Chapter 4

Content and Teaching Methods

4.1 Outlining of the concepts

We conducted 4 experiments in total. The topics of these are given below:
1) Electricity generation
2) Mirrors
3) Generation of Sound waves
The above topics were chosen to teach the students of class 6th and 7th because they align well
with real-world applications and stimulate curiosity in science. The hands-on experiments
were also performed on the same topic as mentioned above.

1) Electricity
Electricity is the flow of electric charges (usually electron) through a conductor, like a
wire. It powers almost all the electronic devices that we use in our day to day life. The
source of electric currents can be through a battery, generators, invertors, dry or
electric cells and might be converted from other sources of energy.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENENTS:
i. Wires: These are the electrical conductors used to connect two or more
electrical components and allow the flow of current. Thewires are generally
made of metals that are good conductors of electricity and based on the usage,
the type of metals and the dimensions are selected.

ii. Bulb: It is a glass case composed of a filament inside it connected to the two
terminals and which gets heated up upon the passage of electric current and
emits light. The filament wire is generally made up of coiled tungsten wire.
 The electricity is supplied through the two terminals between which filament
is present.

iii. Electric cell or dry cell: It is kind of device that stores chemical energy and
converts it into electrical energy that can be used for different purposes. It has
two terminals namely positive and negative. Inside a cell, the charges flow
from the negative terminal to positive terminal while reverse happens outside
the cell.

iv. Battery: This is made up of a combination of two or more cells combined in

series configuration.

v. Switch: It is a simple device used in an electrical circuit to allow or restrict the

continuous flow the current. It is placed between a gap in a circuit and when
turned on, it fills the gap with a conducting medium making the circuit work
 and when turned off breaks the circuit by removing the conducting medium
from the gap.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:
Electric circuit is a closed path that provides a continuous flow of electrons or electric current
from a voltage or current source to the equipment being used. In a circuit, the current is said
to flow from one terminal of a power source or say a cell to another terminal. An electric
circuit is a complete path made of wires and components that allows electric current to flow.
For current to flow, the circuit must be "closed" (like a complete loop). If there is a break in
the circuit, it’s called an "open circuit," and the current can’t flow through it.

TYPES OF CIRCUITS:
There are two main types of simple circuits:
Series Circuit
In a series circuit, all components are connected in a single loop. The current flows in one
path, going from one device to the next. If one component breaks or is turned off, the entire
circuit stops working.
Parallel Circuit
In a parallel circuit, components are connected in multiple branches. The current has more
than one path to flow through. If one component stops working, the others can still work
because they have their own paths.
OTHER CIRCUIT TERMS:
 Open Circuit: A circuit with a break that stops the current from flowing.
 Closed Circuit: A complete circuit with no breaks, so current can flow.

DEMONSTRATION:
We conducted the experiment on the electric circuit, how thw bulb glows. We explained the
various componenets of electric and their uses. The experiments conduced were hands-on and
students present were also given the chance to demonstrate the experiments.

2) Mirrors
A mirror is a polished or smooth surface that creates images by reflecting light.
When an object is placed in front of a mirror, the light waves bounce off the mirror's
surface and create an image of the object. A mirror is a reflective surface that bounces
off light, producing either a real image or a virtual image. When an object is placed in
front of a mirror, the image of the same object is seen in the mirror.

TYPES OF MIRRORS

i. Plane mirror: The images formed from a plane mirror are the reflected
images in their normal proportions but reversed from left to right. These
are the most widely used mirrors.

ii. Convex mirror: These are the spherical mirrors that are curved outward
and the image obtained is virtual, diminished and erect for a real object.
 Convex mirrors are widely used as rear-view mirrors in automobiles and
vehicles because they can diverge light beams and make virtual images.

iii. Concave mirror: These are the spherical mirrors that are curved inward
and the image obtained from these mirrors depends on the placement of
the object. Concave mirrors are widely used in vechicle headlights, torches
etc.

SPLITTING OF IMAGE INTO COLORS

PRISM
Prism is a three-dimensional solid object in which the two ends are identical. It is the
combination of the flat faces, identical bases and equal cross-sections. The faces of the prism
are parallelograms or rectangles without the bases. For example, a prism with a triangular
base is called a triangular prism.

When white light passes through a glass prism, we get a band of seven colours on a white
screen as shown in figure. The colours obtained on the screen are Violet, indigo, blue, green,
yellow, orange and red . These colours can be remembered as VIBGYOR.
DEMONSTRATION:
We used a prism to explain dispersion, explained students about VIBGYOR colours. We
explained about different kinds on of mirrors and there importance . Explained about
reflection and students also performed some experiments.
MULTIPLE REFLECTION

Basic Concept: Multiple reflection occurs when light bounces off more than one reflective
surface, creating multiple images. This can happen with two mirrors placed at an angle to
each other, where light reflects back and forth between them.

APPLICATIONS IN DAILY LIFE:

Multiple reflections are used in periscopes (to see around obstacles), kaleidoscopes (for
visual patterns), and sometimes in stores with multiple mirrors to create a wider view.
DEMONSTRATION FOR STUDENTS:

You could place two mirrors at different angles and show how the number of images changes
based on the angle.

At 90 degrees, there are three images, while smaller angles create even more reflections. This
demonstration can show how repeated reflections can form intricate patterns or give a sense
of depth.

KEY TAKEAWAY:

Multiple reflection helps students understand how mirrors can create complex visual effects,
and it reinforces the concept of the angle of reflection. This phenomenon is useful in devices
that rely on capturing multiple viewpoints, like mirrors in dressing rooms or optical
instruments.

3) SOUND

A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the energy travelling away from
the source of the sound. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. This means that the
propagation of vibration of particles is parallel to the energy wave propagation
direction. When the atoms are set in vibration they move back and forth. This
continuous back and forth motion results in a high-pressure and a low-pressure region
in the medium. These high- pressure and low-pressure regions are termed
compressions and rarefactions, respectively. These regions are transported to the
 surrounding medium resulting in the sound waves travelling from one medium to
another.

Tunning fork experiment

Before beginning the experiment, demonstrate how to carefully strike the tuning fork
so that it produces sound. We asked students to describe what they hear as you strike
the tuning fork in different ways. They observed that when the tuning fork is hit
harder, it produces a louder sound.
Before beginning the experiment, demonstrate how to carefully strike the tuning fork
so that it produces sound. Ask students to describe what they hear as you strike the
tuning fork in different ways. They should observe that when the tuning fork is hit
harder, it produces a louder sound.

Conclusion
Before beginning the experiment, demonstrate how to carefully strike the tuning fork
so that it produces sound. Ask students to describe what they hear as you strike the
tuning fork in different ways. They should observe that when the tuning fork is hit
harder, it produces a louder sound. When an object is vibrating and making sound, it
also makes the air around it vibrate. These vibrations move through the air until they
reach ears.

DEMONSTRATION:
We explaines students about sound and it’s properties. Explained how sound wave travels and
also performed tunning fork experiment which made them understand the sound topic
correctly.
Chapter 5

Execution of the Activity

5.1 Active Participation

Hands-on Involvement:

The students engaged themseleves with the materials and experiments. For instance, were
they eager to try out activities, like connecting circuit components or using mirrors to observe
reflections Mention if they and cutting and folding the straws for sound to travel around.The
students even handled the equipmentequipments very carefully and responsibly.

were very well mannered.

Volunteering for Demonstrations:

Students enthusiastically volunteered to participate in demonstrations, such as standing close

to the mirror to observe reflections or holding objects near a light source to see shadows and
angles.

They volunteered to paricipate in the connecting the batteries with the wires to glow the blub
and understanding the generation of electricity.

Team Interaction:

Students were divided into different groups to perform the experiments were the involved
themseleves in team interactions for understanding the topics and the experiments more
efficiently.

5.2 Timeline of the Sessions

Session Number: 4

Date and Duration: Conducted over an 11-hour session.

Class and Attendance:

Grade Level: 6th Grade

Student Count: 52 students (25 boys and 27 girls)

Faculty Present: 1 woman

5.3 Overview of Each Session

Session 1: Introduction and Light

Activity: Introduced concepts related to light, including reflection, refraction, and dispersion.

Experiment: Used a prism to demonstrate dispersion, allowing students to observe light

splitting into colors. Mirrors were also used to illustrate reflection and the angle of incidence.

Student Interaction: Students experimented with mirrors and prisms to create reflections and
observed how light behaves when passed through different surfaces.

Session 2: Electricity

Activity: Covered electricity basics, focusing on circuits, conductors, and insulators.

Experiment: Set up a simple circuit with a battery, wires, and light bulbs, allowing students to
connect components and see how circuits work.

Student Interaction: Students explored open and closed circuits, asking questions about
electricity flow and experimenting with different configurations.

Session 3: Sound

Activity: Explained sound waves, pitch, and volume, using demonstrations to show how
vibrations produce sound.

Experiment: Used a tuning fork to demonstrate sound vibrations, placing it in water to

visualize the ripple effect of sound waves.

Student Interaction: Students actively participated by covering their ears to understand sound
absorption and discussing the pitch of various sounds.
Session 4: Mirrors and Multiple Reflection

Activity: Discussed how mirrors create reflections, introducing the concept of multiple
reflections when mirrors are placed at angles.

Experiment: Used two mirrors to show how reflections multiply, demonstrating infinite
reflections when mirrors face each other.

Student Interaction: Students observed multiple reflections, counting images and

experimenting with different mirror angles.