chapter 5 test review

#chapter5 #chemistry

things to know and study

de Broglie’s equation and why we use it/its significance (5.3)
-

h
λ =
mv

λ = wavelength (m)
h = planck’s constant (J * s)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
de Broglie’s equation and it is significant for several reasons:
First it tells us that any moving particle has a wavelength
we can calculate it
Second, the wavelength is inversely proportional to its mass: the heavier the mass is, the smaller is the
wavelength is, and vice versa
Third, because Planck’s constant is so very small, virtually any particle big enough for us to see has a wavelength
so incredibly small that it can’t even be measured. However, particles with a mass as small as an electron have
wavelength that are very significant.

answers from hydrogen spectrum (5.2)

very specific amounts of energy lost or used and the different energy levels
shorter wavelength - more energy ( like violet)
when an electron moves further away, it absorbs energy
when it moves closer to, it is releasing energy (a very precise amount of energy) as a photon
each shell is separated by 1 quanta of energy
bohr’s postulates
1. Specific number of shells/energy levels.
never in between shells
2. As long as an electron moved in an allowed orbit or stationary state (energy level/shell), the electron (and
therefore the atom) did not radiate or absorb energy.
we don’t know why, but it has to be true
3. The electron could only move from one allowed orbit to another if it absorbed or emitted an amount of energy
exactly equal to the energy difference between the two orbits, ΔE. This meant that the hydrogen atom could
only change from one stationary energy state to another.
electrons only found in specific shells with specific amounts of energy: no in-between states.
Ionization energy (IE) – amount of energy needed to remove the outermost electron from an atom

why are energy levels quantized? (+ wave interference) (5.3)

 energy levels are quantized because electrons behave like waves as well as particles, and to be stable, they have to
exist in half or whole amounts of wavelengths (they are quantized). if there were a partial amount of wavelengths, it
collapses due to interference
destructive interference – waves occurring that are offset (opposite) will cancel out
constructive interference — - waves occurring at the same time will add together:
highs are twice as high
lows are twice as low

ground state vs excited state (5.2)

ground state is when the electrons are as close to the nucleus possible. this is most stable, and where the electrons
prefer to be
excited state is when the electrons are further away than they have to be. e- must absorb energy to become excited,
and they quickly return back to ground state (which releases energy)

5.2 atom calculations

1
1 1
ΔE = b( − )
2 2
n n
l h

b is a constant with value of 2.18 x 10-18 J

n is the lower n value
l

n is the higher n value

h

2
1 b 1 1
= ( − )
2 2
λ hc n n
l h

b/hc = 1.09730 x 107m-1

m-1 → per meters
answer in nanometers (nm)

nanometers

represent wavelength
lower nm means lower wavelength, and more energy (shorter length means more waves)
higher nm means higher wavelength, and more energy
visible light is between 400 and 700 nanometers

700 is infrared light

<400 is ultraviolet light

Heisenberg’s findings (5.3)

1. The energies of electrons in atoms are quantized because of their wave nature. This relates to the idea that only
certain allowed energy states associated with standing electron waves can exist.
2. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously state both where an electron is
and where it’s going.
3. Atomic orbitals are those regions in 3D space around a nucleus where electrons with a particular energy are most
likely to be found.
the size of an orbital is about 90% in probability.
electrons could be way far off the atom, so we just find where most are located to find the size of the atom

be able to explain why the wavelength of a heavy object is insignificant

(5.3)
Because of de Broglie’s equation (λ=h/mv). As seen and explained by this equation, mass and wavelength are
inversely proportional, meaning the greater the mass, the smaller the wavelength. When an object has a very small
wavelength compared to its size, the wavelength is so small that it is insignificant and unobservable.

5.4
principles and rules
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously state both where an electron is
and where it’s going.
in part why we calculate orbital size as 90% of the probable electrons
The Pauli exclusion principle: No two electrons in the same atom can be described by the same set of four quantum
numbers.
The Aufbau principle: When filling orbitals, the lowest energy orbitals available are always filled first. (“Aufbau”
means a building or a construction in German.)
family #6 and #11
fully or half fill the d orbital, and half fill the nearest s orbital
e.g.
Ag
[Kr] 5s 4d → [Kr] 5s 4d
2 9 1 10

W
[Xe] 6s 4f 5d → [Xe] 6s 4f 5d
2 14 4 1 14 5

Hund’s rule: When orbitals of equal energy are being filled, the most stable configuration is the one with the
maximum number of unpaired electrons with the same spin

electron configs, orbital diagram, and core configs

phosphorous atom
electron configuration
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 3py 3pz
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

core notation
[Ne] 3s 3px 3py 3pz
2 1 1 1

orbital diagram (make sure to separate line above orbital instead of using +, and use two separate arrows for
filled orbitals)

⇕ ⇕ ⇕ + ⇕ + ⇕ ⇕ ⇕ + ↑ + ↑

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

orbital types
s orbital → spheres
- n = 1, l = 0
 -
p orbital → double lobes
n = 2, l = 0, 1
p ,p ,p
x y z

d orbital
n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2
d , d , d , d , d — DONT NEED TO KNOW FOR FINAL. ONLY NEED TO KNOW HOW TO DRAW UP TO
yz xz xy 2
x y
2
z
2

THE COMPLEXITY OF P ORBITALS

f orbital
n = 4, l = 0, 1, 2, 3’’

quantum numbers
The principle quantum number
The first quantum number is called the principal quantum number (n). It indicates the energy and relative size of
the atomic orbital.
n = 1, 2, 3, … → ∞
the angular momentum quantum number (l)
The second quantum number is called the angular momentum quantum number (l). It is related to the shape of
an atomic orbital.
always one less than n
l = 0, 1, 2,… → n-1
if n=1, l=0
the magnetic quantum number (m ) ℓ
 The third quantum number, called the magnetic quantum number tells us the orientation in space of a given
atomic orbital
m = -l, …. l
ℓ

if l = 2, ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
each number represents an orientation on the x y and z axis field
the spin quantum number (m ) s

The fourth quantum number is called the spin quantum number. It tells us the two possible electron spins, either
+ (counter-clockwise, up, ↑), - (clockwise, down, ↓)
1

2
1

either spins up or down

use example

ground state fluorine atom?

quantum numbers of a down arrow electron in 2px
n=2
ℓ = 1 (double lobed shape)

m = -1 (x axis)
ℓ

m = -1/2 (direction of magnetic field)

s

energy levels
contrast differences
3. Describe differences between 2p orbital and 3p orbital.
x y

2p is oriented on the x-axis, while 3p has lobes oriented on the y-axis

x y

2p has a lower energy level (n=2), while 3p has more energy (n = 3)

x y

2p is closer to the nucleus, while 3p is further from the nucleus

x y

2p orbital has a smaller volume, while 3p is larger, taking up more space.

x y

What if it is 2px and 3py

2 1

2px is full meaning there are electron repulsions

2

2px has no magnetic field direction as its two electron’s directions cancel each other out, while 3py is +1/2 for
2 1

magnetic field direction