Static Electricity:

Electric charge that an object has due to friction,; not flowing electricity

Law of Attraction:
Opposite or unlike charges attract (+/-)

Law of Repulsion:
Like charges repel (+/+) (-/-)

Principal of Conservation of Charge:

Charge is never created or destroyed. Negative charges are transferred from
one object to another

KEYWORDS
-Electric charge: a store of electricity
-Electric force: the amount of attraction or repulsion between objects
-Discharge: a release of electrons

Electric Force Fields

-An electric force field surrounds every particle that has an electric charge
-the strength of an EFF depends on:
The amount of charge
The distance involved
The shape of the objects

Sparks in Static Electricity

-A discharge causes the sparks to shock of SE
-Sparks are seen when negative charges are transferred to conductors
-A spark will only occur if there is a gap of air between the two objects
(Electrons heat the air to a very high temperature, causing the air to glow and
expand… we see this as a spark or hear it as a crackle)

Lightning storms
-Particles rub together in the clouds causing the separation of electrons
-Negative charge builds up in the cloud
-Eventually the electrons are discharged from the cloud to the ground
KEYWORDS
-Electric Current: the flow of negative charge due to the movement of
electrons in a closed circuit
-Closed Circuit: a circuit through which current is flowing
-Open Circuit: a circuit through which no current is flowing
-Conductor: a material that transmits electricity/electric current
-Voltage: the energy difference between any two points in a circuit
-Cells: the source of power in an electric circuit
-Resistor: a material that offers resistance to the current or slows down the
flow of charge; it uses energy, some of this is converted to useful energy and
some is wasted energy

Electric Circuits
-An electric circuit is a system for transferring electrical energy
-Current electricity is a constant movement of negative chase from an energy
source, along a conductor, to a device that requires energy
-An EC consists of current moving from one terminal of the cells along the
wires through the device back to the other terminal of the cells
-Current is measured in amperes (A)
-Voltage is measured in volts (V)
-Essential components of an EC: cells, switch, resistor, conducting wire

Symbols used in Circuit Diagrams

An Electric Current can:
-Heat up a conductor
-Cause a magnetic field
-Break down certain chemicals

Short Circuits:
-A short circuit is when there is an easier pathway created in the circuit for
the current to flow
-Cause large currents to flow
-Dran the energy from the cells
-May damage appliances
-May cause electrical fires

Fuses:
-A fuse is a device that protects appliances by melting when too much
electric current flows through the appliance
-Protects an electric circuit
-Are designed for a certain current strength
-Melts if the current is higher than the circuit is designed for
-Must be connected in series
-Are made from a wire that has a lower melting point than the circuit wires

KEYWORDS
-Magnetic field: an area around a magnet that exerts a magnetic force
-Electromagnet: a soft iron core that is made into a magnet by passing
electricity through a coil that surrounds it

Magnetic Effect
-a ME is created when electricity is passed through a wire

Electromagnets
-An electromagnet is an object that acts like a magnet, but it’s magnetic
force is created and controlled by electricity
An electromagnet is made up of:
-a core of soft iron
-a coil of insulated copper wire that surrounds the iron core
KEYWORDS
-Decompose: in chemistry, the process of breaking a compound down into
a simpler substances
-Electrolyte: a chemical compound that can conduct electricity
-Electrolysis: the breaking down of a substance (compound) to form simpler
substances (elements) using electric current

Series Circuits:
The electric current has only one path that it can follow. The current is the
same everywhere in the circuit

Series Parallel

Parallel Circuits:
The current has more than one path that it can travel
Radiation of Light
-Light and heat travels in waves from the sun
-Light is emitted (given out) from luminous objects
-Illuminated objects: only visible because they reflect light
-Luminous objects: give off their own light and radiate light energy
-We can only see objects if light coming from them enters our eyes

Rays of light and Beams of light

-A ray is a line in which light is travelling (SD: straight lines with arrows)
-A beam is a number of light rays found together (SD: many rays together)

The speed of Light

-Light travels through empty space at 300 000 km in a second
-Sound travels at 330 m; light travels at 300 000 000 m… in one second
-Light travels almost a million times faster than sound

KEYWORDS
-Dispersion: the spreading of white light into different colours
-Prism: a triangle made from glass or other transparent material
-Spectrum: band of light consisting of all the different colours of the rainbow
-Refraction: the bending of light at different angles or degrees as it moves
from one substance to another; the substances have different densities

Spectrum of Visible Light

-Visible light refers to the range of radiation that the human eye can see
-White light (colourless) is made up of all the colours of the rainbow

The Dispersion of White Light

-When a beam of white light is shone at a triangular prism at an angle, the
beam which emerges is coloured… the white light has been dispersed
-In 1666, Isaac Newton observed that when sunlight strikes a prism at
different angles, it forms a coloured spectrum on the wall of the room
-A spectrum forms when white light travels through a prism
-The colours are visible because light bends as it travels through the prism
-The different colours of light bend at different angles because each colour of
the spectrum has a different wavelength
-Different colours refract to different degrees
The formation of a rainbow in nature
-The light from the sun is refracted and dispersed by water droplets
-It is also reflected and refracted by the drops
-This is why you can only see a rainbow when the sun is behind you

Opaque, transparent and translucent substances

-Opaque Objects: Do not let light pass through them
The light is either absorbed or reflected
Examples: metal, clay, bricks, wall paint, cardboard (most objects)
-Transparent Objects: Allow all the light to pass through them
Some light is absorbed/reflected;most is transmitted
(the light passes straight through the object)
Examples: glass, clear plastic, cellophane and clean water
-Translucent Objects: Allow some of the light to pass through them
Examples: X-ray, stained glass and waxed paper

Shadows
-A shadow is made when an opaque object blocks the light
-A shadow only shows the shape of an object, the shape is formed by light
rays passing around the edge of the object
-The position of the light source changes the size, length and shape of it

Ray Diagrams:
-are used to show the path of light from the person to a point on the object
being viewed
-can be used to show how the size of a shadow depends on the object
blocking the light source
-can be used to show the distance of the object from the light source

Absorption of light
-Light can be absorbed by surfaces of some materials (black, dull surfaces)
-Light is absorbed differently by different materials
-Light can be reflected by surfaces of some materials (shiny, light surfaces)
-Light is reflected differently by different materials

Mirrors
-Used to show objects that are not in the view of out eyes (behind/around a
corner)
Law of Reflection
For light to be reflected off a surface, the angle of incidence must be equal to
the angle of reflection
-The normal line is a line perpendicular to the surface

Seeing Light
-The eye sees an upside down image that the brain flips around
-Light rays are bounced off the object you are viewing
-We see objects in colour, so the different frequencies of different colours
enter the eye
-Only the frequencies that are reflected from the object enter the eye
-Light enters through the cornea, which is like a clear window
-Light rays pass through a hole called the pupil
-The back of the eye is called the retina. (Very important for seeing light)
-The retina is made up of 130 million special light sensitive cells
-These cells form the optic nerve
-The light energy strikes a cell in the retina and is converted into electrical
nerve impulses or messages
-The electrical impulses pass along the optic nerve to the visual centre
-The brain interprets these electrical signals as our perceptions of light

Refraction of Light
-Light bends as it moves from one medium to another
-Light bends because it travels at different speeds in different mediums
-It must change speeds at the boundary between two mediums

Law of Refraction
-The difference in density of substances affects the angle of refraction
-Light travelling from a less dense medium changes direction towards the
normal in that medium
-Light travelling out of the medium changes direction away from the normal
-Lenses are able to refract and focus light
Such as those in: Eyeglasses
Microscopes
Magnifying glasses