ISSN 2226-3063 e-ISSN 2227-9555

Modern Phytomorphology 14: 49–54, 2020

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact of different Fertilizer Combinations on the Biochemical Parameters of

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Muzafer Ahmad Sheikh 1*, Pinky Dwivedi 2
1
Department of Botany, Govt Madhav Science P.G. College, Ujjain, India; * sheikhmuzaferbot@gmail.com
2
Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.), India

Received: 24. 12. 2019 | Accepted: 17. 02. 2020 | Published: 06. 03. 2020

Abstract
In order to estimate the comparative impact of organic manure (Vermicompost, Farmyard manure), chemical fertilizers (NPK,
Urea) and their combinations on protein and carbohydrate content of Wheat during different growth stages, an experiment was
conducted by using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The results revealed that at 15 days after sowing protein
content of wheat (leaves) recorded maximum (15.73 mg/gm) in 10% Vermicompost +100 gm NPK fertilizer treatment and minimum
(7.92 mg/gm) in control. However at 60 days after sowing it was reported maximum (17.92 mg/gm) in 10% Vermicompost
+100 gm NPK fertilizer combination and minimum (9.68 mg/gm) in control. In the wheat grains, protein content was maximum
(127.42 mg/gm) in 10% Vermicompost +100 gm NPK followed by 10% VC+100 gm urea (123.59 mg/gm) and minimum (87.53 mg/gm)
in control. Moreover, the carbohydrate content of plant leaves at 15 days after sowing was recorded maximum (37.52 mg/gm) in 10%
Vermicompost +100 gm NPK treatment and minimum (19.35 mg/gm) in control. However at 60 days after sowing it was observed
maximum (39.74 mg/gm) in 10% VC+100 gm NPK and minimum (21.41 mg/gm) in control. Furthermore in grains, the carbohydrate
content was observed maximum (496.72 mg/gm) in 10% FYM+100 gm NPK followed by 10% VC+100 gm urea (488.61 mg/gm).
Keywords: Vermicompost, organic manure, protein, carbohydrate, NPK, urea

Introduction in the low production of next crops. In order to overcome

this nutrient deficiency, there is a need for adding some
Soil is an active, living medium that is a vital part extra supplements of nutrients to the soil in the form of
of the terrestrial ecosystem. It is a vital reserve for the
fertilizers. Fertilizers are organic or inorganic materials
production of agricultural products and also maintains
of natural or synthetic origin that are added to soil to
the most life processes. The biological composition of
supply one or more nutrients essential for the growth and
per gram of soil is ten million to ten billion bacteria;
development of the plants. Organic manure or organic
ten million to one billion of actinomycetes; one lakh to
fertilizers are fertilizers derived from animal or plant
one million of fungi (Coyne, 1999). The ability of soil to
matter (e.g. compost, manure, etc). Manure is an organic
maintain the plant growth, which in turn results in the
substance that is added to the soil to increase its fertility
reliable yield and high quality of crops, is referred to as
and for enhancing plant growth (Boller and Hani, 2004).
soil fertility. By the process of mineralization, the plant
and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-organisms Nitrogen is the main macronutrient of plants which
by which the inorganic nutrients are released into the plays a vital role in plant growth and development. It is
soil. Due to the continuous cultivation of crops on the an integral part of proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids
same soil, the fertility of the soil gets reduced resulting which are responsible for the development of chlorophyll
in the nutrient deficiency of the soil, which in turn results and thus nitrogen supply has great importance for all

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Andriy Novikov, State Natural History Museum NAS of Ukraine on behalf of Modern Phytomorphology. This
is an open access article under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) freely available on
https://phytomorphology.org/.
50 | Sheikh et al.

the crops. It has been reported that the major supply of of fertilizer or pesticide. The field was prepared up to a
nitrogen enhances protein synthesis to such an extent depth of 20 cm.
that most of the carbohydrates are used in the formation Treatment details
of proteins. The cultivation of wheat (Triticum spp.) is
believed to be originated between 15,000 B.C. and 10,000 The nine treatments each of the size of 1 m2 are;
B.C. It is evolved from wild grass which is tall (2-4 feet of T1=Control (no fertilizer) T2=20% Farmyard manure
height), grown in all the three climatic zones (tropical, (FYM)
sub-tropical and temperate zones) between 47°S and 57°N
T3=20% Vermicompost (VC) T4=200 gm NPK
latitude. The range for the cultivation of wheat in India is
10°N to 37°N latitude. For the seed germination, it needs T5=10% FYM+100 gm NPK T6=10% VC+100 gm NPK
20°C to 25°C of temperature, while as 16°C to 22°C is the T7=200 gm Urea T8=10% FYM+100 gm Urea
optimum range for the vegetative growth. It is the most
important cereal crop of the family Poaceae and is the T9=10% VC+100 gm Urea
highest in the production of all the crops in the world. Where,
Globally the area under wheat cultivation is more than
20% of organic manure (VC or FYM)=20% of the 1 m2
the other food crops and its trade is maximum among
soil i.e. 20 cm2 soil up to the depth of 20 cm.
all the crops in the world. The approximate biochemical
composition of the crop is carbohydrates (66% to 71.6%) 10% of organic manure (VC or FYM)=10% of the 1 m2
proteins (13% to 16.7%), fats (2.5% to 3.1%) and crude soil i.e. 10 cm2 soil up to the depth of 20 cm.
fiber (2.5%-3%) (Khan, 1984). Among all the cereal grains Plant material
it contains the highest vegetable protein content. Our
The healthy and certified seeds of Lok-1 cultivar were
country stands first in the area and second in terms of
used in the present study which was brought from the
production of wheat after China in the world. In terms of
KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) Ujjain. About 150 seeds
both area and production, it is the second most important
were sown in field trials with three replicates for each
cereal crop after rice in our country. For the year 2015-16,
treatment in a Randomized Block Design.
the production of Wheat in China was 128.85 million
metric tons while in India it was only 90 million metric Experimental details
tons. Further, the productivity of Wheat in Egypt for Design=Randomized block design
2015-16 was 6.43 metric tons per hectare, while in India
it was only 2749.9 Kg/ha and in Madhya Pradesh, the Replications=3 (three)
productivity was 2849.7 kg/ha (Indiastat, 2017). Treatments=9 (nine)
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) being a very important crop Plot size=1 m2
of India in general and of Madhya Pradesh in particular, Physico-chemical parameters of the soil, vermicompost
but its productivity is often limited by the low availability (VC) and farmyard manure (FYM)
of essential nutrients or imbalanced nutrition forming
The various Physico-chemical parameters studied
one of the important reasons for low productivity of
in the present study are, pH, Electric Conductivity
wheat crop in Madhya Pradesh (India). Hence a balanced
(EC), Organic carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus
nutrient application is a must to harness the productivity
(P), Potassium (K), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe),
of the crops. Black cotton soil is deficient in nitrogen, Manganese (Mn). The estimation of pH was performed
phosphoric acid, and organic matter but rich in calcium, according to the method given by Jackson (1967) by using
potash, and magnesium. In India, approximately 20% of standard digital pH meter. Electric Conductivity (EC)
the land is occupied by black cotton soil. was evaluated according to the method proposed by
So taking the above facts under consideration, the Jackson (1967) by using a Conductivity meter. Organic
present study was conducted in order to study the carbon (OC) was performed according to the method
comparative effectiveness of organic manure, chemical given by Walkley and Blacks (1934). Nitrogen (N) content
was performed according to the method proposed by
fertilizer and their combinations on the protein and
Saxena (1989). Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Zinc (Zn),
carbohydrate content of wheat on the black cotton soil
Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) content was performed according
Materials and Methods to APHA, AWWA, WPCA (1998) Environmental analysis:
Water, Soil and Air. Agro Botanical Publishers, India.
The research work was carried out under field
Biochemical parameters
conditions at the “Botanical Garden” of Govt. Madhav
Science PG College, Ujjain, M.P., by using “Black cotton The protein content of plant leaves and seeds of wheat
soil” which was not previously treated with any type was performed according to the method given by Lowry
Modern Phytomorphology 14, 2020
 Impact of fertilizer combinations on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | 51

et al., (1951) while the carbohydrate content was evaluated Carbohydrate content of wheat leaves
in plant leaves and seeds of the crop according to Phenol- Results related to the carbohydrate content of wheat
Sulphuric acid method proposed by Dubios et al., 1951. leaves are given in the Tab. 2. Carbohydrate content of
plant leaves of wheat at 15 days after sowing was recorded
Results and Discussion
maximum in 10% VC+100 gm NPK (37.52 mg/gm) followed
Results regarding Physico-chemical parameters and by 10% VC+100 gm urea (35.61 mg/gm), 200 gm urea
nutrient analysis of Soil, Vermicompost and Farmyard (30.52 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm NPK (30.23 mg/gm),
manure are given in Tab. 1. 200 gm NPK (29.46 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm urea
The results explored that protein content was recorded (28.93 mg/gm), 20% VC (29.14 mg/gm), 20% FYM
maximum in 10% VC+100 gm NPK (15.73 mg/gm), followed (28.75 mg/gm) and minimum was recorded in control
by 10% VC+100 gm urea (14.68 mg/gm), 10% FYM+ (19.35 mg/gm).
100 gm NPK (12.24 mg/gm), 20% VC (11.42 mg/gm), 10% At 30 days it was observed highest in 10% VC+100 gm
FYM+100 gm urea (10.95 mg/gm), 20% FYM (9.53 mg/gm), NPK (38.31 mg/gm) followed by 10% VC+100 gm urea
200 gm urea (9.32 mg/gm), 200 gm NPK (9.24 mg/gm) and (36.53 mg/gm), 200 gm urea (31.33 mg/gm), 10% FYM
minimum in control (7.92 mg/gm) at 15 days after sowing. +100 gm NPK (30.86 mg/gm), 200 gm NPK (30.25 mg/
At 30 days after sowing it was reported maximum in 10% gm), 10% FYM+100 gm urea (30.12 mg/gm), 200 gm VC
VC+100 gm NPK (16.42 mg/gm) followed by 10% FYM (30.25 mg/gm), 20% FYM (29.83 mg/gm) and lowest in
+100 gm NPK (15.54 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm NPK control (19.96 mg/gm). Furthermore it was recorded
(12.83 mg/gm), 20% VC (11.93 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 maximum in 10% VC+100 gm NPK (38.92 mg/gm)
gm urea (11.58 mg/gm) and minimum in control followed by 10% VC+100 gm urea (37.56 mg/gm),
(8.45 mg/gm). 200 gm urea (31.93 mg/gm), 20% VC (31.86 mg/gm), 10% FYM
Protein content of grains (seeds) +100 gm urea (31.83 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm NPK
(31.27 mg/gm), 20% FYM (30.92 mg/gm), 200 gm NPK
The results revealed that protein content in the seeds
(30.84 mg/gm) and minimum in control (20.62 mg/gm)
of wheat was maximum in 10% VC+100 gm NPK (127.42 at 45 days after sowing. At 60 days after sowing the
mg/gm) followed by 10% VC+100 gm urea (123.59 mg/gm), carbohydrate content of wheat was observed maximum
20% VC (121.74 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm NPK (120.78 in 10% VC+100 gm NPK (39.74 mg/gm) followed by 10%
mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm urea (118.47 mg/gm), 20% FYM VC+100 gm urea (38.48 mg/gm), 20% VC (33.41 mg/gm),
(115.51 mg/gm), 200 gm NPK (111.68 mg/gm) and 200 gm 10% FYM+100 gm urea (33.13 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm
urea (108.54 mg/gm) treatment. The minimum protein NPK (32.97 mg/gm), 200 gm urea (32.16 mg/gm), 20% FYM
content was recorded in control (87.53 mg/gm) treatment. (32.15 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm NPK (31.98 mg/gm).
Table 1. Physico-chemical (quality) parameters of Soil, Farmyard manure, and Vermicompost before starting the experiments.

Type of N K Cu
pH EC (ds/m) OC (g/kg) P (kg/ha) Zn (ppm) Fe (ppm) Mn (ppm)
Material (Kg/ha) (kg/ha) (ppm)
2.87 ± 2.46 ±
Soil 7.6 ± 0.19 0.42 ± 0.02 5.63 ± 0.34 95.62 ± 1.67 7.63 ± 0.94 146.53 ± 2.45 0.59 ± 0.06 3.88 ± 0.21
0.13 0.16
Farmyard 212.34 ± 214.15 ±
7.43 ± 0.16 1.63 ± 0.04 196.46 ± 1.13 233.46 ± 1.16 50.16 ± 1.10 396.37 ± 2.64 291.52 ± 1.47 273.52 ± 1.52
manure 1.44 1.62

Vermi- 239.24 ± 248.37 ±

7.14 ± 0.12 1.84 ± 0.02 198.53 ± 0.92 246.57 ± 0.85 55.24 ± 0.91 438.52 ± 2.04 320.13 ± 1.16 289.34 ± 1.41
compost 1.51 1.24

EC=Electric Conductivity; OC=Organic Carbon; ±=Standard Deviation (SD)

Table 2. The protein content of Wheat (leaves) at different growth stages.

Protein content (mg/gm)
Treatment
15 Days 30 Days 45 Days 60 Days
Control (T1) 7.92 ± 0.97 8.45 ± 0.95 8.86 ± 0.96 9.68 ± 0.99
20% FYM (T2) 9.53 ± 1.14 9.94 ± 1.17 10.81 ± 1.16 11.04 ± 1.18
20% VC (T3) 11.42 ± 1.25 11.93 ± 1.27 12.65 ± 1.28 12.73 ± 1.26
200 gm NPK (T4) 9.24 ± 1.07 10.13 ± 1.13 10.61 ± 1.17 10.69 ± 1.22
10% FYM+100 gm NPK (T5) 12.24 ± 1.26 12.83 ± 1.28 13.52 ± 1.30 13.95 ± 1.33
10% VC+100 gm NPK (T6) 15.73 ± 1.39 16.42 ± 1.41 17.15 ± 1.43 17.92 ± 1.46
200 gm Urea (T7) 9.32 ± 1.05 10.18 ± 1.12 10.69 ± 1.16 10.78 ± 1.19
10% FYM+100 gm Urea (T8) 10.95 ± 1.20 11.58 ± 1.24 12.43 ± 1.27 12.87 ± 1.26
10% VC+100 gm Urea (T9) 14.68 ± 1.37 15.54 ± 1.42 16.34 ± 1.40 16.85 ± 1.45
The value given in each cell of the table is mean value; value along with ± sign represents the standard deviation (SD)

Modern Phytomorphology 14, 2020

52 | Sheikh et al.

The carbohydrate content was found minimum in control (Deosarkar et al., 2002). Similarly, Yassen et al. (2006)
(21.41 mg/gm) treatment. and Khalil et al. (2006) explored that the protein content
in wheat was significantly increased by the availability of
The study explored that the protein content of soybean
nitrogen and other mineral nutrients as compared to the
and wheat showed more increment by the integrated
control (soil with insufficient nutrients).
application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer.
The application of vermicompost along with chemical However, the maximum protein was observed by
fertilizer (NPK) is more beneficial for the improvement the application of VC+NPK and FYM+NPK fertilizer
of the protein content of both the crops. The protein which might be due to better root growth and nutrient
content of plant leaves was increased with the increase uptake supplied from the balanced use of chemical
in the growth and age of both the crops. Dwivedi et al. fertilizer (NPK, urea) along with organic manure (FYM,
(2014) reported that the application of vermicompost VC). Similar results regarding the protein content were
significantly increased the protein content in the plant observed by Singh et al. (2003) and Patil et al. (2003).
leaves of soybean as compared to the control ones Carbohydrate content of seeds
(Tab. 3).
The results explored that carbohydrate content in
The production of the higher protein content of the seeds of wheat was observed maximum in 10% FYM
soybean primarily depends on the availability of a
+100 gm NPK (496.72 mg/gm), followed by 10% VC
sufficient amount of nitrogen in the soil, uptake as well
as the metabolism of nitrogen. El-Essawai and Abadi +100 gm urea (488.61 mg/gm), 10% FYM+100 gm NPK
(1990) evaluated that the protein content of soybean (486.75 mg/gm), 20% VC (485.73 mg/gm), 10% FYM
is significantly enhanced by the presence of an excess +100 gm urea (477.43 mg/gm), 20% FYM (464.21 mg/
supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in gm), 200 gm NPK (470.47 mg/gm), 200 gm urea
the soil. Yaklich and Vinyard (2004) and Hyten et al. (451.84 mg/gm) and minimum (408.65 mg/gm)
(2004) revealed that the process of nitrogen fixation carbohydrate content was recorded in control (Tab. 4).
gets minimized by the insufficient supply of nutrients
(fertilizer) in the rhizosphere which results in the The study revealed that carbohydrate content
reduction of protein synthesis consequently leads to a increased by the application of the combination of
reduction of the protein content of the plant leaves and organic manure and chemical fertilizer. Vermicompost
seeds in soybean. Also, the lower protein might be due along with chemical fertilizer (NPK) showed a maximum
to the deficiency of some type of nutrients in the soil increase in the carbohydrate content. The application of

Table 3. Carbohydrate content of Wheat (leaves) at different growth stages.

Carbohydrate content (mg/gm)
Treatment
15 Days 30 Days 45 Days 60 Days
Control (T1) 19.35 ± 0.89 19.96 ± 0.92 20.62 ± 0.95 20.85 ± 0.96
20% FYM (T2) 28.75 ± 0.96 29.83 ± 1.10 30.92 ± 1.14 32.15 ± 1.12
20% VC (T3) 29.14 ± 1.14 30.25 ± 1.17 31.86 ± 1.23 33.41 ± 1.19
200 gm NPK (T4) 29.46 ± 1.12 30.25 ± 1.14 30.84 ± 1.17 31.28 ± 1.14
10% FYM+100 gm NPK (T5) 30.23 ± 1.15 30.86 ± 1.17 31.27 ± 1.16 32.97 ± 1.18
10% VC+100 gm NPK (T6) 37.52 ± 1.21 38.31 ± 1.24 38.92 ± 1.26 39.74 ± 1.22
200 gm Urea (T7) 30.52 ± 1.24 31.33 ± 1.23 31.93 ± 1.26 32.16 ± 1.28
10% FYM+100 gm Urea (T8) 28.93 ± 1.32 30.12 ± 1.28 31.83 ± 1.24 33.13 ± 1.34
10% VC+100 gm Urea (T9) 35.61 ± 1.36 36.53 ± 1.34 37.56 ± 1.37 38.48 ± 1.33
The value given in each cell of the table is mean value; value along with ± sign represents the standard deviation (SD)

Table 4. Protein and Carbohydrate content of Wheat seeds.

Treatment Protein content (mg/gm) Carbohydrate content (mg/gm)
Control (T1) 87.53 ± 0.82 408.65 ± 0.97
20% FYM (T2) 115.51 ± 0.95 464.21 ± 1.26
20% VC (T3) 121.74 ± 0.98 485.73 ± 1.35
200 gm NPK (T4) 111.68 ± 0.92 470.47 ± 1.32
10% FYM+100 gm NPK (T5) 120.78 ± 0.94 486.75 ± 1.36
10% VC+100 gm NPK (T6) 127.42 ± 1.12 496.72 ± 1.41
200 gm Urea (T7) 108.54 ± 0.96 451.84 ± 1.29
10% FYM+100 gm Urea (T8) 118.47 ± 0.95 477.43 ± 1.34
10% VC+100 gm Urea (T9) 123.59 ± 0.10 488.61 ± 1.45
LSD (≤ 0.05) 11.27 43.04
The value given in each cell of the table is mean value; value along with ± sign represents the standard deviation (SD). LSD=Least Significant
Difference

Modern Phytomorphology 14, 2020

 Impact of fertilizer combinations on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | 53

organic manure (VC, FYM) and combination of organic Conclusion

manure and chemical fertilizer (urea, NPK) significantly
Organic manure (Vermicompost, Farmyard manure)
improved the protein and carbohydrate content of
is more beneficial than the chemical fertilizer (NPK, Urea)
plant leaves and seeds of soybean and wheat crops. The for enhancing the biochemical parameters (protein,
results are in accordance with Mohil and Jain (2014) who carbohydrate) of wheat. The conjoint application of
reported that the application of vermicompost along with vermicompost and NPK fertilizer is the most efficient
chemical fertilizer significantly increased the protein and fertilizer combination for the better improvement of
carbohydrate content of soybean. biochemical parameters of wheat which ultimately leads
In both the crops the data regarding protein and to the higher production (yield) of the crop.
carbohydrate content of soybean and wheat seeds
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Modern Phytomorphology 14, 2020