. Which of the following is an identity?
A. sin (a) cos (a) = (1/2) sin (2 a) C. sin(-a) = sin a
B. sin a + cos a = 1 D. tan a = cos a / sin a
4. Evaluate: sin t + cos2 t / sin t =
A. sin t B. csc t C. sec t D. cos t
5. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
A. tan(2 t) = 2 tan (t) C. sin(-t) = - sin(t)
B. sin2 a = 1 - cos2 a D. sec(-t) = sec(t)

Lesson
Trigonometric Identities
6

Identity and Conditional Equation

• Identity is an equation which is true for all values of the variable in the domain
of the equation.

26
 • Conditional Equation is an equation that is true for some values of the variables
but not true for others.
Examples:

Identity Conditional Equation

2
a. (𝑥 − 4) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) a. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
2
b. (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1 b. (𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1
c. = 2𝑥 − 1 c. =𝑥+1
𝑥−1 𝑥−1

The Trigonometric Identities

• Reciprocal Identities ● Pythagorean Identities

1
co s 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
1
si n 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃

• Quotient Identities ● Even-Odd Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
ta n 𝜃 = co s(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = sin(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
tan(−𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
Sum and Difference Identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

Examples: Use sum and difference identities to evaluate the following.

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛150°
Solution:
= sin (90° + 60°)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° + 60°) = sin(90°) cos (60°) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90°)𝑠𝑖𝑛(60°)

1 √3
𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° + 60°) = 1 ( ) + 0 ( )
2 2
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎° + 𝟔𝟎°) =
𝟐

27
 𝜋
2. cos (− 12)
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
cos (− ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 even-odd identity
12 12
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = cos ( − ) sum and difference identity
12 3 4
𝜋 𝜋
cos ( − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
3 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos ( − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 4 3 4 3 4
𝜋 𝜋 1 √2 √3 √2
cos ( − ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( )
3 4 2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 √2 √6
cos ( − ) = ( ) + ( )
3 4 4 4
𝝅 𝝅 √𝟔 + √𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( − ) =
𝟑 𝟒 𝟒

To prove a trigonometric identity:

1. Work on one side of the equation. It is usually better to start with the more
complex side, as it is easier to simplify than to build.
2. Look for opportunities to factor expressions, square a binomial, or add fractions.
3. Noting which functions are in the final expression, look for opportunities to use
the identities and make the proper substitutions.
4. If these steps do not yield the desired result, try converting all terms to sines and
cosines.

Examples:

Prove each of the following identities:

1
a. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 c. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)

28
Solution:
1
a. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 c. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Write I if the given is an identity, and CE if conditional equation.

1
1. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = −1 4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐θ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2. (𝑥 2 − 9) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) 5. (𝑥 − 3)2 = 𝑥 2 + 9

3. 𝑥 − 5 = −5 + 𝑥

A. Use sum and difference identities to evaluate the following.

𝜋 𝜋
1) sin ( − ) 3) sin (90° − 120°) 5) sin (90° + 60°)
2 3
𝜋 5𝜋
2) sec ( − ) 4) tan (90° + 240°)
2 6

B. Use even- odd identities to evaluate the following.

1) csc(−240°) 3) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(−30°) cos(−30°) 5) 𝑠𝑒𝑐(−315°)

11𝜋 4𝜋
2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(− ) 4) cos (− )
6 3

Prove each of the following identities.

𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
1) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 3) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 5) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
2) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 4) 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃

29
Expected Learning Outcome: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IIg-1)
1. Illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions.

Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

𝟒𝝅
1) Evaluate: 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒄𝒐𝒔 ).
𝟑
2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. B. C. D.
3 2 2 3

2) Find the value of 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝟏) .

A. -2 B. -1 C. 1 D. 2
√𝟑
3) Find the value of 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 .
2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. B. C. D.
3 2 2 3
4) Evaluate: 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟎.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A. B. C. D. 𝜋
4 3 2
√𝟑
5) Find the value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟐
√3 √2 √5 √7
A. B. C. D.
2 2 2 3

Lesson
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
7

In your study of algebraic functions like polynomial functions, you discussed

already inverse functions. It was noted that if a function is one-to- one, it will have
an inverse function. However, if the function is not one- to- one, it may be possible
to restrict its domain in some suitable values such as that the restricted function is
one- to- one. In this section, we will use these ideas to define inverse trigonometric
functions.

The Six Inverse Trigonometric Functions and how it will work.

𝜋 𝜋
The Inverse sine function with domain [-1,1] and range [− , ] is defined by
2 2
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 if and only if sin 𝑦 = 𝑥.
The Inverse cosine function with domain [-1,1] and range [0, 𝜋] is defined
by 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 if and only if cos 𝑦 = 𝑥.

30
 𝜋 𝜋
The Inverse tangent function with domain 𝑅 and range [− , ] is defined by
2 2
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 if and only if tan 𝑦 = 𝑥.

The Inverse cotangent function with domain 𝑅 and range [0, 𝜋] is defined
by 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 if and only if cot 𝑦 = 𝑥.

The Inverse secant function with domain (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) and range
𝜋 𝜋
[0, ) ∪ ( , 𝜋] is defined by 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 if and only if sec 𝑦 = 𝑥.
2 2

The Inverse cosecant function with domain (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) and range
𝜋 𝜋
[ , 0) ∪ (0, ] is defined by 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 if and only if csc 𝑦 = 𝑥.
2 2

Evaluate the following inverse trigonometric functions.

1) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 0
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
The angle 𝜃 in the interval [− , ] such that sin 𝜃 = 0 is 0.
2 2

Therefore, 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 = 0.

2) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
Solution:
𝜋
The angle 𝜃 in the interval [0, 𝜋] such that cos 𝜃 = 0 is .
2
𝜋
Therefore, 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = .
2

3) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 0
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
The angle 𝜃 in the interval [− , ] such that tan 𝜃 = 0 is 0.
2 2

Therefore, 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 0 = 0.
4) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡(−1)
Solution:
3𝜋
The angle 𝜃 in the interval [0, 𝜋] such that cot 𝜃 = −1 is .
4
3𝜋
Therefore, 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡(−1) = .
4
5) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐(2)
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
The angle 𝜃 in [0, ) ∪ ( , 𝜋] such that sec 𝜃 = 2 is .
2 2 4
𝜋
Therefore, 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐(2) = .
3

31
 6) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐√2
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The angle 𝜃 in [0, ) ∪ ( , 𝜋] such that csc 𝜃 = √2 is .
2 2 4
𝜋
Therefore, 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐√2 = .
4

The six inverse trigonometric functions can be written as:

Trigonometric Functions Other Notation

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥

To help you familiarize with the domain and range of the inverse
trigonometric functions, we summarized them in table below.

Function Domain Range

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [-1,1] [− , ]
2 2

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 [-1,1] [0,𝜋]

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 Set of real numbers (− , )
2 2

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 Set of real numbers (0,𝜋)

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 (-∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) [0, )∪ ( , 𝜋]
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (-∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) [ , 0)∪ (0, ]
2 2

The resulting value of an inverse trigonometric function is unique and must

come only from the range of the function.

32
 A. Evaluate the following inverse trigonometric functions.
1 √2
1) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ) 2) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 3) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(−1)
2 2

4) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐√2 5) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐√2 6) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡1

B. Identify the domain and range of each equation. Leave your answer in
radians.
1) 𝑦 = sin cot −1 𝑥 2) 𝑦 = tan−1 (cot 𝑥)

Evaluate the following inverse trigonometric functions.

1
1) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 3) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 √3 5) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 √2
2

2) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−1) 4) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 6) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−2)

Evaluate the following inverse trigonometric functions. Round off your

answer in 2 decimals.
1 2√3
1) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 5) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 9) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(−8.45)
2 3
1
2) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 6) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 1 10) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0.2447)
2

√3
3) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 7) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 0
3

4) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 8) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 0

Expected Learning Outcome: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11AG-IIa-1-2)

1. Solve trigonometric equations.

33
Solve the given equations.
√𝟑
1. sin x = in the interval [0,𝟐𝝅)
𝟐
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
A. , B. , C. , D. ,
3 6 4 3 4 6 3 3

2. sin2 x - 1 = 0 in the interval [0,𝟐𝝅)

𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
A. , B. , C. 𝜋, D. ,
3 3 2 2 4 4 6
3. sec x = 2 in the interval [0,𝟐𝝅)
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
A. , B. , C. 𝜋, D. ,
3 3 2 2 4 4 6
4. 2cos x = 1 in the interval [0,𝟐𝝅)
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
A.
3
, 3
B.
2
, 2
C. 𝜋,
4
D.
4
, 6
5. Cos x sin x + cos x = 0 in the interval [0,𝟐𝛑). Find the value of x.

Lesson
Trigonometric Equations
8

Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are known as

trigonometric equations. The solutions to a trigonometric equation are values of
the angles which satisfy the equation.

Recall that a solution or root of an equation is a number in the domain of

the equation that, when substituted to the variable, makes the equation true. The
set of all the solutions of an equation is called the solution set of the equation.

34
Solving Trigonometric Equations:
If the equation contains only one trigonometric term, isolate that term, and solve
for the variable.
Example 1: Solve 2 sec x - 4 = 0 in the interval [0, 2𝜋).
Solution: 2sec x – 4 = 0 Write the original equation.
2sec x – 4+ 4 = 0 + 4 Add 4 to each side.
1 1 1
( ) 2 sec x = 4 ( ) Using MPE, multiply each side by .
2 2 2

sec x = 2 Simplify.
1 1
= Write its reciprocal.
sec x 2
1
cos x = Get the values in the unit circle.
2
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
Answer: x = ,
𝟑 𝟑

If the equation is quadratic in form, rewrite the equation to have zero on one
side then, use factoring, finding square roots, or the quadratic formula.

Example 2: Solve: 2sin2 x – sin x – 1 = 0 in the interval [0,2𝜋)

Solution: 2sin2 x – sin x – 1 = 0 Write the original equation.
(2 sin x + 1) (sin x – 1) = 0 Factor.
(2 sin x + 1) = 0 and (sin x – 1) = 0 Apply the Zero Product Property.

2 sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x – 1 = 0
2 sin x = - 1 sin x = 1
1 1
( ) 2 sin x = -1 ( )
2 2
1
sin x = −
2
𝟕𝝅 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝝅
Answer: x = , ,
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
If the equation contains more than one trigonometric function, try to express
everything in one term by manipulation and the use of identities.

Solving Trigonometric Equations with Two or More Terms

In cases where the equation has multi – step techniques of finding their
solutions, we may express the equation in terms of only one circular function by
manipulation, and use identities that we have learned in the previous lesson.

Example 3: Solve for x ∈ [0,2𝜋): 3 sin2 x + cos 2x - 2 = 0

Solution: 3 sin2 x + cos 2x - 2 = 0 Write the original equation.
3 sin x + 1 – 2 sin x - 2 = 0
2 2 Use the identity cos 2x = 1 – 2 sin2x.
sin2 x – 1 = 0 Combine like terms.

35
 sin2 x – 1 +1 = 0 +1 Using APE, add each side by 1.
sin2 x = 1 Simplify.
sin x = ±1 Take the square root.
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
Answer: x = ,
𝟐 𝟐
Example 4: Solve: cos2 x + cos x - 2 = 0 in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
Solution:
cos2 x + cos x - 2 = 0 Write the original equation.
(cos x + 2) (cos x – 1) = 0 Use factoring technique.
(cos x + 2) = 0 (cos x – 1) = 0 Apply Zero Product Property.
cos x + 2 = 0 or cos x – 1 = 0
cos x = -2 cos x = 1
cos x = - 2 has no solution
Answer: x = 0, 𝟐𝝅 since -2 is not in the interval.

Find the solutions in the interval [0,𝟐𝝅).

1) 2 sin x + 1 = 0

Solution:
_________________________ Write the original equation.
_________________________ Using APE, add each side by – 1.
_________________________ Simplify.
1
_________________________ Using MPE, multiply each side by .
2
____________________ Simplify.

Answer: ________________

2) 2 cos2 x – 3 cos x - 2 = 0
Solution:
___________________________ Write the original equation.
___________________________ Use factoring technique.
___________________________ Apply Zero Product Property.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_________ has no solution
since __ is not in the interval.
Answer: __________________

36
Solve the following trigonometric equations in the interval [0,𝟐𝝅).
1) sin x – 1 = 0 3) 2 cos x - √3 = 0
1
2) sin x = 4) 2 sin2 x – 3 sin x + 1 = 0
2

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Solve for [0,𝟐𝝅): 2 sin x + 3 = 2
2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
A.
𝜋
, , , B. , C. , D. ,
3 3 3 3 6 6 3 3 4 4
2. Solve for [0,𝟐𝝅): 4 cos2 x = 1
2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
A.
𝜋
, , , B. , C. , D. ,
3 3 3 3 6 6 3 3 4 4
3. Solve for [0,𝟐𝝅): tan x + 1 = 0
2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
A.
𝜋
, , , B. , C. , 𝜋, D. ,
3 3 3 3 6 6 2 2 4 4
4. Solve for [0,𝟐𝝅): cos2 x + cos x = 0
2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
A.
𝜋
, , , B. , C. , D. , 𝜋,
3 3 3 3 6 6 3 3 2 2

5. Solve for [0,𝟐𝝅): 2 sin x + √𝟑 = 0

7𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
A.
3𝜋
4
, 4
B.
2
, 𝜋, 2
C.
3
,
3
D.
2
, 𝜋, 2

Expected Learning Outcome: (LC Codes: STEM_PC11T-IIi-2)

Solve situational problems involving inverse trigonometric functions and
trigonometric equations.

Write the letter of the answer on a separate sheet.

1) A man with a height of 5 feet casts a shadow on the ground. If the shadow is 2
feet long, find the angle of elevation of the sun from the tip of the shadow.
A. 69. 20° B. 68.20° C. 67.20° D. 65.20°

37
2) A cargo ship is being observed 100 ft above the sea level from the top of a watch
tower. If the angle of depression of the cargo ship from the top of the watch tower
is 30°, how far is the cargo ship from the watch tower?
A. 200 B. 300 C. 400 D. 500
3) Two buildings were being observed from an aircraft. The angles of depression of
building ALPHA and building BETA are 40° and 55°, respectively. If building
ALPHA is 3km away from building BETA, find the distance of the aircraft from
building ALPHA.
A. 95° B. 85° C. 75° D. 65°
4) A safety regulation stated that the maximum angle of elevation for a rescue
ladder is 72°. A fire department’s longest ladder is 110 feet. What is the maximum
safe rescue height?
A. 101.6 ft B. 102.6 ft C. 103.6 ft D. 104.6 ft
5) Two cargo vessels are being observed from a small island. Ship Delta is located
70 nm (nautical miles) N25° E from island while Ship Lambda is located 85 nm
S63° from the island. What is the distance between Ship Delta and Ship Delta?
A. 101.6 nm B. 111.98 nm C. 103.6 nm D. 104.6 nm

Lesson Solving Problems involving

8 Trigonometric Functions

Many situations in our daily life involve mathematical concepts. Engineering

and scientific theories can be verified through calculations. Distance or length which
is inaccessible to measure can be determine using trigonometric functions.
We can apply the trigonometric ratios to solve real life problems involving
triangles. It is also important to note that the sum measures of the angles of a
triangle is equal to 180°. Law of sines and cosines are also of great help to solve
problems in navigation. Usually, directions in navigation are expressed in terms of
bearing.

The Six Trigonometric Ratios:

Let Ɵ be an acute angle of a right triangle.
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝜃
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃

Example:
From a point on the ground 50 meters away from the base of a building, the
angle of elevation of the roof top of the building is 40°. How high is the building?
Solution: Illustration:
side opposite of 𝜃 is h, 𝜃 = 40𝑜
building

side adjacent to 𝜃 is 50 meters

Solution: h
40o Point of
38 50 meters observation
 Let h be the height of the building
To use the given data, we use tangent function.
ℎ
𝑡𝑎𝑛40° =
50 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
ℎ = (50 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠) (𝑡𝑎𝑛40°)
ℎ = 41.95 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 The building is 41.95 meters.

Let’s try this,

Solve the following problems. Show your solutions on a separate sheet.
1) In a right triangle, the 58-cm hypotenuse makes a 51-degree angle with one of
the legs. To the nearest tenth of a cm, how long is that leg? Ans. 36.5 cm
2) A 14-foot ladder is used to scale a 13-foot wall. At what angle of elevation must
the ladder be situated to reach the top of the wall? Ans. θ =68.2 °

Directions: In a separate sheet of paper, solve the following problems.

1) From the top of a vertical cliff 40 m high, the angle of depression of an object
that is level with the base of the cliff is 34º. How far is the object from the base
of the cliff?
2) A man flies a kite and lets out 100 feet of string. The angle of elevation of the
string is 52°. How high off the ground is the kite? How far away is the man from
the spot directly under the kite?
3) The diagonal of a rectangle is 15 cm, and the perimeter is 38 cm. What is the
area?
4) One of the legs of a right triangle is twice as long as the other, and the perimeter
of the triangle is 28. Find the lengths of all three sides, to three decimal places.
5) Brian’s kite is flying above a field at the end of 65 m of string. If the angle of
elevation to the kite measures 70°, how high is the kite above Brian’s head?

Directions: Solve the following problems. Show your solutions on a separate sheet.
1. A woman is standing on the ground at a point 78ft from the base of a building.
The angle of elevation to the top of the building is 57°. To the nearest foot, how
high is the building?
2. An observer on a cliff 1000 dm above sea level sights two ships due east. The
angles of depression of the ships are 47˚and 32˚. Find, to the nearest decimeter,
the distance between the two ships.
3. The sun shines on a flagpole, causing a shadow to be cast on the ground. The
distance from the base of the pole to the tip of the shadow is 49 feet. At that time
of day, the sun’s rays make an angle of 38° with the ground. How tall is the
flagpole?
4. A 200 ft high television transmitting tower is to be supported by guy wires
running from the ground to the top of the tower. The wires make an angle
of 63° with the ground.
a) How long is each wire?

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 b) How far from the base of the tower must they meet the ground?

References

Books

Orines, F. B. (2016). Next Century Mathematics 11 Pre-Calculus. Phoenix Publishing

House, Inc.

Cueno, A., Acob, M., & Cortez, M. (2016). Pre – Calculus for Senior High School. C
and E Publishing, Inc.

Teaching Guide for Senior High School Pre- Calculus. (2016). Commission on Higher
Education.

Websites
TRIGONOMETRY Solving Trigonometric Equations in Filipino (Video file). YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2gy6J8WPsw

TRIGONOMETRY: Solving Trigonometric Equations using the Identities in Filipino

(Video file). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGjTOQUQpD4

Trigonometry - Paano Magsolve ng Trigonometric Equations Gamit ang Unit Circle

(Video file). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uJPnu0cge0

Sifredo, G. (2019.June 1). Re: The Unit Circle: What You Need to Know for the SAT.
https://blog.collegevine.com/the-unit-circle-what-you-need-to-know-for-the-
sat/

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Valenzuela
Office Address: Pio Valenzuela Street, Marulas, Valenzuela City
Telefax: (02) 8292-4340
Email Address: sdovalenzuela@deped.gov.ph

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